Microbial contribution to biofuels production

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Analysis of physicochemical interaction between the components of asphalt mixtures with rubber

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil

Especies nativas del Centro de Argentina: potencial agroindustrial y perspectivas para la producción de energía y biocombustibles

La región centro de Argentina posee una elevada riqueza de especies nativas y endémicas, con potencial valor agroindustrial. Flourensia campestris y F. oolepis (Asteraceae), conforman comunidades denominadas "chilcales". Son reconocidas por sus usos tradicionales como aromática, tintórea, medicinal y para leña -en especial raíz- y presentan potencial aplicación en la agroindustria como insecticida, antimicrobiana, antifúngica y aleloquímica. Trabajos realizados en nuestro laboratorio con extractos acuosos de hojas secas de F. campestris demostraron un potente efecto herbicida sobre semillas de Lactuca sativa. Mediante el fraccionamiento biodirigido por CC y técnicas espectrales (GC-MS, IR, 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, 2D-RMN) se pudo identificar la estructura molecular del ácido hamanásico ((4S, 8S)–7–carboxi–8–hidroxi- 1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisaboleno). Su presencia en F. campestris, y su actividad biológica, no habían sido descriptos con anterioridad y sugieren un potencial herbicida natural. En ambas especies se puede apreciar a simple vista su alto contenido en resinas, compuestos propuestos para reemplazar a los hidrocarburos en la fabricación de pinturas, pegamentos y adhesivos. Estudios preliminares en nuestro laboratorio señalan un contenido de entre un 20-40 % de resinas en la biomasa aérea de Flourensia, sin embargo, no existen al presente estudios sobre su composición química ni sobre su potencial aplicación industrial. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de cultivos energéticos, para la generación de electricidad por combustión de biomasa, constituye uno de los objetivos principales dentro de las políticas de energías renovables a nivel nacional (programa GENREN) y mundial. Las especies con mayor aptitud deben poseer altas tasas de crecimiento y un alto grado de tolerancia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas, lo que permitiría cultivarlos en áreas marginales para la agricultura tradicional, hechos que coinciden con las especies de Flourensia en estudio. Asimismo, el tratamiento térmico o pirólisis de biomasa proveniente de la agricultura es una de las alternativas de reutilización de la misma con distintos fines. Este pasivo ecológico puede ser transformado en productos de alto valor agregado. En base a lo expuesto, el objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar en las dos especies vegetales endémicas de Argentina y abundantes en la provincia de Córdoba, las características de los metabolitos secundarios en relación a su potencial aplicación agroquímica (herbicidas naturales), la composición de sus resinas para uso industrial y su rendimiento como materia prima de alta densidad energética para la cogeneración de electricidad y producción de biocombustible, en función del desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable. Para ello, el proyecto propone incrementar el rendimiento de la purificación de ácido hamanásico e identificar y cuantificar su presencia en otros órganos de F. campestris y en F.oolepis, con el objetivo de evaluar su efecto herbicida, mediante bioensayos en cápsulas de Petri, en especies cultivables y malezas. Los usos potenciales de las resinas se estudiarán en base a la identificación de sus compuestos químicos mediante su extracción y análisis espectrales (CG-MS). A través de la determinación del poder calorífico, contenido de cenizas y de nitrógeno de la biomasa aérea de las especies, se evaluará su rendimiento energético para emplear como biocombustible sólido en la cogeneración eléctrica, mientras que con la aplicación del método fast pyrolysis y análisis por CG-MS, se determinará su aplicación o su posterior modificación de acuerdo a las características del bio-oil deseado. El destino energético de las especies propuestas permitiría iniciar de manera rápida la etapa de domesticación y puesta en cultivo, y avanzar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales más sofisticadas, como el aprovechamiento de sus propiedades bioactivas o el desarrollo de productos industriales basados en sus metabolitos secundarios.

