72 resultados para Biennale
Resumo:
The project consists of a trilogy of films and a live performance. The Future trilogy takes IKEA riot of 2005 as the starting point for a speculative history of a fictional future, culminating in a choreographed re-enactment of the original event. Shot on 16mm and 8mm film, the series explores the possibility of collective action emerging from the capitalist relations inherent in the consumer riot. The live performance No Haus Like Bau, staged at the HAU 1 theatre in Berlin for the 5th Berlin Biennale, continues this research into re-enactment and post-1989 politics by dramatizing the rise and fall of the soviet union as a neo-Constructivist mime using a stage set made of flatpack furniture. Using the aesthetics of Modernism and the avant garde, from Constructivist and Futurist constumes to biomechanics and Bauhaus theatre theory, the project transposes early twentieth century utopian ideology to a present day setting where mass uprisings are motivated by cheap commodities. These explorations of consumerism and revolution have been widely exhibited internationally and supported by Film London, Arts Council England, Collective Gallery and the Berlin Biennale. The Future Trilogy formed the basis of a solo exhibition at the Te Tuhi Art Centre in Auckland, New Zealand and was screened as part of the Signal and Noise media art festival in Vancouver, as well as other exhibitions and screenings including “Roll it to Me” at Collective Gallery, Edinburgh, and Apocatopia, Castlefield Gallery, Manchester.
Resumo:
Based on a series of collage made from images of mega yachts, the Future Monument looks at the possibility of taking late capitalism more seriously as an ideology than it takes itself seriously. The project asks whether the private display of wealth and power represented by the yacht can be appropriated for a new language of public sculpture. The choreographed live performance of the construction of the large scale monument was scripted to a proposed capitalist manifesto and took place in a public square in Herzliya, Israel. It aimed to articulate the ideology latent in capitalism’s claims to a neutral manifestation of human nature. The Future Monument project was developed through reading seminars taking place at Goldsmiths College, as part of a research strand headed by Pil and Galia Kollectiv on irony and overidentification within the Political Currency of Art research group. This research has so far produced a series of silk screen collage prints, a sculpture commissioned by the Essex Council and a live performance commissioned by the Herzliya Biennale. However, the project is ongoing, with future outputs planned including a curated exhibition and conference in 2012, in collaboration with Matthew Poole, Programme Director of the Centre for Curatorial Studies at the University of Essex.
Resumo:
Asparagus: A Horticultural Ballet was a live performance and film narrating the rise of capital in the medium of asparagus. The project stemmed from an obscure reference to an art piece of the same name by Waw Pierogi of the band xex. However, the its re-enactment had little to do with the original exploration of the growth and branching patterns of the asparagus plant. Instead, a rigid choreography inspired by Oskar Schlemmer's Triadic Ballet and based on Karl Marx's Capital dictated the movements of six performers in asparagus costumes. Bringing together the organic and the geometric, the ballet investigated the transition from the Fordist assembly line to immaterial labour through a reanimation of modernist abstraction. Being itself the story of abstraction, Capital shows how human relationships are replaced by those between commodities in the joyless grind of endless accumulation. This process results in the transcendent mythical figure of capital, which frames, transfigures and even produces the natural world. Asparagus: A Horticultural Ballet was produced in collaboration with Montreal based band Les Georges Leningrad and commissioned by The Showroom Gallery, London. It was presented live at Conway Hall in London on 6.3.07 and at the Montreal Biennale at SAT on 12.5.07. The performance was accompanied by a film at the Showroom gallery and preceded by a production residency at the Pump House Gallery. The film has subsequently been shown at The Golden Thread Gallery, Bluecoat Liverpool and as part of A-Lot-Ment in Portsmouth. Props from Asparagus: A Horticultural Ballet, were included in The Eagle Document at the Stephen Lawrence Gallery, London.
Resumo:
The project consists of a live performance taking the 2005 IKEA riot as the starting point for a speculative history of a fictional future, culminating in a choreographed re-enactment of the original event. It is accompanied by a film series explores the possibility of collective action emerging from the capitalist relations inherent in the consumer riot. The performance, staged at the Berlin Biennale, continues this research into re-enactment and post-1989 politics, using a stage set made of flatpack furniture. Using the aesthetics of Modernism and the avant garde, the project transposes early twentieth century utopian ideology to a present day setting where mass uprisings are motivated by cheap commodities. By re-evaluating biomechanics and Bauhaus theatre theory, these explorations of consumerism and revolution propose that the mechanized movement developed in conjunction with industrial labour survives as a historical re-enactment in the wake of manufacturing work in the west. In the absence of a visual language apt to the contemporary, No Haus Like Bau uses re-enactment as a retrogarde tactic. Its purpose on the one hand is to invoke trajectories for alternate futures that never materialized at an originary moment. On the other hand, the clash of past forms with present content serves to accentuate the historical changes that have thrown into question these forms. Rather than reflecting the present, the projection of the past into a fictional future aims to destabilize the dominant narrative that suggests the current configuration of art, politics and human nature has always been this way. The project has been widely exhibited internationally and supported by Film London and Arts Council England. A theoretical essay on re-enactment as a strategy for performance has been published in Art Papers and in Memory [MIT]. The project also formed the basis of a solo exhibition at Te Tuhi Art Centre, Auckland.
Resumo:
Critical commentary on Australian artist Bill Henson’s work including the series Untitled 1994-1995 which represented Australia at the Venice Biennale is frequently framed within the discourse of the ‘white cube’. Its contextualisation in predominantly art historical and formalist perspectives tends to operate as a mechanism that denies affective and embodied dimensions of meaning making. Much the same could be said of the work of Marian Drew who uses road kill in her photographic still life works. However, the ‘distancing’ in these works is also achieved through historical allusion, which at the same time reactivates the fl ow of emotional empathy and desire. In this paper, I ask the question: “What distinguishes the work of these two artists with media images of torture?”
My attempt to address this question will involve a narrative re-reading of selected works of Henson and Drew incorporating notions of affect, identification, memory and desire as processes which operate non-discursively, but which are inseparable from memory and lived experiences. This will permit a double exposure of the work of these artists. Within a psychoanalytical context, my re-reading will be used to extend an understanding of the now familiar press and Internet images of the torture of Iraqi prisoners.
As a metaphor for desire and ideology, photography operates within manifest and latent registers. I will argue that certain forms of photographic practice may be understood in terms of a politics of abuse — instantiating an uneven differentiation of power between actants, the winning (forcefully or otherwise) of consent or complicity, the silencing of refusal of resistance and/or the incriminating of the ‘victim’ — whilst at the same time upholding the claim of verisimilitude and aesthetic or ethical intent. Critical engagement with such practices is crucial to an understanding of the relationship between institutional discourses, trauma and abuse in contemporary society.
Resumo:
I Max Bill is an intense giornata of a big fresco. An analysis of the main social, artistic and cultural events throughout the twentieth century is needed in order to trace his career through his masterpieces and architectures. Some of the faces of this hypothetical mural painting are, among others, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Kandinskij, Klee, Mondrian, Vatongerloo, Ignazio Silone, while the backcloth is given by artistic avant-gardes, Bauhaus, International Exhibitions, CIAM, war events, reconstruction, Milan Triennali, Venice Biennali, the School of Ulm. Architect, even though more known as painter, sculptor, designer and graphic artist, Max Bill attends the Bauhaus as a student in the years 1927-1929, and from this experience derives the main features of a rational, objective, constructive and non figurative art. His research is devoted to give his art a scientific methodology: each work proceeds from the analysis of a problem to the logical and always verifiable solution of the same problem. By means of composition elements (such as rhythm, seriality, theme and its variation, harmony and dissonance), he faces, with consistent results, themes apparently very distant from each other as the project for the H.f.G. or the design for a font. Mathematics are a constant reference frame as field of certainties, order, objectivity: ‘for Bill mathematics are never confined to a simple function: they represent a climate of spiritual certainties, and also the theme of non attempted in its purest state, objectivity of the sign and of the geometrical place, and at the same time restlessness of the infinity: Limited and Unlimited ’. In almost sixty years of activity, experiencing all artistic fields, Max Bill works, projects, designs, holds conferences and exhibitions in Europe, Asia and Americas, confronting himself with the most influencing personalities of the twentieth century. In such a vast scenery, the need to limit the investigation field combined with the necessity to address and analyse the unpublished and original aspect of Bill’s relations with Italy. The original contribution of the present research regards this particular ‘geographic delimitation’; in particular, beyond the deep cultural exchanges between Bill and a series of Milanese architects, most of all with Rogers, two main projects have been addressed: the realtà nuova at Milan Triennale in 1947, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Florence in 1980. It is important to note that these projects have not been previously investigated, and the former never appears in the sources either. These works, together with the most well-known ones, such as the projects for the VI and IX Triennale, and the Swiss pavilion for the Biennale, add important details to the reference frame of the relations which took place between Zurich and Milan. Most of the occasions for exchanges took part in between the Thirties and the Fifties, years during which Bill underwent a significant period of artistic growth. He meets the Swiss progressive architects and the Paris artists from the Abstraction-Création movement, enters the CIAM, collaborates with Le Corbusier to the third volume of his Complete Works, and in Milan he works and gets confronted with the events related to post-war reconstruction. In these years Bill defines his own working methodology, attaining an artistic maturity in his work. The present research investigates the mentioned time period, despite some necessary exceptions. II The official Max Bill bibliography is naturally wide, including spreading works along with ones more devoted to analytical investigation, mainly written in German and often translated into French and English (Max Bill himself published his works in three languages). Few works have been published in Italian and, excluding the catalogue of the Parma exhibition from 1977, they cannot be considered comprehensive. Many publications are exhibition catalogues, some of which include essays written by Max Bill himself, some others bring Bill’s comments in a educational-pedagogical approach, to accompany the observer towards a full understanding of the composition processes of his art works. Bill also left a great amount of theoretical speculations to encourage a critical reading of his works in the form of books edited or written by him, and essays published in ‘Werk’, magazine of the Swiss Werkbund, and other international reviews, among which Domus and Casabella. These three reviews have been important tools of analysis, since they include tracks of some of Max Bill’s architectural works. The architectural aspect is less investigated than the plastic and pictorial ones in all the main reference manuals on the subject: Benevolo, Tafuri and Dal Co, Frampton, Allenspach consider Max Bill as an artist proceeding in his work from Bauhaus in the Ulm experience . A first filing of his works was published in 2004 in the monographic issue of the Spanish magazine 2G, together with critical essays by Karin Gimmi, Stanislaus von Moos, Arthur Rüegg and Hans Frei, and in ‘Konkrete Architektur?’, again by Hans Frei. Moreover, the monographic essay on the Atelier Haus building by Arthur Rüegg from 1997, and the DPA 17 issue of the Catalonia Polytechnic with contributions of Carlos Martì, Bruno Reichlin and Ton Salvadò, the latter publication concentrating on a few Bill’s themes and architectures. An urge to studying and going in depth in Max Bill’s works was marked in 2008 by the centenary of his birth and by a recent rediscovery of Bill as initiator of the ‘minimalist’ tradition in Swiss architecture. Bill’s heirs are both very active in promoting exhibitions, researching and publishing. Jakob Bill, Max Bill’s son and painter himself, recently published a work on Bill’s experience in Bauhaus, and earlier on he had published an in-depth study on ‘Endless Ribbons’ sculptures. Angela Thomas Schmid, Bill’s wife and art historian, published in end 2008 the first volume of a biography on Max Bill and, together with the film maker Eric Schmid, produced a documentary film which was also presented at the last Locarno Film Festival. Both biography and documentary concentrate on Max Bill’s political involvement, from antifascism and 1968 protest movements to Bill experiences as Zurich Municipality councilman and member of the Swiss Confederation Parliament. In the present research, the bibliography includes also direct sources, such as interviews and original materials in the form of letters correspondence and graphic works together with related essays, kept in the max+binia+jakob bill stiftung archive in Zurich. III The results of the present research are organized into four main chapters, each of them subdivided into four parts. The first chapter concentrates on the research field, reasons, tools and methodologies employed, whereas the second one consists of a short biographical note organized by topics, introducing the subject of the research. The third chapter, which includes unpublished events, traces the historical and cultural frame with particular reference to the relations between Max Bill and the Italian scene, especially Milan and the architects Rogers and Baldessari around the Fifties, searching the themes and the keys for interpretation of Bill’s architectures and investigating the critical debate on the reviews and the plastic survey through sculpture. The fourth and last chapter examines four main architectures chosen on a geographical basis, all devoted to exhibition spaces, investigating Max Bill’s composition process related to the pictorial field. Paintings has surely been easier and faster to investigate and verify than the building field. A doctoral thesis discussed in Lausanne in 1977 investigating Max Bill’s plastic and pictorial works, provided a series of devices which were corrected and adapted for the definition of the interpretation grid for the composition structures of Bill’s main architectures. Four different tools are employed in the investigation of each work: a context analysis related to chapter three results; a specific theoretical essay by Max Bill briefly explaining his main theses, even though not directly linked to the very same work of art considered; the interpretation grid for the composition themes derived from a related pictorial work; the architecture drawing and digital three-dimensional model. The double analysis of the architectural and pictorial fields is functional to underlining the relation among the different elements of the composition process; the two fields, however, cannot be compared and they stay, in Max Bill’s works as in the present research, interdependent though self-sufficient. IV An important aspect of Max Bill production is self-referentiality: talking of Max Bill, also through Max Bill, as a need for coherence instead of a method limitation. Ernesto Nathan Rogers describes Bill as the last humanist, and his horizon is the known world but, as the ‘Concrete Art’ of which he is one of the main representatives, his production justifies itself: Max Bill not only found a method, but he autonomously re-wrote the ‘rules of the game’, derived timeless theoretical principles and verified them through a rich and interdisciplinary artistic production. The most recurrent words in the present research work are synthesis, unity, space and logic. These terms are part of Max Bill’s vocabulary and can be referred to his works. Similarly, graphic settings or analytical schemes in this research text referring to or commenting Bill’s architectural projects were drawn up keeping in mind the concise precision of his architectural design. As for Mies van der Rohe, it has been written that Max Bill took art to ‘zero degree’ reaching in this way a high complexity. His works are a synthesis of art: they conceptually encompass all previous and –considered their developments- most of contemporary pictures. Contents and message are generally explicitly declared in the title or in Bill’s essays on his artistic works and architectural projects: the beneficiary is invited to go through and re-build the process of synthesis generating the shape. In the course of the interview with the Milan artist Getulio Alviani, he tells how he would not write more than a page for an essay on Josef Albers: everything was already evident ‘on the surface’ and any additional sentence would be redundant. Two years after that interview, these pages attempt to decompose and single out the elements and processes connected with some of Max Bill’s works which, for their own origin, already contain all possible explanations and interpretations. The formal reduction in favour of contents maximization is, perhaps, Max Bill’s main lesson.
Resumo:
La mostra è diventata un nuovo paradigma della cultura contemporanea. Sostenuta da proprie regole e da una grammatica complessa produce storie e narrazioni. La presente ricerca di dottorato si struttura come un ragionamento critico sulle strategie del display contemporaneo, tentando di dimostrare, con strumenti investigativi eterogenei, assumendo fonti eclettiche e molteplici approcci disciplinari - dall'arte contemporanea, alla critica d'arte, la museologia, la sociologia, l'architettura e gli studi curatoriali - come il display sia un modello discorsivo di produzione culturale con cui il curatore si esprime. La storia delle esposizioni del XX secolo è piena di tentativi di cambiamento del rapporto tra lo sviluppo di pratiche artistiche e la sperimentazione di un nuovo concetto di mostra. Nei tardi anni Sessanta l’ingresso, nella scena dell’arte, dell’area del concettuale, demolisce, con un azzeramento radicale, tutte le convenzioni della rappresentazione artistica del dopoguerra, ‘teatralizzando’ il medium della mostra come strumento di potere e introducendo un nuovo “stile di presentazione” dei lavori, un display ‘dematerializzato” che rovescia le classiche relazioni tra opera, artista, spazio e istituzione, tra un curatore che sparisce (Siegelaub) e un curatore super-artista (Szeemann), nel superamento del concetto tradizionale di mostra stessa, in cui il lavoro del curatore, in quanto autore creativo, assumeva una propria autonomia strutturale all’interno del sistema dell’arte. Lo studio delle radici di questo cambiamento, ossia l’emergere di due tipi di autorialità: il curatore indipendente e l’artista che produce installazioni, tra il 1968 e il 1972 (le mostre di Siegelaub e Szeemann, la mimesi delle pratiche artistiche e curatoriali di Broodthaers e la tensione tra i due ruoli generata dalla Critica Istituzionale) permette di inquadrare teoricamente il fenomeno. Uno degli obbiettivi della ricerca è stato anche affrontare la letteratura critica attraverso una revisione/costruzione storiografica sul display e la storia delle teorie e pratiche curatoriali - formalizzata in modo non sistematico all'inizio degli anni Novanta, a partire da una rilettura retrospettiva della esperienze delle neoavanguardie – assumendo materiali e metodologie provenienti, come già dichiarato, da ambiti differenti, come richiedeva la composizione sfaccettata e non fissata dell’oggetto di studio, con un atteggiamento che si può definire comparato e post-disciplinare. Il primo capitolo affronta gli anni Sessanta, con la successione sistematica dei primi episodi sperimentali attraverso tre direzioni: l’emergere e l’affermarsi del curatore come autore, la proliferazione di mostre alternative che sovvertivano il formato tradizionale e le innovazioni prodotte dagli artisti organizzatori di mostre della Critica Istituzionale. Esponendo la smaterializzazione concettuale, Seth Siegelaub, gallerista, critico e impresario del concettuale, ha realizzato una serie di mostre innovative; Harald Szeemann crea la posizione indipendente di exhibition maker a partire When attitudes become forms fino al display anarchico di Documenta V; gli artisti organizzatori di mostre della Critica Istituzionale, soprattutto Marcel Broodhthears col suo Musée d’Art Moderne, Départment des Aigles, analizzano la struttura della logica espositiva come opera d’arte. Nel secondo capitolo l’indagine si sposta verso la scena attivista e alternativa americana degli anni Ottanta: Martha Rosler, le pratiche community-based di Group Material, Border Art Workshop/Taller de Arte Fronterizo, Guerrilla Girls, ACT UP, Art Workers' Coalition che, con proposte diverse elaborano un nuovo modello educativo e/o partecipativo di mostra, che diventa anche terreno del confronto sociale. La mostra era uno svincolo cruciale tra l’arte e le opere rese accessibili al pubblico, in particolare le narrazioni, le idee, le storie attivate, attraverso un originale ragionamento sulle implicazioni sociali del ruolo del curatore che suggeriva punti di vista alternativi usando un forum istituzionale. Ogni modalità di display stabiliva relazioni nuove tra artisti, istituzioni e audience generando abitudini e rituali diversi per guardare la mostra. Il potere assegnato all’esposizione, creava contesti e situazioni da agire, che rovesciavano i metodi e i formati culturali tradizionali. Per Group Material, così come nelle reading-room di Martha Rosler, la mostra temporanea era un medium con cui si ‘postulavano’ le strutture di rappresentazione e i modelli sociali attraverso cui, regole, situazioni e luoghi erano spesso sovvertiti. Si propongono come artisti che stanno ridefinendo il ruolo della curatela (significativamente scartano la parola ‘curatori’ e si propongono come ‘organizzatori’). La situazione cambia nel 1989 con la caduta del muro di Berlino. Oltre agli sconvolgimenti geopolitici, la fine della guerra fredda e dell’ideologia, l’apertura ai flussi e gli scambi conseguenti al crollo delle frontiere, i profondi e drammatici cambiamenti politici che coinvolgono l’Europa, corrispondono al parallelo mutamento degli scenari culturali e delle pratiche espositive. Nel terzo capitolo si parte dall’analisi del rapporto tra esposizioni e Late Capitalist Museum - secondo la definizione di Rosalind Krauss - con due mostre cruciali: Le Magiciens de la Terre, alle origini del dibattito postcoloniale e attraverso il soggetto ineffabile di un’esposizione: Les Immatériaux, entrambe al Pompidou. Proseguendo nell’analisi dell’ampio corpus di saggi, articoli, approfondimenti dedicati alle grandi manifestazioni internazionali, e allo studio dell’espansione globale delle Biennali, avviene un cambiamento cruciale a partire da Documenta X del 1997: l’inclusione di lavori di natura interdisciplinare e la persistente integrazione di elementi discorsivi (100 days/100 guests). Nella maggior parte degli interventi in materia di esposizioni su scala globale oggi, quello che viene implicitamente o esplicitamente messo in discussione è il limite del concetto e della forma tradizionale di mostra. La sfida delle pratiche contemporanee è non essere più conformi alle tre unità classiche della modernità: unità di tempo, di spazio e di narrazione. L’episodio più emblematico viene quindi indagato nel terzo capitolo: la Documenta X di Catherine David, il cui merito maggiore è stato quello di dichiarare la mostra come format ormai insufficiente a rappresentare le nuove istanze contemporanee. Le quali avrebbero richiesto - altrimenti - una pluralità di modelli, di spazi e di tempi eterogenei per poter divenire un dispositivo culturale all’altezza dei tempi. La David decostruisce lo spazio museale come luogo esclusivo dell’estetico: dalla mostra laboratorio alla mostra come archivio, l’evento si svolge nel museo ma anche nella città, con sottili interventi di dissimulazione urbana, nel catalogo e nella piattaforma dei 100 giorni di dibattito. Il quarto capitolo affronta l’ultima declinazione di questa sperimentazione espositiva: il fenomeno della proliferazione delle Biennali nei processi di globalizzazione culturale. Dalla prima mostra postcoloniale, la Documenta 11 di Okwui Enwezor e il modello delle Platforms trans-disciplinari, al dissolvimento dei ruoli in uno scenario post-szeemanniano con gli esperimenti curatoriali su larga scala di Sogni e conflitti, alla 50° Biennale di Venezia. Sono analizzati diversi modelli espositivi (la mostra-arcipelago di Edouard Glissant; il display in crescita di Zone of Urgency come estetizzazione del disordine metropolitano; il format relazionale e performativo di Utopia Station; il modello del bric à brac; la “Scuola” di Manifesta 6). Alcune Biennali sono state sorprendentemente autoriflessive e hanno consentito un coinvolgimento più analitico con questa particolare forma espressiva. Qual è l'impatto sulla storia e il dibattito dei sistemi espositivi? Conclusioni: Cos’è la mostra oggi? Uno spazio sotto controllo, uno spazio del conflitto e del dissenso, un modello educativo e/o partecipativo? Una piattaforma, un dispositivo, un archivio? Uno spazio di negoziazione col mercato o uno spazio di riflessione e trasformazione? L’arte del display: ipotesi critiche, prospettive e sviluppi recenti.
Resumo:
Il vento di barriera (VB) è un fenomeno meteorologico a mesoscala che interessa il flusso nei bassi strati atmosferici ed è dovuto all'interazione con l'orografia. Se il numero di Froude upstream è sufficientemente piccolo si genera una deviazione orizzontale del flusso incidente. Si può raggiungere uno stato quasi-stazionario, nel quale un intenso vento soffia parallelo all'orografia nei bassi strati. Nel presente lavoro si è innanzitutto sviluppata una climatologia degli eventi di VB nella regione italiana su un periodo biennale. Gli eventi sono stati classificati per la velocità del flusso incidente e la velocità e direzione del VB a 950 hPa, e per il numero di Froude upstream. Si è poi studiata la distribuzione degli eventi rispetto al numero di Froude. La climatologia è risultata in buon accordo con la teoria idealizzata dei flussi sopra l'orografia. Tre casi di studio sono stati successivamente simulati utilizzando i modelli BOLAM e MOLOCH dell'istituto CNR-ISAC di Bologna. Per ciascun evento sono stati calcolati il numero di Froude upstream e i parametri principali, quali velocità, estensione, temperatura ecc. Per uno dei casi, riguardante le Alpi orientali, le simulazioni sono state confrontate con dati osservati di vento, pressione, temperatura e precipitazione. Sono poi stati condotti dei sensitivity tests con orografia diminuita su ognuno degli eventi. È stata così verificata l'importanza dell'effetto orografico e l'intensità del fenomeno del VB è stata associata al numero di Froude. Un indice, denominato Barrier Wind Index (BWI) è stato ideato a tale scopo. Le simulazioni hanno mostrato un buon accordo con la teoria, indicandone i limiti di applicabilità all'atmosfera reale. In particolare, il Barrier Wind Index tende ad aumentare linearmente al diminuire del numero di Froude. Le simulazioni hanno evidenziato l'elevata influenza del VB sulla circolazione atmosferica a mesoscala, sulla distribuzione e intensità della precipitazione e sull'avvezione di temperatura e umidità.
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Lo strumento MIPAS, operativo a bordo del satellite polare ENVISAT negli anni dal 2002 al 2012, ha misurato spettri di emissione nel medio infrarosso utilizzando la tecnica di scansione del lembo atmosferico. L'Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA), mediante un algoritmo di inversione ottimizzato, ha ricavato dagli spettri di MIPAS la distribuzione verticale di diversi composti chimici minoritari in stratosfera e alta troposfera. Tra questi composti figurano l'ozono (O3) e il CFC-11. Lo strato di ozono stratosferico svolge una funzione fondamentale come schermo della radiazione ultravioletta solare, altrimenti dannosa per gli esseri viventi sulla terra. D'altra parte, da alcuni decenni i cosiddetti cloro-fluoro carburi (CFC), tra cui la molecola di CCl3F (indicata sinteticamente con la sigla CFC-11) sono ritenuti responsabili della diminuzione generale dell'ozono stratosferico. Per questo motivo nel 1987 a Montreal è stato siglato un accordo internazionale per limitare l'immissione dei CFC in atmosfera. A partire dalla fine degli anni '80, in base a questo accordo, ci si aspetta quindi una progressiva riduzione dei CFC e un conseguente graduale recupero della concentrazione di ozono. Le misure di MIPAS, con copertura geografica globale, offrono una possibilità assai interessante per la verifica di queste tendenze attese. In questo lavoro di tesi, i profili verticali di frazione volumetrica (VMR) di ozono e CFC-11 ricavati dal processore di ESA versione 6.0 sono stati interpolati a livelli di pressione costante, raggruppati per bande di latitudine e mediati su intervalli di tempo mensili. Abbiamo quindi sviluppato un modello di tendenza parametrico che include un termine costante, uno lineare, due termini dell'oscillazione quasi biennale (QBO), un termine di flusso solare radio e diversi termini armonici in seno e coseno con periodo diverso. Il modello è stato quindi adattato mediante un algoritmo di minimizzazione di Levenberg-Marquardt alle medie mensili ottenute dalle misure di MIPAS per tutto il periodo che va da luglio 2002 ad aprile 2012. Le stime di tendenza ottenute per ozono e CFC-11 sono statisticamente significative e, a seconda della latitudine e del livello di pressione considerato, assumono una gamma di valori che va da -0.15 ppmv/decade a +0.44 ppmv/decade per l'ozono e una gamma di valori che va da -50.2 pptv/decade a +6.5 pptv/decade per il CFC-11. Abbiamo ottenuto tendenze per la maggior parte leggermente positive per l'ozono e quasi ovunque fortemente negative per il CFC-11, risultato in accordo con le disposizioni emanate a seguito del Protocollo di Montreal e in buon accordo anche con lavori precedentemente pubblicati in letteratura. Infine abbiamo stimato l'errore sistematico sulle tendenze ricavate, causato dalla deriva strumentale dovuta alla non-linearità della risposta dei rivelatori, che varia a seguito dell'invecchiamento dei rivelatori stessi.
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Spanish pavilion : 7. Mostra Internazionale di Architettura Biennale di Venezia
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Spanish pavilion : 7. Mostra Internazionale di Architettura Biennale di Venezia
