Evaluation of a substructured soft Real-time Hybrid Test for performing Seismic analysis of complex structural systems

The hybrid test method is a relatively recently developed dynamic testing technique that uses numerical modelling combined with simultaneous physical testing. The concept of substructuring allows the critical or highly nonlinear part of the structure that is difficult to numerically model with accuracy to be physically tested whilst the remainder of the structure, that has a more predictable response, is numerically modelled. In this paper, a substructured soft-real time hybrid test is evaluated as an accurate means of performing seismic tests of complex structures. The structure analysed is a three-storey, two-by-one bay concentrically braced frame (CBF) steel structure subjected to seismic excitation. A ground storey braced frame substructure whose response is critical to the overall response of the structure is tested, whilst the remainder of the structure is numerically modelled. OpenSees is used for numerical modelling and OpenFresco is used for the communication between the test equipment and numerical model. A novel approach using OpenFresco to define the complex numerical substructure of an X-braced frame within a hybrid test is also presented. The results of the hybrid tests are compared to purely numerical models using OpenSees and a simulated test using a combination of OpenSees and OpenFresco. The comparative results indicate that the test method provides an accurate and cost effective procedure for performing
full scale seismic tests of complex structural systems.

Admissions of patients with alcohol intoxication in the Emergency Department: a growing phenomenon.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: To investigate the change over time in the number of ED admissions with positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and to evaluate predictors of BAC level. METHODS: We conducted a single site retrospective study at the ED of a tertiary referral hospital (western part of Switzerland) and obtained all the BAC performed from 2002 to 2011. We determined the proportion of ED admissions with positive BAC (number of positive BAC/number of admissions). Regression models assessed trends in the proportion of admissions with positive BAC and the predictors of BAC level among patients with positive BAC. RESULTS: A total of 319,489 admissions were recorded and 20,021 BAC tests were performed, of which 14,359 were positive, divided 34.5% female and 65.5% male. The mean (SD) age was 41.7(16.8), and the mean BAC was 2.12(1.04) permille (g of ethanol/liter of blood). An increase in the number of positive BAC was observed, from 756 in 2002 to 1,819 in 2011. The total number of admissions also increased but less: 1.2 versus 2.4 times more admissions with positive BAC. Being male was independently associated with a higher (+0.19 permille) BAC, as was each passing year (+0.03). A significant quadratic association with age indicated a maximum BAC at age 53. CONCLUSION: We observed an increase in the percentage of admissions with positive BAC that was not limited to younger individuals. Given the potential consequences of alcohol intoxication, and the large burden imposed on ED teams, communities should be encouraged to take measures aimed at reducing alcohol intoxication.

Internet-Based Brief Intervention to Prevent Unhealthy Alcohol Use among Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Alcohol use is one of the leading modifiable morbidity and mortality risk factors among young adults. 2 parallel-group randomized controlled trial with follow-up at 1 and 6 months. Internet based study in a general population sample of young men with low-risk drinking, recruited between June 2012 and February 2013. Intervention: Internet-based brief alcohol primary prevention intervention (IBI). The IBI aims at preventing an increase in alcohol use: it consists of normative feedback, feedback on consequences, calorific value alcohol, computed blood alcohol concentration, indication that the reported alcohol use is associated with no or limited risks for health. Intervention group participants received the IBI. Control group (CG) participants completed only an assessment. Alcohol use (number of drinks per week), binge drinking prevalence. Analyses were conducted in 2014-2015. Of 4365 men invited to participate, 1633 did so; 896 reported low-risk drinking and were randomized (IBI: n = 451; CG: n = 445). At baseline, 1 and 6 months, the mean (SD) number of drinks/week was 2.4(2.2), 2.3(2.6), 2.5(3.0) for IBI, and 2.4(2.3), 2.8(3.7), 2.7(3.9) for CG. Binge drinking, absent at baseline, was reported by 14.4% (IBI) and 19.0% (CG) at 1 month and by 13.3% (IBI) and 13.0% (CG) at 6 months. At 1 month, beneficial intervention effects were observed on the number of drinks/week (p = 0.05). No significant differences were observed at 6 months. We found protective short term effects of a primary prevention IBI. Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN55991918.