Especies nativas del Centro de Argentina: potencial agroindustrial y perspectivas para la producción de energía y biocombustibles

La región centro de Argentina posee una elevada riqueza de especies nativas y endémicas, con potencial valor agroindustrial. Flourensia campestris y F. oolepis (Asteraceae), conforman comunidades denominadas "chilcales". Son reconocidas por sus usos tradicionales como aromática, tintórea, medicinal y para leña -en especial raíz- y presentan potencial aplicación en la agroindustria como insecticida, antimicrobiana, antifúngica y aleloquímica. Trabajos realizados en nuestro laboratorio con extractos acuosos de hojas secas de F. campestris demostraron un potente efecto herbicida sobre semillas de Lactuca sativa. Mediante el fraccionamiento biodirigido por CC y técnicas espectrales (GC-MS, IR, 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, 2D-RMN) se pudo identificar la estructura molecular del ácido hamanásico ((4S, 8S)–7–carboxi–8–hidroxi- 1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisaboleno). Su presencia en F. campestris, y su actividad biológica, no habían sido descriptos con anterioridad y sugieren un potencial herbicida natural. En ambas especies se puede apreciar a simple vista su alto contenido en resinas, compuestos propuestos para reemplazar a los hidrocarburos en la fabricación de pinturas, pegamentos y adhesivos. Estudios preliminares en nuestro laboratorio señalan un contenido de entre un 20-40 % de resinas en la biomasa aérea de Flourensia, sin embargo, no existen al presente estudios sobre su composición química ni sobre su potencial aplicación industrial. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de cultivos energéticos, para la generación de electricidad por combustión de biomasa, constituye uno de los objetivos principales dentro de las políticas de energías renovables a nivel nacional (programa GENREN) y mundial. Las especies con mayor aptitud deben poseer altas tasas de crecimiento y un alto grado de tolerancia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas, lo que permitiría cultivarlos en áreas marginales para la agricultura tradicional, hechos que coinciden con las especies de Flourensia en estudio. Asimismo, el tratamiento térmico o pirólisis de biomasa proveniente de la agricultura es una de las alternativas de reutilización de la misma con distintos fines. Este pasivo ecológico puede ser transformado en productos de alto valor agregado. En base a lo expuesto, el objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar en las dos especies vegetales endémicas de Argentina y abundantes en la provincia de Córdoba, las características de los metabolitos secundarios en relación a su potencial aplicación agroquímica (herbicidas naturales), la composición de sus resinas para uso industrial y su rendimiento como materia prima de alta densidad energética para la cogeneración de electricidad y producción de biocombustible, en función del desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable. Para ello, el proyecto propone incrementar el rendimiento de la purificación de ácido hamanásico e identificar y cuantificar su presencia en otros órganos de F. campestris y en F.oolepis, con el objetivo de evaluar su efecto herbicida, mediante bioensayos en cápsulas de Petri, en especies cultivables y malezas. Los usos potenciales de las resinas se estudiarán en base a la identificación de sus compuestos químicos mediante su extracción y análisis espectrales (CG-MS). A través de la determinación del poder calorífico, contenido de cenizas y de nitrógeno de la biomasa aérea de las especies, se evaluará su rendimiento energético para emplear como biocombustible sólido en la cogeneración eléctrica, mientras que con la aplicación del método fast pyrolysis y análisis por CG-MS, se determinará su aplicación o su posterior modificación de acuerdo a las características del bio-oil deseado. El destino energético de las especies propuestas permitiría iniciar de manera rápida la etapa de domesticación y puesta en cultivo, y avanzar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales más sofisticadas, como el aprovechamiento de sus propiedades bioactivas o el desarrollo de productos industriales basados en sus metabolitos secundarios.

Development of Non-Petroleum-Based Binders for Use in Flexible Pavements – Phase II, TR-650, 2015

Bio-binders can be utilized as asphalt modifiers, extenders, and replacements for conventional asphalt in bituminous binders. From the rheology results of Phase I of this project, it was found that the bio-binders tested had good performance, similar to conventional asphalt, except at low temperatures. Phase II of this project addresses this shortcoming and evaluates the Superpave performance of laboratory mixes produced with the enhanced bio-binders. The main objective of this research was to develop a bio-binder capable of replacing conventional asphalt in flexible pavements by incorporating ground tire rubber (GTR) into bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of agriculture and forestry residues. The chemical compatibility of the new bio-binder with GTR was assessed, and the low-temperature performance of the bio-binders was enhanced by the use of GTR. The newly developed binder, which consisted of 80 percent conventional binder and 20 percent rubber-modified bio-oil (85 percent bio-oil with 15 percent GTR), was used to produce mixes at two different air void contents, 4 and 7 percent. The laboratory performance test results showed that the performance of the newly developed bio-binder mixes is as good as or better than conventional asphalt mixes for fatigue cracking, rutting resistance, moisture sensitivity, and low-temperature cracking. These results need to be validated in field projects in order to demonstrate adequate performance for this innovative and sustainable technology for flexible pavements.

