Mirroring Enzymes: The Role of H-Bonding In HQuin-BAM Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza-Henry Reactions: A DFT Study into the Reactivity, Mechanism, and Origins of Selectivity

The exact mechanistic understanding of various organocatalytic systems in asymmetric reactions such as Henry and aza-Henry transformations is important for developing and designing new synthetic organocatalysts. The focus of this dissertation will be on the use of density functional theory (DFT) for studying the asymmetric aza-Henry reaction. The first part of the thesis is a detailed mechanistic investigation of a poorly understood chiral bis(amidine) (BAM) Brønsted acid catalyzed aza-Henry reaction between nitromethane and N-Boc phenylaldimine. The catalyst, in addition to acting as a Brønsted base, serves to simultaneously activate both the electrophile and the nucleophile through dual H-bonding during C-C bond formation and is thus essential for both reaction rate and selectivity. Analysis of the H-bonding interactions revealed that there was a strong preference for the formation of a homonuclear positive charge-assisted H-bond, which in turn governed the relative orientation of substrate binding. Attracted by this well-defined mechanistic investigation, the other important aspect of my PhD research addressed a detailed theoretical analysis accounting for the observed selectivity in diastereoselective versions of this reaction. A detailed inspection of the stereodetermining C-C bond forming transition states for monoalkylated nitronate addition to a range of electronically different aldimines, revealed that the origins of stereoselectivity were controlled by a delicate balance of different factors such as steric, orbital interactions, and the extent of distortion in the catalyst and substrates. The structural analysis of different substituted transition states established an interesting dependency on matching the shape and size of the catalyst (host molecule) and substrates (guest molecules) upon binding, both being key factors governing selectivity, in essence, offering an analogy to positive cooperative binding effect of catalytic enzymes and substrates in Nature. In addition, both intra-molecular (intra-host) and inter-molecular (host-guest, guest-guest) stabilizing interactions play a key role to the high π-facial selectivity. The application of dispersion-corrected functionals (i.e., ωB97X-D and B3LYP-D3) was essential for accurately modeling these stabilizing interactions, indicating the importance of dispersion effects in enantioselectivity. As a brief prelude to more extensive future studies, the influence of a triflate counterion on both reactivity and selectivity in this reaction was also addressed.

Complexes pinceurs de cobalt et de nickel : synthèse, caratérisation, réactivité

Plusieurs nouveaux complexes pinceurs de cobalt et de nickel ont été préparés avec le ligand pinceur de type POCOP : 2,6-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4. Dans le cas du cobalt, une nouvelle voie de synthèse a été développée. Contrairement au cas du nickel, il s’agit ici de cobalt au degré d’oxydation +III. Les composés obtenus sont paramagnétiques. En outre, le dérivé bromé est instable à la lumière et se décompose en perdant un brome pour former le complexe pinceur de Co(II). La réactivité de ces complexes a été étudiée. Pour ce qui est du nickel, la catalyse de l’hydroamination a été élargie aux dérivés de l’acrylonitrile et aux amines aromatiques. En outre, la réaction d’hydroaryloxylation a été étudiée dans les mêmes conditions. Enfin, avec le 4-cyanostyrène et le cinnamonitrile, la formation d’amidines a été observée. Un complexe pinceur portant cette amidine a été isolé. Enfin, le cation réagit avec des anions fortement coordonnants tels le cyanure ou l’isocyanate. En outre, l’anion triflate peut être déplacé par l’eau, l’acrylonitrile et ses dérivés. Enfin, une réactivité particulière a été observée avec la morpholine, l’acétone et un mélange 1:1 aniline/triéthylamine.

Découverte d'inhibiteurs de la dihydrofolate réductase R67 impliquée dans la résistance au triméthoprime.