'Wide-awake drunkenness'? Investigating the association between alcohol intoxication and stimulant use in the night-time economy

Aims: We tested whether patrons of the night-time economy who had co-consumed energy drinks or illicit stimulants with alcohol had higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels than patrons who had consumed only alcohol. Design: Street intercept surveys (n=4227) were undertaken between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. over a period of 7 months. Setting: Interviews were undertaken with patrons walking through entertainment precincts, queuing to enter venues or exiting venues in five Australian cities. Participants: The response rate was 92.1%; more than half the study sample was male (60.2%) and the median age was 23 years (range 18-72). Measurements: Data were collected on demographics, length of drinking session, venue types visited, types and quantity of alcohol consumed and other substance use. A BAC reading was recorded and a subsample of participants was tested for other drug use. Findings: Compared with the total sample (0.068%), illicit stimulant consumers (0.080%; P=0.004) and energy drink consumers (0.074%; P<0.001) had a significantly higher median BAC reading, and were more likely to engage in pre-drinking (65.6, 82.1 and 77.6%, respectively, P<0.001) and longer drinking sessions (4, 5 and 4.5 hours, respectively, P<0.001). However, stimulant use was not associated independently with higher BAC in the final multivariable model (illicit stimulants P=0.198; energy drinks P=0.112). Interaction analyses showed that stimulant users had a higher BAC in the initial stages of the drinking session, but not after 4-6 hours. Conclusions: While stimulant use does not predict BAC in and of itself, stimulants users are more likely to engage in prolonged sessions of heavy alcohol consumption and a range of risk-taking behaviours on a night out, which may explain higher levels of BAC among stimulants users, at least in the initial stages of the drinking session.

Typology of alcohol consumers in five Australian nighttime entertainment districts

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Understanding how types of alcohol consumers differ is important for public policy targeted at reducing adverse events. The aims of the present study were to identify typologies of alcohol consumers in Australian nighttime entertainment districts based on risk factors for harm and to examine variation between the identified groups in drinking setting and harms. DESIGN AND METHODS: Street-intercept surveys were conducted with 5556 alcohol consumers in and around licensed venues in five Australian cities between November 2011 and June 2012. Latent class analysis identified groups based on age and sex, and blood alcohol concentration, pre-drinking, energy drink use and illicit drug use during that night. RESULTS: Four classes were identified: general patron group (33%), young pre-drinker group (27%), intoxicated male pre-drinker group (31%) and intoxicated illicit drug male group (9%). The proportion of the general patron group interviewed decreased over the night, while the other groups increased (particularly in regional cities). As compared with the general patron group, the remaining three groups reported increased odds of being involved in aggression and any alcohol-related injuries in the past 3 months, with highest rates of harm amongst the intoxicated illicit drug male group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumers in nighttime entertainment districts are not a homogeneous group. One-third have a low likelihood of risky consumption practices; however, representation of this consumer class diminishes throughout the night. Elevated harms amongst groups characterised by certain risk factors (e.g. pre-drinking and illicit drug use) emphasise the importance of addressing these behaviours in public policy.

Glicemia neonatal : comparação dos resultados da determinação da glicemia em recém-nascidos através de amostra sérica venosa e amostra de sangue capilar