Caracterização dos produtos líquidos e do carvão da pirólise de serragem de eucalipto

This study proposes the low temperature pyrolysis as an alternative conversion process for residual biomass and for obtaining gaseous, liquid and solid chemical feedstocks. Using a bench electrical pyrolysis oven, four product fractions from eucalyptus sawdust were obtained: a gaseous one, two liquid (aqueous and oily), and a solid residue (char). These products were characterized by different analytical methods. The liquid fractions showed themselves as potential sources for input chemicals. The residual char revealed appreciable adsorption capability. The process demonstrated good efficiency, generating at least two fractions of great industrial interest: bio oil and char.

Nopeaan pyrolyysiin perustuvan bioöljyn tuotantolaitoksen liiketoiminnallinen malli ja kannattavuuslaskenta Savonlinnan seudulla

Pyrolyysiöljy on biomassasta nopealla hapettomalla lämpökäsittelyprosessilla valmistettavaa nestemäistä polttoainetta. Kasvavien uusiutuvan energian käyttötavoitteiden myötä pyrolyysiöljystä on tullut varteenotettava vaihtoehto fossiilisille polttoöljyille. Suurimmat käytön haasteet ovat alhainen lämpöarvo, happamuus ja korkeahkot kiintoainepitoisuudet verrattuna fossiilisiin polttoöljyihin. Nämä haasteet ovat kuitenkin ratkaistavissa. Työssä tarkasteltiin bioöljyn tuotantolaitoksen liiketoiminnallista mallia ja kannattavuutta Savonlinnan seudulle sijoitettuna. Tätä varten selvitettiin alueellinen raaka-aineen saatavuus ja hinta, sekä potentiaaliset markkinat pyrolyysiöljylle. Kannattavuuslaskentaa varten luotiin exel – pohjainen laskentatyökalu, jolla laskettiin pyrolyysiöljyn tuotannon omakustannushinnat ja kannattavuudet eri laitosvaihtoehdoille. Saaduille tuloksille tehtiin herkkyysanalyysi, jolla selvitettiin merkittävimmät kannattavuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät. Laskettujen tulosten perusteella pienemmät 100 BDMTPD (Bone Dry Metric Ton per Day) tuotantolaitokset eivät ole kannattavia investointeja. Suuremmat 400 BDMTPD tuotantolaitokset ovat kannattavia, kunhan raaka-aine saadaan kohtuulliseen hintaan ja investointikustannukset pysyvät kurissa.

Fast pyrolysis in circulating fluidized bed: feasibility study

Today the limitedness of fossil fuel resources is clearly realized. For this reason there is a strong focus throughout the world on shifting from fossil fuel based energy system to biofuel based energy system. In this respect Finland with its proven excellent forestry capabilities has a great potential to accomplish this goal. It is regarded that one of the most efficient ways of wood biomass utilization is to use it as a feedstock for fast pyrolysis process. By means of this process solid biomass is converted into liquid fuel called bio-oil which can be burnt at power plants, used for hydrogen generation through a catalytic steam reforming process and as a source of valuable chemical compounds. Nowadays different configurations of this process have found their applications in several pilot plants worldwide. However the circulating fluidized bed configuration is regarded as the one with the highest potential to be commercialized. In the current Master’s Thesis a feasibility study of circulating fluidized bed fast pyrolysis process utilizing Scots pine logs as a raw material was conducted. The production capacity of the process is 100 000 tonne/year of bio-oil. The feasibility study is divided into two phases: a process design phase and economic feasibility analysis phase. The process design phase consists of mass and heat balance calculations, equipment sizing, estimation of pressure drops in the pipelines and development of plant layout. This phase resulted in creation of process flow diagrams, equipment list and Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that calculates the process mass and heat balances depending on the bio-oil production capacity which can be set by a user. These documents are presented in the current report as appendices. In the economic feasibility analysis phase there were at first calculated investment and operating costs of the process. Then using these costs there was calculated the price of bio-oil which is required to reach the values of internal rate of return of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.