Le triméthoprime (TMP) est un antibiotique communément utilisé depuis les années 60. Le TMP est un inhibiteur de la dihydrofolate réductase (DHFR) bactérienne chromosomale. Cette enzyme est responsable de la réduction du dihydrofolate (DHF) en tétrahydrofolate (THF) chez les bactéries, qui lui, est essentiel à la synthèse des purines et ainsi, à la prolifération cellulaire. La résistance bactérienne au TMP est documentée depuis plus de 30 ans. Une des causes de cette résistance provient du fait que certaines souches bactériennes expriment une DHFR plasmidique, la DHFR R67. La DHFR R67 n'est pas affectée par le TMP, et peut ainsi remplacer la DHFR chromosomale lorsque celle-ci est inhibée par le TMP. À ce jour, aucun inhibiteur spécifique de la DHFR R67 est connu. En découvrant des inhibiteurs contre la DHFR R67, il serait possible de lever la résistance au TMP que la DHFR R67 confère aux bactéries. Afin de découvrir des inhibiteurs de DHFR R67, les approches de design à base de fragments et de criblage virtuel ont été choisies. L'approche de design à base de fragments a permis d'identifier sept composés simples et de faible poids moléculaire (fragments) inhibant faiblement la DHFR R67. À partir de ces fragments, des composés plus complexes et symétriques, inhibant la DHFR R67 dans l'ordre du micromolaire, ont été élaborés. Des études cinétiques ont montré que ces inhibiteurs sont compétitifs et qu'au moins deux molécules se lient simultanément dans le site actif de la DHFR R67. L'étude d'analogues des inhibiteurs micromolaires de la DHFR R67 a permis de déterminer que la présence de groupements carboxylate, benzimidazole et que la longueur des molécules influencent la puissance des inhibiteurs. Une étude par arrimage moléculaire, appuyée par les résultats in vitro, a permis d'élaborer un modèle qui suggère que les résidus Lys32, Gln67 et Ile68 seraient impliqués dans la liaison avec les inhibiteurs. Le criblage virtuel de la librairie de 80 000 composés de Maybridge avec le logiciel Moldock, et les essais d'inhibition in vitro des meilleurs candidats, a permis d'identifier quatre inhibiteurs micromolaires appartenant à des familles distinctes des composés précédemment identifiés. Un second criblage virtuel, d'une banque de 6 millions de composés, a permis d'identifier trois inhibiteurs micromolaires toujours distincts. Ces résultats offrent la base à partir de laquelle il sera possible de développer iv des composés plus efficaces et possédant des propriétés phamacologiquement acceptables dans le but de développer un antibiotique pouvant lever la résistance au TMP conféré par la DHFR R67.

Nouveaux complexes pinces POCOP, NHCCOP, PIMCOP et PIMIOCOP, et complexes cyclométallés de Ni(II) : synthèse, caractérisation et réactivité.

Cette thèse traite de la chimie des complexes pinces de Ni(II) ainsi que des complexes cyclométallés de Ni(II) comportant au moins un motif phosphinite. Elle se divise en trois parties. La première concerne la synthèse, la caractérisation, le mécanisme de formation et la réactivité des complexes pinces de Ni(II) à base de ligand de type POCOP 1,3-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4. De nouveaux ligands de type R-(POCOP) = κP,κC,κP-{Rn-2,6-( R'2PO)2C6H4-n}; Rn = 4-OMe, 4-Me, 4-CO2Me, 3-OMe, 3- CO2Me, 3,5-t-Bu2 ; R' = i-Pr, t-Bu ont été synthétisés suite à l'addition de chlorophosphine ClPR'2 à une solution de résorcinol ou dérivés en présence de base. La synthèse des complexes R-(POCOP)Ni(Br) s'effectue à partir du ligand correspondant en présence de base, et de {NiBr2(NCiPr)}n. Ce nouveau précurseur de nickel est synthétisé à partir de brome de nickel métallique dans l'isobutyronitrile. Il est stable sous atmosphère inerte et sa solubilité dans les solvants polaires permet d'étudier les synthèses des complexes en milieu homogène. Le mécanisme de formation des complexes portant des ligand pinces (PCsp3P) 1,3-(i- Pr2PCH2CH2)2CH2, (POCsp3OP) 1,3-(i-Pr2POCH2)2CH2, (PCsp2P) 1,3-(i- Pr2PCH2)2C6H4, Rn-(POCsp2OP) 1,3-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4-n via nickellation du lien C-H a été investigué avec une méthode de réaction de compétition. Cette étape a été déterminée comme étant de nature électrophile. Les complexes résultants ont été complètement caractérisés. Une corrélation a notamment été effectuée entre le déplacement chimique du Cipso en spectroscopie RMN 13C et le potentiel d'oxydation Eox en voltamétrie cyclique. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse directe verte "one pot" a été mise en place. En faisant réagir à 75 °C un mélange hétérogène de II résorcinol, de chlorodiisopropylphosphine et de nickel métallique en poudre, on obtient le complexes pince (POCOP)Ni(Cl) avec des rendements allant jusqu'à 93%. La réactivité de ces complexes POCOP a été investiguée pour des réactions de fluorination et trifluorométhylation des halogénures d'alkyle. La synthèse du (POCOP)Ni(F) a lieu à partir de précurseur (POCOP)Ni(X) (X=Br, Cl), en présence d'un large excès de fluorure d'argent AgF. Ce complexe catalyse la fluorination du bromure de benzyle et peut être converti en (POCOP)Ni(CF3) en présence de réactif du Ruppert, Me3SiCF3. La réaction entre (POCOP)Ni(CF3) et le bromure de benzyle dans les solvants aromatiques mène à la conversion totale du complexe en (POCOP)Ni(Br) et à l'inattendue benzylation du solvant aromatique utilisé. La seconde partie concerne la synthèse des nouveaux complexes non symétriques à base de ligands comportant un motif imidazolo-phosphine (PIMCOP) 3-[2-(R2P)-C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3, imidazoliophosphine (PIMIOCOP) 3-[2-(R2P)-3- (CH3)-C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3] et carbène N-hétérocyclique (NHCCOP). La double déprotonation du 3-hydroxyphenyl-imidazole suivi de l'addition de deux équivalents de chlorodiphenylphosphine mène à l'obtention du ligand PIMCOP 3-[3-(CH3)- C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3. L'étape de nickellation a lieu comme dans le cas des composés (POCOP)Ni. La méthylation du motif imidazole du (PIMCOP)Ni(Br) par le triflate de méthyle MeOTf, donne le dérivé (PIMIOCOP)Ni(Br). Ce dernier est converti en (NHCCOP)Ni(Br) après l'addition de chlorure de tétraéthylamonium NEt4Cl. Les analogues i-Pr2P de ces complexes sont synthétisés en remplaçant ClPPh2 par ClPiPr2. On obtient les espèces cationiques [(PIMCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf], [(PIMIOCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf]2 et III [(NHCCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf] suite à l'addition en solution dans l'acétonitrile de triflate d'argent AgOTf. Ces espèces ont été utilisés comme catalyseurs pour la synthèse d'amidine à partir de benzonitrile et de diverse amines aliphatiques. Enfin des complexes orthonickellés trans-Ni[(ĸ2-P,C-P(OC6H4)-(iPr2)( iPr2P(OC6H5))]Br à base de phosphinite ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Les ligands sont synthétisés par réaction d'un phénol et de chlorodiisopropylphosphine en présence de base. L'ajout de {NiBr2(NCiPr)}n et de triéthylamine permet l'orthométallation via une étape de nickellation C-H. Un intermédiaire trans- [NiBr2{PiPr2(OC6H5)}2] de cette réaction a été isolé. Le complexe dimère peut réagir avec des espèces électrophiles mener à l'ortho-fonctionnalisation de la phosphinite.

Structural and equilibrium studies on mixed ligand complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with N-(2-benzimidazolyl)methyliminodiacetic acid and typical N,N donor ligands

Mixed ligand complexes: [Co(L)(bipy)] (.) 3H(2)O (1), [Ni(L)(phen)] (.) H2O (2), [Cu(L)(phen)] (.) 3H(2)O (3) and [Zn(L)(bipy)] (.) 3H(2)O (4), where L2- = two -COOH deprotonated dianion of N-(2-benzimidazolyl)methyliminodiacetic acid (H(2)bzimida, hereafter, H,L), bipy = 2,2' bipyridine and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline have been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, spectral and magnetic measurements and thermal studies. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies show octahedral geometry for 1, 2 and 4 and square pyramidal geometry for 3. Equilibrium studies in aqueous solution (ionic strength I = 10(-1) mol dm(-3) (NaNO3), at 25 +/- 1 degrees C) using different molar proportions of M(II):H2L:B, where M = Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and B = phen, bipy and en (ethylene diamine), however, provides evidence of formation of mononuclear and binuclear binary and mixed ligand complexes: M(L), M(H-1L)(-), M(B)(2+), M(L)(B), M(H-1L)(B)(-), M-2(H-1L)(OH), (B)M(H-1L)M(B)(+), where H-1L3- represents two -COOH and the benzimidazole NI-H deprotonated quadridentate (O-, N, O-, N), or, quinquedentate (O-, N, O-, N, N-) function of the coordinated ligand H,L. Binuclear mixed ligand complex formation equilibria: M(L)(B) + M(B)(2+) = (B)M(H-1L)M(B)(+) + H+ is favoured with higher pi-acidity of the B ligands. For Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), these equilibria are accompanied by blue shift of the electronic absorption maxima of M(II) ions, as a negatively charged bridging benzimidazolate moiety provides stronger ligand field than a neutral one. Solution stability of the mixed ligand complexes are in the expected order: Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) > Zn(II). The Delta logK(M) values are less negetive than their statistical values, indicating favoured formation of the mixed ligand complexes over the binary ones. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

High-resolution crystal structure of the intramolecular d(TpA) thymine-adenine photoadduct and its mechanistic implications

A high-resolution crystal structure is reported for d(TpA)*, the intramolecular thymine-adenine photoadduct that is produced by direct ultraviolet excitation of the dinucleoside monophosphate d(TpA). It confirms the presence of a central 1,3-diazacyclooctatriene ring linking the remnants of the T and A bases, as previously deduced from heteronuclear NMR measurements by Zhao et al. (The structure of d(TpA)*, the major photoproduct of thymidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyadenosine. Nucleic Acids Res., 1996, 24, 1554-1560). Within the crystal, the d(TpA)* molecules exist as zwitterions with a protonated amidine fragment of the eight-membered ring neutralizing the charge of the internucleotide phosphate monoanion. The absolute configuration at the original thymine C5 and C6 atoms is determined as 5S,6R. This is consistent with d(TpA)* arising by valence isomerization of a precursor cyclobutane photoproduct with cis-syn stereochemistry that is generated by [2 + 2] photoaddition of the thymine 5,6-double bond across the C6 and C5 positions of adenine. This mode of photoaddition should be favoured by the stacked conformation of adjacent T and A bases in B-form DNA. It is probable that the primary photoreaction is mechanistically analogous to pyrimidine dimerization despite having a much lower quantum yield.

2,2-Dialkyl-2H-benzimidazoles, the high energy tautomers of the corresponding 1,2-dialkyl-1H-benzimidazoles. Syntheses and their complexes with Cu(I) and Ag(I)

Reaction of Cu(1,2-phenylenediamine)(2)(ClO4)(2) with neat RR'=O (R = methyl and/or ethyl) (lives Cu(2,2-dialkyl-2H-benzimidazole)ClO4. demetallation of which by the action of aqueous ammonia yields Pure 2,2-dialkyl-2H-benzimidazoles. These are characterised by NMR. hi the X-ray crystal Structure, Ag(2,2-methyl-2H-benzimi-dazolc)NO3 is Found to be a spiral 1D coordination polymer where the 2H-benzimidazole acts as an N,N bridge between two Ag(I) centus. Although 2H-benzimidazoles are very unstable in the free state, they are quite stable in their Cu(I)(1) and Ag(I) complexes. The 1,2-tautomerisation in imidazole and benzimidazole have been Studied by means of transition state calculations at B3LYP/6-3 11 +G(2d,p)* level.

Nitrogen donor ligands bearing N-H groups: Effect on catalytic and cytotoxic activity of molybdenum eta(3)-allyldicarbonyl complexes

Reactions of [Mo(eta(3)-C3H5)Br(CO)(2)(NCMe)(2)] with the bidentate nitrogen ligands 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole (L1), 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (L2), N,N'-bis(2'-pyridinecarboxamido)-1,2-ethane (L3), and 2,2'-bisimidazole (L4) led to the new complexes [Mo(eta(3)-C3H5)Br(CO)(2)(L)] (L = L1, 1; L2, 2; L4, 4) and [{Mo(eta(3)-C3H5) Br(CO)(2)}(2)(mu-L-3)] (3). The reaction of complexes 2 and 3 with Tl[CF3SO3] afforded [Mo(eta(3)-C3H5)(CF3SO3)(CO)(2)(L2)] (2T) and [{Mo(eta(3)-C3H5)(CF3SO3)(CO)(2)}(2)(mu-L-3)] (3T). Complexes 3 and 2T were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, showing the facial allyl/carbonyls arrangement and the formation of the axial isomer. In 2T, two molecules are assembled in a hydrogen bond dimer. The four complexes 1-4 were tested as precursors in the catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene and styrene, in the presence of t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), with moderate conversions and turnover frequencies for complexes 1-3 and very low ones for 4. The increasing number of N-H groups in the complexes seems to be responsible for the loss of catalytic activity, compared with other related systems. The cytotoxic activities of all the complexes were evaluated against HeLa cells. The results showed that compounds 1,2,4, and 2T exhibited significant activity, complexes 2 and 2T being particularly promising. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Intermolecular Contacts Influencing the Conformational and Geometric Features of the Pharmaceutically Preferred Mebendazole Polymorph C

Mebendazole (MBZ) is a common benzimidazole anthelmintic that exists in three different polymorphic forms, A, B, and C. Polymorph C is the pharmaceutically preferred form due to its adequated aqueous solubility. No single crystal structure determinations depicting the nature of the crystal packing and molecular conformation and geometry have been performed on this compound. The crystal structure of mebendazole form C is resolved for the first time. Mebendazole form C crystallizes in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group and this drug is practically planar, since the least-squares methyl benzimidazolylcarbamate plane is much fitted on the forming atoms. However, the benzoyl group is twisted by 31(1)degrees from the benzimidazole ring, likewise the torsional angle between the benzene and carbonyl moieties is 27(1)degrees. The formerly described bends and other interesting intramolecular geometry features were viewed as consequence of the intermolecular contacts occurring within mebendazole C structure. Among these features, a conjugation decreasing through the imine nitrogen atom of the benzimidazole core and a further resonance path crossing the carbamate one were described. At last, the X-ray powder diffractogram of a form C rich mebendazole mixture was overlaid to the calculated one with the mebendazole crystal structure. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:2336-2344, 2009

Synthesis and characterization of a new mebendazole salt: Mebendazole hydrochloride

Mebendazole hydrochloride [(5-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester hydrochloride, MBZ.HCl], a new stable salt of mebendazole (MBZ), has been synthesized and characterized. It can easily be obtained from recrystallization of forms A, B, or C of MBZ in diverse solvents with the addition of hydrochloric acid solution. Crystallographic data reveals that the particular conformation adopted by the carbamic group contributes to the stability of the network. The crystal packing is stabilized by the presence of three N-H...Cl intermolecular interactions that form chains along the b axis. The XRD analyses of the three crystalline habits found in the crystallization process (square-based pyramids, pseudohexagonal plates, and prismatic) show equivalent diffraction patterns. The vibrational behavior is consistent with crystal structure. The most important functional groups show shifts to lower or higher frequencies in relation to the MBZ polymorphs. The thermal study on MBZ center dot HCI indicates that the compound is stable up to 160 degrees C approximately. Decomposition occurs in four steps. In the first step the HCl group is eliminated, and after that the remaining MBZ polymorph A decomposes in three steps, as happens with polymorphs B and C. (C) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:542-552, 2008.

Study of electrochemical behavior of azoles for AISI 430 stainless steel in H(2)SO(4) 1 mol L(-1)

Corrosion is an undesirable process that occurs in metallic materials. Studied was the effect of inhibiting Benzotriazole (BTAH), Benzimidazole (BZM) and Indole in different concentrations-for the stainless steel (SS) AISI 430 in H(2)SO(4) mol The techniques employed this research were: anodic potenciostatic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy The curves of anodic polarisation showed that BTAH, BZM and Indol act as corrosion inhibitors for 430 SS, at concentrations of 1x10(-3) and 5x10(-4) mol L(-1) but do not inhibit corrosion for concentrations equal to or less than 1x10(-4) mol L(-1). The in-crease of the efficiency in relation to the inhibitory substances studied followed this order: Indol

Static and dynamic bimolecular fluorescence quenching of porphyrin dendrimers in solution

The fluorescence quenching kinetics of two porphyrin dendrimer series (GnTPPH(2) and GnPZn) by different type of quenchers is reported. The microenvironment surrounding the core in GnPZn was probing by core-quencher interactions using benzimidazole. The dependence of quencher binding constant (K(a) ) on generation indicates the presence of a weak interaction between branches and the core of the porphyrin dendrimer. The similar free volume in dendrimers of third and fourth generation suggests that structural collapse in high generations occurs by packing of the dendrimer peripheral layer. Dynamic fluorescence quenching of the porphyrin core by 1,3-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-2-pentyl-indan (PDCMI) in GnTPPH(2) is a distance dependent electron transfer process with an exponential attenuation factor beta=0.33 angstrom(-1). The quenching by 1,2-dibromobenzene occurs by diffusion process of the quencher toward to the porphyrin core, and its rate constant is practically independent of dendrimer generation.

Electrochemical Redox Behavior of Omeprazole Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode

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Theoretical study of omeprazole behavior: Racemization barrier and decomposition reaction

omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole which suppresses gastric-acid secretion by means of H+, K+-ATPase inhibition. It is an optically active drug with the sulfur of the sulfoxide being the chiral center. This pro-drug can be easily converted into its respective sulfenamide at low pH. In this work, omeprazole has been studied in relation to racemization barrier and decomposition reaction. Quantum chemistry coupled to PCA chemometric method were used to find all minimum energy structures. Conformational analysis and calculation of racemization barriers were carried out by PM3 semiempirical method (Gaussian 98). The average racemization energy barrier for all minimum energy structures (43.56 kcal mol(-1)) can be related to the velocity constant in Eyring's equation. The enormous half-life time at 100 degrees C (9.04 x 10(4) years) indicates that the process cannot be observed in human time scale. on the other hand, the difference of free energy change (Delta(Delta G) = -266.78 kcal mol(-1)) for the decomposition reaction shows that the process is favorable to the sulfenamide formation. The highly negative Delta(Delta G) obtained for the decomposition reaction shows that this process is extremely exothermic. This result explains why omeprazole decomposes and does not racemize. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Determination of pesticide residues in coconut water by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with electron-capture plus thermionic specific detection and solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Two simple methods were developed to determine, 11 pesticides in coconut water, a natural isotonic drink rich in salts, sugars and vitamins consumed by the people and athletes. The first procedure involves solid-phase extraction using Sep-Pak Vac C-18 disposable cartridges with methanol for elution. Isocratic analysis was carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm to analyse captan, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, lufenuron and diafenthiuron. The other procedure is based on liquid-liquid extraction with hexane-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v), followed by gas chromatographic analysis with effluent splitting to electron-capture detection for determination of endosulfan, captan, tetradifon and trichlorfon and thermionic specific detection for determination of malathion, parathion-methyl and monocrotophos. The methods were validated with fortified samples at different concentration levels (0.01-12.0 mg/kg). Average recoveries ranged from 75 to 104% with relative standard deviations between 1.4 and 11.5%. Each recovery analysis was repeated at least five times. Limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 2.0 mg/kg. The analytical procedures were applied to 15 samples and no detectable amounts of the pesticides were found in any samples under the conditions described. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.