Para a realização deste estudo, partiu-se da definição que hipoglicemia corresponde a uma taxa de glicose menor ou igual a 40mg/dl e hiperglicemia a uma concentração sangüínea de glicose maior que 120mg/dl. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, selecionando RNs com patologias potencialmente modificadoras da concentração de glicose e que deveriam ter suas glicemias monitorizadas e RNs com quadros clínicos os mais variados indicando a necessidade de coleta de sangue para sua assistência. A amostra de escolha para as dosagens de glicose é a venosa, porém há uma série de inconvenientes para se realizar essa determinação, uma vez que há necessidade de punção venosa, o que exige habilidade na execução devido ao diâmetro dos vasos e da própria fragilidade dos RNs, principalmente os prematuros, os quais constituem o grupo de maior risco para hipoglicemia. Outro problema que se observa é a demora em se obter os resultados, devido à estrutura da maioria dos nossos hospitais. Como existe no mercado um aparelho manual eletrônico que utiliza tiras-teste eletroquímicas capaz de dosar a glicemia capilar em 20 segundos, elaborou-se este estudo 19 trabalho para verificar se as determinações da glicemia em sangue capilar coincidiam com a realizada em sangue venoso (padrão-ouro), contribuindo assim para que o diagnóstico e o tratamento possam ser efetivados o mais precocemente possível. Foram estudados 177 exames, encontrando-se o seguinte: como desempenho do teste Precision Plus®, usando o ponto de corte tradicional para hipoglicemia (≤40) e (n=28), sensibilidade de 90,3 (IC 95%: 73,1 a 97,5) e especificidade de 88,4 (IC 95%: 81,7 a 92,9); como desempenho do teste Precision Plus®, usando o ponto de corte tradicional para hiperglicemia (≥120) e (n=17), sensibilidade 77,3 (IC 95%: 54,2 a 91,3) e especificidade 93,5 (IC 95%:88,1 a 96,7). Modificando o corte tradicional para taxas de 50 mg/dl e 100 mg/dl, respectivamente, hipo e hiperglicemia encontrou-se como desempenho do teste Precision Plus® para hipoglicemia (≤ 50), sensibilidade de 96,8 e especificidade de 82,9; como desempenho do teste Precision Plus® para hiperglicemia (≥100), sensibilidade de 95,5 e especificidade de 87,7. O desempenho do aparelho Precision Plus® no teste é adequado para realizar rastreamento de alterações glicêmicas nas populações de risco em UTIs, apesar das oscilações. Este método não deverá ser o indicado para tomadas de condutas terapêuticas. O método bioquímico deverá ser sempre utilizado para a confirmação da glicemia quando esta for realizada por métodos mais simples.

Non-exhaustive test for aerobic capacity determination in running rats

A simple and applicable method for non-exhaustive aerobic evaluation in running rats is described. Wistar rats were submitted to running test at different velocities (10, 15, 20, 25 m/min) with 48 h recovery among them. At each velocity, the rats ran two bouts of 5 min with 2 min of rest between bouts. Blood samples were collected at the end of each bout for lactate determination. For each intensity, delta lactate was calculated and using deltas obtained by four tests, an individual linear interpolation was plotted. The y-intercept of linear interpolation was the null delta lactate equivalent to the critical velocity (CV). To verify the lactate stabilization at CV, the animals were submitted to 25 min of continuous exercise (15, 20, 25 m/min), with blood collection every 5 min. The estimated CV was 16.6±0.7 m/min, with significant linear regressions (R=0.90±0.03). The rats presented maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) at 3.9±0.4 mmol/L, at 20 m/min. The CV was less than MLSS but significantly correlated with this parameter (r=0.78). This non-exhaustive test seems to be valid for the aerobic evaluation of sedentary rats and this protocol underestimates the MLSS in 20%. This test seems to be the interesting method for the evaluation of rats submitted to acute exercise or physical training.

Evaluation of an In Vitro Blood-Based Assay to Detect Production of Interferon-γ By Mycobacterium Bovis–Infected White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus)

Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in captive Cervidae was identified as an important disease in the United States in 1990 and prompted the addition of captive Cervidae to the USDA Uniform Methods and Rules for eradication of bovine tuberculosis. As well, M. bovis infection was identified in free-ranging white-tailed deer in northeast Michigan in 1995. Tuberculosis in both captive and free-ranging Cervidae represents a serious challenge to the eradication of M. bovis infection from the United States. Currently, the only approved antemortem tests for tuberculosis in Cervidae are the intradermal tuberculin skin test and the blood tuberculosis test (BTB). At present, the BTB is not available in North America. Tuberculin skin testing of Cervidae is time-consuming and involves repeated animal handling and risk of injury to animals and humans. This study evaluated the potential of a new blood-based assay for tuberculosis in Cervidae that would decrease animal handling, stress, and losses due to injury. In addition, a blood-based assay could provide a more rapid diagnosis. Twenty 6–9-month-old white-tailed deer, male and female, were experimentally inoculated by instillation of 300 colony-forming units of M. bovis in the tonsillar crypts. Seven, age-matched uninfected deer served as controls. Blood was collected on days 90, 126, 158, 180, 210, 238, 263, and 307 after inoculation and was analyzed for the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in response to incubation with M. bovis purified protein derivative (PPDb), M. avium PPDa, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or media alone. Production of IFN-g in response to PPDb was significantly greater (P < 0.05) at all time points in samples from M. bovis–infected deer as compared with uninfected control deer, whereas IFN-γ production to PWM did not differ significantly between infected and control deer. Measurement of IFN-γ production to PPDb may serve as a useful assay for the antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in Cervidae.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL HANGOVER ON HIGH-ANXIETY PHENOTYPE RATS ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS OF THE DORSAL MIDBRAIN

Alcoholism is a chronic disorder characterized by the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome following the abrupt cessation of alcohol intake that includes symptoms of physical and emotional disturbances, anxiety being the most prevalent symptom. In humans, it was shown that anxiety may increase the probability of relapse. In laboratory animals, however, the use of anxiety to predict alcohol preference has remained difficult. Excitatory amino acids as glutamate have been implicated in alcohol hangover and may be responsible for the seizures and anxiety observed during withdrawal. The dorsal periaqueductal gray (DPAG) is a midbrain region critical for the modulation/expression of anxiety- and fear-related behaviors and the propagation of seizures induced by alcohol withdrawal, the glutamate neurotransmission being one of the most affected. The present study was designed to evaluate whether low- (LA) and high-anxiety rats (HA), tested during the alcohol hangover phase, in which anxiety is the most prevalent symptom, are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of alcohol when tested in a voluntary alcohol drinking procedure. Additionally, we were interested in investigating the main effects of reducing the excitatory tonus of the dorsal midbrain, after the blockade of the ionotropic glutamate receptors into the DPAG, on the voluntary alcohol intake of HA and LA motivated rats that were made previously experienced with the free operant response of alcohol drinking. For this purpose, we used local infusions of the N-metil D-Aspartato (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-kainate receptors antagonist DL-2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid - DL-AP7 (10 nmol/0.2 mu l) and L-glutamic acid diethyl ester - GDEE (160 nmol/0.2 mu l) respectively. Alcohol intoxication was produced by 10 daily bolus intraperitonial (IP) injections of alcohol (2.0 g/kg). Peak-blood alcohol levels were determined by gas-chromatography analysis in order to assess blood-alcohol content. Unconditioned and conditioned anxiety-like behavior was assessed by the use of the fear-potentiated startle procedure (FPS). Data collected showed that anxiety and alcohol drinking in HA animals are positively correlated in animals that were made previously familiarized with the anxiolytic effects of alcohol. In addition, anxiety-like behavior induced during alcohol hangover seems to be an effect of changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission into DPAG possibly involving AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptors, among others. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performance of six diagnostic tests to screen for Chagas disease in blood banks and prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among donors with inconclusive serology screening based on the analysis of epidemiological variables

OBJECTIVE: The frequent occurrence of inconclusive serology in blood banks and the absence of a gold standard test for Chagas'disease led us to examine the efficacy of the blood culture test and five commercial tests (ELISA, IIF, HAI, c-ELISA, rec-ELISA) used in screening blood donors for Chagas disease, as well as to investigate the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among donors with inconclusive serology screening in respect to some epidemiological variables. METHODS: To obtain estimates of interest we considered a Bayesian latent class model with inclusion of covariates from the logit link. RESULTS: A better performance was observed with some categories of epidemiological variables. In addition, all pairs of tests (excluding the blood culture test) presented as good alternatives for both screening (sensitivity > 99.96% in parallel testing) and for confirmation (specificity > 99.93% in serial testing) of Chagas disease. The prevalence of 13.30% observed in the stratum of donors with inconclusive serology, means that probably most of these are non-reactive serology. In addition, depending on the level of specific epidemiological variables, the absence of infection can be predicted with a probability of 100% in this group from the pairs of tests using parallel testing. CONCLUSION: The epidemiological variables can lead to improved test results and thus assist in the clarification of inconclusive serology screening results. Moreover, all combinations of pairs using the five commercial tests are good alternatives to confirm results.

L'accertamento dei reati di guida in stato di ebbrezza e alterazione da droghe

La tesi affronta le questioni processuali connesse alla verifica dei reati di guida in stato di ebbrezza e di alterazione da droghe. La ricerca si sviluppa in tre direzioni. La prima parte studia la disciplina tedesca. L’analisi parte dalle norme sostanziali che definiscono le fattispecie incriminatrici contemplate dall’ordinamento osservato; s’interessa, poi, degli equilibri tra gli strumenti di captazione della prova utili ai reati in discorso ed il principio nemo tenetur se detegere (l’ estensione del diritto di difesa tedesco copre anche le prove reali e non prevede obblighi di collaborazione all’alcoltest). Prosegue, infine, con l’esame delle metodologie di acquisizione della prova, dall’etilometro agli screening per le droghe, sino al prelievo ematico coattivo, indispensabile per l’accertamento penale. La seconda sezione esamina gli artt. 186 e 187 del codice della strada italiano, alla luce del principio di libertà personale e del diritto a non autoincriminarsi. Particolarmente delicati gli equilibri rispetto a quest’ultimo: l’obbligatorietà di un atto potenzialmente autoaccusatorio è evitabile solo a pena di una severa sanzione. Occorre definire se il diritto di difesa copra anche il mero facere o garantisca il solo silenzio. Se si ammette, infatti, che il nemo tenetur sia applicabile anche alle prove reali, la collaborazione obbligatoria imposta al conducente è scelta incompatibile con il diritto di difesa: la disciplina italiana presenta, dunque, profili d’illegittimità costituzionale. La terza parte riguarda le problematiche processuali poste dai controlli stradali che emergono dall’analisi della giurisprudenza. Si affrontano, così, le diverse vicende della formazione della prova: ci si interroga sull’istituto processuale cui ricondurre gli accertamenti, sulle garanzie di cui goda il guidatore durante e dopo l’espletamento dell’atto, sulle eventuali sanzioni processuali derivanti da una violazione delle predette garanzie. Si esaminano, infine, le regole di apprezzamento della prova che guidano il giudice nella delicata fase valutativa.

Abstinenzverhalten von Patienten mit alkoholtoxischer Leberzirrhose in der Wartezeit vor Lebertransplantation: Selbstauskunft versus Alkoholmarker

Die alkoholische Leberzirrhose ist eine anerkannte Indikation für eine Lebertransplantation. Die Prognose dieser Patientengruppe ist bei sicherer Langzeitabstinenz besser als diejenige von Patienten mit einer Leberzirrhose anderer Genese. Jeglicher Alkoholkonsum stellt eine absolute Kontraindikation für eine Transplantation dar. In vielen Ländern gibt es die Forderung nach einer sechsmonatigen Alkoholabstinenz sowie einer guten Compliance vor der Lebertransplantation. Zu deren Überprüfung stehen in der Praxis meist methodisch unzureichende Standards zur Verfügung. Mit der seit den 80er Jahren in der Rechtsmedizin etablierten Alkoholbegleitstoff-Analyse werden die Serumkonzentrationen von Ethanol und anderen Alkoholen und Begleitstoffen, wie z.B. dem Methanol, bestimmt. Methanol ist ein sensitiver und spezifischer Indikator für einen rezenten Alkoholkonsum, da es aufgrund von kompetitiver Hemmung der ADH durch exogen herbeigeführtes (konsumiertes) Ethanol im Serum akkumuliert. Die Alkoholbegleitstoff-Analyse eignet sich im klinischen Alltag zur Überprüfung eines rezenten Alkoholkonsums bei Patienten mit Alkoholismushintergrund. rnIn dieser Studie wurde der Methanoltest standardisiert bei 41 Patienten mit einer ALC auf der Warteliste für eine LTx angewandt. Es wurde bei 32 von 92 Blutuntersuchungen ein Rückfall nachgewiesen, während die Selbstauskunft und der Ethanoltest jeweils nur in 3 Fällen positiv ausfielen. Der Methanoltest wies also in 29 Fällen (1/3) einen rezenten Alkoholkonsum nach, der weder in der Selbstauskunft noch durch den Ethanoltest aufgedeckt worden war.rnEs konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Methanoltest als Bestandteil der Alkoholbegleitstoff-Analyse für die Überprüfung des Abstinenzverhaltens von Patienten mit alkoholtoxischer Leberzirrhose auf der Warteliste vor Transplantation besser geeignet ist als die Selbstauskunft und der direkte Nachweis von Ethanol im Blut der Patienten. In der Praxis zeigte sich, dass mit einer unangekündigten Untersuchung mehr Rückfälle diagnostiziert werden können als bei länger im Voraus geplanten Routine-Untersuchungsterminen. rn

Formation of Phosphatidylethanol and Its Subsequent Elimination During an Extensive Drinking Experiment Over 5 Days

BACKGROUND: For almost 30 years, phosphatidylethanol (PEth) has been known as a direct marker of alcohol consumption. This marker stands for consumption in high amounts and for a longer time period, but it has been also detected after 1 high single intake of ethanol (EtOH). The aim of this study was to obtain further information about the formation and elimination of PEth 16:0/18:1 by simulating extensive drinking. METHODS: After 3 weeks of alcohol abstinence, 11 test persons drank an amount of EtOH leading to an estimated blood ethanol concentration of 1 g/kg on each of 5 successive days. After the drinking episode, they stayed abstinent for 16 days with regular blood sampling. PEth 16:0/18:1 analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (high-performance liquid chromatography 1100 system and QTrap 2000 triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Values of blood alcohol were obtained using a standardized method with headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detector. RESULTS: Maximum measured concentrations of EtOH were 0.99 to 1.83 g/kg (mean 1.32 g/kg). These values were reached 1 to 3 hours after the start of drinking (mean 1.9 hours). For comparison, 10 of 11 volunteers had detectable PEth 16:0/18:1 values 1 hour after the start of drinking, ranging from 45 to 138 ng/ml PEth 16:0/18:1. Over the following days, concentrations of PEth 16:0/18:1 increased continuously and reached the maximum concentrations of 74 to 237 ng/ml between days 3 and 6. CONCLUSIONS: This drinking experiment led to measurable PEth concentrations. However, PEth 16:0/18:1 concentrations stayed rather low compared with those of alcohol abusers from previous studies.

Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters in dried blood spots by LC-MS/MS as markers for ethanol intake: application in a drinking study.

The forensic utility of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in dried blood spots (DBS) as short-term confirmatory markers for ethanol intake was examined. An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of FAEEs in DBS was developed and validated to investigate FAEE formation and elimination in a drinking study, whereby eight subjects ingested 0.66-0.84 g/kg alcohol to reach blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 0.8 g/kg. Blood was taken every 1.5-2 h, BAC was determined, and dried blood spots were prepared, with 50 μL of blood, for the determination of FAEEs. Lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) were between 15 and 37 ng/mL for the four major FAEEs. Validation data are presented in detail. In the drinking study, ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate proved to be the two most suitable markers for FAEE determination. Maximum FAEE concentrations were reached in samples taken 2 or 4 h after the start of drinking. The following mean peak concentrations (c̅ max) were reached: ethyl myristate 14 ± 4 ng/mL, ethyl palmitate 144 ± 35 ng/mL, ethyl oleate 125 ± 55 ng/mL, ethyl stearate 71 ± 21 ng/mL, total FAEEs 344 ± 91 ng/mL. Detectability of FAEEs was found to be on the same time scale as BAC. In liquid blood samples containing ethanol, FAEE concentrations increase post-sampling. This study shows that the use of DBS fixation prevents additional FAEE formation in blood samples containing ethanol. Positive FAEE results obtained by DBS analysis can be used as evidence for the presence of ethanol in the original blood sample. Graphical Abstract Time courses for fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) concentrations in DBS and ethanol concentrations for subject 1 over a period of 7 h. Ethanol ingestion occured during the first hour of the time course.

Alcohol highway-traffic safety workshop for the judiciary.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.