Bioöljy ja pyrolyysi

Tutkielma käsittelee pyrolyysiöljyn erityisesti Suomessa käytettäviä raaka-aineita puun kuorta ja hakkuujätettä sekä puubiomassan yleistä koostumusta. Pyrolyysiöljyn koostumus, ominaisuudet, edut ja haitat sekä käyttökohteet erilaisissa teollisuuden sovelluksissa muodostaa olennaisen osan tutkielmaa. Pyrolyysiöljyn valmistus on vasta historiansa alussa, joten eri näkökulmista hyviä ja huonoja valmistustapoja on erittäin monta. Näistä tärkeimpiä esitellään työssä. Lisäksi tutkielma sisältää katsauksen olemassa olevaan Suomalaiseen pyrolyysiöljyn valmistukseen Joensuussa ja tulevaisuuden bioöljyjalostamoliiketoimintaan Green Fuel Nordic –yhtiön toimesta. Lyhyesti tehdään myös katsaus suomalaiseen alan tutkimukseen sekä pyrolyysiöljyn jatkojalostamiseen muuhunkin käyttöön kuin voimalaitospolttoaineeksi.

Extração e pirólise do óleo de girassol (Helianthus annus l.) visando a produção de biocombustíveis

Nowadays, the growing environmental worry leads research the focus the application of alternative materials from renewable resources on the industrial process. The most common vegetable oil extractant using around the world is the hexane, a petroleum derived, toxic and flammable. Based on this fact, the goal of this work was to test vegetable oil extractions from sunflower seeds cultivated on the Rio Grande do Norte State using two extraction process, the mechanical expelling and solvent extraction, this one using hexane and ethanol as a alternative solvent. The solvent extractions were carried out in the Soxhlet extractor in three different extraction times (4, 6, and 8 hours). The effect of solvent and extraction time was evaluated. The mechanical extraction was carried out in a expeller and the sunflower oil obtained was characterized by its physical-chemical properties and compared with sunflower refinery oil. Furthermore this work also explored the pyrolysis reaction carried out by thermogravimetry measurement as alternative route to obtain biofuel. For this purpose the oil samples were heated to ambient temperature until 900°C in heating rate of 5, 10, 20ºC min-1 with the objective evaluated the kinetics parameters such activation energy and isoconversion. The TG/DTG curves show the thermal profile decomposition of triglycerides. The curves also showed that antioxidant presents on the refinery oil not influence on the thermal stability of sunflower oil. The total yield of the extraction s process with hexane and ethanol solvent were compared, and the results indicated that the extraction with ethanol were more efficient. The pyrolysis reaction results indicated that the use of unpurified oil required less energy to obtain the bio-oil

Estudo da influência da temperatura na degradação termoquímica da biomassa de avelós

The bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has appeared as inter-esting alternative to replace fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of temperature on the yield of products originating from the pyrolysis process of the powder obtained from the dried twigs of avelós (Euphorbia tirucalli), using a rotating cylinder reactor in laboratory scale. The biomass was treated and characterized by: CHNS, moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ashes, as well as evaluation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, besides other instrumental techniques such as: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX and MEV. The activation energy was evaluated in non-isothemichal mode with heating rates of 5 and 10 oC/min. The obtained results showed biomass as feedstock with potential for biofuel production, because presents a high organic matter content (78,3%) and fixed-carbon (7,11%). The activation energy required for the degradation of biomass ranged between 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, in the temperature range studied and heating rate of 5 and 10°C/min. In the pyrolysis process, the influence of the reaction temperature was studied (350-520 ° C), keeping constant the other variables, such as, the flow rate of carrier gas, the centrifugal speed for the bio-oil condensationa, the biomass flow and the rotation of the reactor. The maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained in the temperature of 450°C. In this temperature, the results achieved where: content of bio-oil 8,12%; char 32,7%; non-condensed gas 35,4%; losts 23,8%; gross calorific value 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93 and viscosity 1,5cP. The chromatographic analysis of the bio-oil produced under these conditions shows mainly the presence of phenol (17,71%), methylciclopentenone (10,56%) and dimethylciclopentenone (7,76%)

Avaliação da produção de biodiesel de microalga Isochrysis galbana via transesterificação in situ

Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that grow rapidly and in different environmental conditions due to their simple cellular structure. The cultivation of microalgae is a biological system capable of storing solar energy through the production of organic compounds via photosynthesis, and these species presents growth faster than land plants, enabling higher biomass yield. Thus, it is understood that the cultivation of these photosynthetic mechanisms is part of a relevant proposal, since, when compared to other oil producing raw materials, they have a significantly higher productivity, thus being a raw material able to complete the current demand by biodiesel . The overall aim of the thesis was to obtain biofuel via transesterification process of bio oil from the microalgae Isochrysis galbana. The specific objective was to estimate the use of a photobioreactor at the laboratory level, for the experiments of microalgae growth; evaluating the characteristics of biodiesel from microalgae produced by in situ transesterification process; studying a new route for disinfection of microalgae cultivation, through the use of the chemical agent sodium hypochlorite. The introduction of this new method allowed obtaining the kinetics of the photobioreactor for cultivation, besides getting the biomass needed for processing and analysis of experiments in obtaining biodiesel. The research showed acceptable results for the characteristics observed in the bio oil obtained, which fell within the standards of ANP Resolution No. 14, dated 11.5.2012 - 18.5.2012. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the photobioreactor designed meet expectations about study culture growth and has contributed largely to the development of the chosen species of microalgae. Thus, it can be seen that the microalgae Isochrysis galbana showed a species with potential for biodiesel production

Estudo da influência da temperatura na degradação termoquímica da biomassa de avelós (euphorbia tirucalli Linn)

The bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has appeared as inter-esting alternative to replace fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of temperature on the yield of products originating from the pyrolysis process of the powder obtained from the dried twigs of avelós (Euphorbia tirucalli), using a rotating cylinder reactor in laboratory scale. The biomass was treated and characterized by: CHNS, moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ashes, as well as evaluation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, besides other instrumental techniques such as: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX and MEV. The activation energy was evaluated in non-isothemichal mode with heating rates of 5 and 10 oC/min. The obtained results showed biomass as feedstock with potential for biofuel production, because presents a high organic matter content (78,3%) and fixed-carbon (7,11%). The activation energy required for the degradation of biomass ranged between 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, in the temperature range studied and heating rate of 5 and 10°C/min. In the pyrolysis process, the influence of the reaction temperature was studied (350-520 ° C), keeping constant the other variables, such as, the flow rate of carrier gas, the centrifugal speed for the bio-oil condensationa, the biomass flow and the rotation of the reactor. The maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained in the temperature of 450°C. In this temperature, the results achieved where: content of bio-oil 8,12%; char 32,7%; non-condensed gas 35,4%; losts 23,8%; gross calorific value 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93 and viscosity 1,5cP. The chromatographic analysis of the bio-oil produced under these conditions shows mainly the presence of phenol (17,71%), methylciclopentenone (10,56%) and dimethylciclopentenone (7,76%)

Estudo da obtenção de biocombustíveis a partir da rota tecnológica de craqueamento utilizando carbonato de sódio e lama vermelha como catalisadores

Neste trabalho foi estudado o processo de destilação do produto líquido orgânico, obtido no craqueamento catalítico do óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) bruto em escala piloto, empregando os catalisadores carbonato de sódio (Na₂CO₃) e a lama vermelha, variando o percentual de catalisador em 10% m/m e 15% m/m em relação à matéria prima utilizada, sendo fixada uma temperatura operacional de 450ºC, visando obter frações de biocombustíveis (bio-gasolina, bio-querosene e bio-óleo) semelhantes aos combustíveis derivados do petróleo. Os catalisadores foram submetidos a um pré-tratamento de desidratação durante 2 horas em uma estufa à 300ºC, posteriormente foram realizadas as análises de DRX, IR e TG. Quanto à matéria prima, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, visando à caracterização do óleo de palma. Os produtos líquidos orgânicos (PLOs) obtidos foram submetidos a operações unitárias de separação, decantação e filtração simples em escala de bancada, para posteriormente serem realizadas análises físico-químicas e composicionais. Os PLOs foram destilados em uma coluna Vigreux de seis (06) estágios, e as frações condensadas foram coletadas de acordo com as faixas de destilação da gasolina (60ºC - 190ºC), querosene (190ºC - 235ºC) e diesel (235°C - 370ºC), para posteriormente serem caracterizadas. Verificou-se uma melhor eficiência para o catalisador carbonato de sódio a 15% m/m quanto a redução do índice de acidez, cerca de 1,7 mgKOH/g, assim como uma conversão mássica de 97% do óleo em PLO, notou-se também que, ao aumentar a quantidade de catalisador, isto favoreceu a obtenção de um produto final com uma melhor qualidade. A lama vermelha por outro lado, apresentou rendimentos de até 64% m/m e produtos com baixa acidez cerca de 62,90 mgKOH/g, comparando este resultado com dados encontrados na literatura. A partir dos resultados finais, verificou-se a eficiência dos catalisadores, no qual o catalisador carbonato de sódio forneceu produtos com baixa acidez e com boas características para uso como combustível.

Supressividade a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense por produtos orgânicos

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA