El reconocimiento de beligerancia frente al conflicto armado con las FARC-EP

El siguiente trabajo se encuentra dividido en dos grandes capítulos. El primero, trata los aspectos teóricos en los que se sustenta la institución del reconocimiento de beligerancia, así como los desarrollos históricos que ha tenido y que han ayudado a definir su naturaleza. En él también se hace una revisión de sus características, requisitos, bases jurídicas y vigencia de la figura como herramienta del derecho internacional público. El segundo capítulo trata sobre el nacimiento y la evolución de las FARC como organización guerrillera, los intentos por convertirse en fuerza beligerante y los resultados hasta ahora obtenidos en ese sentido a partir del análisis de los requisitos exigidos por la jurisprudencia y la doctrina, comparándolos con la conducta militar y política de las FARC. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones que arrojó la investigación sobre el origen y desarrollo del reconocimiento de la beligerancia, enmarcadas dentro de las dos teorías normativas de la guerra, el ius ad bellum y el ius in bello, para así señalar los alcances que tiene esta figura en la actualidad, en especial, frente al conflicto armado con las FARC.

Estrategia de intervención militar de Estados Unidos en Medio Oriente: dinámicas y consecuencias del uso de drones en Yemen y Pakistán entre 2009 a 2013

Este es un estudio sobre la estrategia de guerra estadounidense en Medio Oriente basada en el uso sistemático de drones durante el periodo comprendido entre 2009 y 2013. Se busca explicar de qué manera puede considerarse el uso de este tipo de armamento como una práctica basada en la proyección de poder sin mayor vulnerabilidad. Los casos de Pakistán y Yemen son abordados, ya que evidencian las características de las operaciones selectivas por las que ha abogado el Presidente Obama. El estudio se inscribe dentro del realismo ofensivo, haciendo también referencia a sus limitaciones explicativas. Empero, se afirma que las dinámicas y consecuencias de la utilización de drones son intrínsecas a la necesidad estadounidense de combatir actores no estatales mediante prácticas que garanticen su seguridad y pretensiones hegemónicas a pesar de las implicaciones políticas , legales y sociales en las que puede incurrir.

The European Union-an expanding security community? EU Diplomacy Paper 06/2012, August 2012

This paper investigates why and how the geographical scope of the security community centered around the European Union (EU) is expanding. It starts from the assumption that the EU itself is a ‘tightly-coupled mature pluralistic security community’. The analysis of the expansion of this peaceful area is based on the theoretical framework first designed by Karl Deutsch and later developed by Emmanuel Adler and Michael Barnett. Contrary to the logic of the adage ‘si vis pacem para bellum’, I argue that the security community is expanding because the EU’s own origins and self-perception are driven by an ambition to create lasting peace. The key mechanisms I explore are the EU’s enlargement and neighborhood policies, which are best understood when analyzed against the concept of concentric circles: the regional EU-centered security community is a multi-speed security community, stronger at its core and weaker as it spreads towards its margins.

Medusa, Antaeus, and Caesar Libycus

Although it is well known that Lucan’s Libya is a wild and threatening place, its threat is not restricted to indigenous people, places and things, such as Hannibal, Cleopatra, the Syrtes, or the desert with its catalogue of horrifying snakes. He also associates Libya with anti-Republican Romans, above all Julius Caesar, who endangers the Republic with his excessive, animalistic energy and resembles the continent where he is trapped in the final book. Although the gods as characters are removed from the world of the Bellum Civile, Lucan allows supernatural traces to linger in particular locations such as the Gallic grove in Book 3 or Thessaly in Book 6. Libya is by far the greatest of these reservoirs of frightening myth and fantasy, which do violence to the historical credibility of the narrative, just as Libya itself is presented as the origin or conduit of a number of historical characters who assault Italy and Europe. Lucan’s two mythic narratives (Antaeus in Book 4 and Medusa in Book 9) are essential parts of the hostile Libyan landscape, but in very different ways. The male Antaeus, associated with lions, is connected with a region of solid rock where he was destroyed. The female Medusa, associated with snakes, is connected with a region of shifting sands where she left a deadly, everlasting legacy. To complicate matters further, even though Medusa’s snakes represent the annihilation of the Republican self, the logic of the narrative is undermined and there is even a sympathetic subtext. As part of Libya’s historical and mythical legacy, these stories reveal that for Lucan, historical epic is linked with Republicanism, but mythical epic is in the service of dictatorship.

Military targeting in the context of self-defence actions

In order to bring conceptual clarity to a particular dimension of the relationship between the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello regimes, this article explores the independent sources of a military targeting rule in both branches of international law. The aim is not to displace the jus in bello as the ‘lead’ regime on how targeting decisions must be made, or to undermine the traditional separation between these regimes. Rather, conceptual light is shed on a sometimes assumed but generally neglected dimension of the jus ad bellum’s necessity and proportionality criteria that may, in limited circumstances, have significance for our understanding of human protection during war, by covering possible gaps in the jus in bello targeting rules.

Ex occulto carpere agmen: la guerriglia antiromana in Britannia e in Giudea

Scopo di questo lavoro è quello di analizzare le componenti tattiche, strategiche e sociali della guerriglia antiromana in Britannia e in Giudea, in un periodo che va dal I secolo a. C. al III secolo d. C., con l'obiettivo di mettere in luce la differente efficacia delle tattiche non ortodosse rispetto a quelle convenzionali; e di analizzare le risposte teoriche ed empiriche concepite dai Romani per affrontare questa forma di lotta. La tesi è stata articolata nel modo seguente: una prima parte analizza gli aspetti tattici, strategici e sociali della guerriglia e della controguerriglia, anche attraverso il metodo comparativo, mettendo cioè a confronto alcuni dei principali testi sulla guerra non convenzionale redatti in epoche e contesti diversi, dai quali si è cercato di delle costanti potenzialmente applicabili a qualsiasi periodo storico e a qualsiasi area geografica. Nella seconda parte si cerca di applicare tali costanti alla realtà storico – sociale dell'impero romano. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata al rapporto tra la mentalità romana, basata sul concetto di bellum iustum, e le tattiche non ortodosse. La terza e la quarta parte analizzano la resistenza antiromana in Britannia e in Giudea, mettendone in luce tutti gli aspetti, in particolare quelli legati alla guerriglia rurale, a quella urbana, al terrorismo, all'evoluzione della guerriglia da guerra per bande a guerra convenzionale e alla controguerriglia. La scelta di queste due province non è casuale. In province così lontane e diverse tra loro, Roma inviò spesso gli stessi generali esperti di controguerriglia. Questo particolare permette di notare la presenza, a Roma, di una grand strategy che, consapevole del fenomeno della guerriglia, ne affidò la repressione agli stessi generali, specialisti della controguerriglia, non esitando a spostarli, in caso di necessità, da un capo all'altro dell'impero.

Effekte spezifischer Interventionen im Sportunterricht auf die exekutiven Funktionen von Primarschulkindern

Einleitung Die Annahme, dass Sport nicht nur positive Effekte auf die körperliche Gesundheit, sondern auch auf die kognitive Leistung haben kann, konnte anhand experimenteller Studien mit Erwachsenen weitgehend bestätigt werden. Ob dieselben Effekte auch bei Kindern und Jugendlichen vorzufinden sind, kann mit Blick auf die mangelnde empirische Evidenz in dieser Altersgruppe kaum zufriedenstellend beantwortet werden (Chang et al., 2012). Will man zudem der Frage nach den Wirkmechanismen nachgehen, sind Unter-suchungsdesigns angezeigt, die theoriegeleitet verschiedene Sportinterventionen mit unterschiedlichen Beanspruchungsmodalitäten kombinieren. So ist unter der Annahme der cardiovascular fitness hypothesis (Etnier et al., 2006) zur gezielten Förderung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit ein systematisches Ausdauertraining sinnvoll, während theoretische Ansätze, die neurophysiologische Korrelate zur Erklärung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Sport und Kognition heranziehen (Diamond, 2000) eher kognitiv sowie koordinativ anspruchsvolle Sportangebote nahelegen würden. Daher geht der vorliegende Beitrag der Frage nach, ob spezifisch konzipierte langfristige Interventionen im Sportunterricht einen spezifischen Effekt auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit von Primarschulkindern haben können. Methode Im Rahmen der quasiexperimentellen Längsschnittstudie „Sport und Kognition“ (SpuK_5.0) wurden insgesamt 250 Schülerinnen und Schüler von 16 fünften Klassen untersucht. Während knapp zwei Monaten absolvierten je vier Klassen während zwei Lektionen des obligatorischen Sportunterrichts entweder ein spielsportbezogenes EF-Training oder ein Ausdauertraining resp. ein kognitives oder kein spezifisches Training (Kontrollgruppe mit regulärem Sportunterricht). Durch die Konzeption dieser vier Experi-mentalbedingungen wurde sichergestellt, dass alle vier möglichen Kombinationen aus hoher resp. niedriger kognitiver und körperlicher Beanspruchung im Design repräsentiert waren. Ergebnisse und Diskussion Im Beitrag werden erste Ergebnisse der noch laufendenden SpuK_5.0-Studie vorgestellt und vor dem Hintergrund aktueller theoretischer Annahmen zu den zugrundeliegenden Wirkmechanismen diskutiert. Literatur Chang, Y. K., Labban, J. D., Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2012). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Brain Research, 1453, 87-101. Diamond, A. (2000). Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cere-bellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Development, 71, 44-56. Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A. (2006). A meta-regression to examine the rela-tionship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. BRAIN RESEARCH, 52, 119-130.

[Antverpia tentatur] : [Mißglückter Anschlag auf Antwerpen, 17. Mai 1605]

Bibliogr. Nachweis: Geschichtsblätter / Hogenberg, Nr. 376; vgl. auch: Harms IV,85a (mit Text)

Eigentliche contrafactur des Statischen Legers vor der Stat vnd vestung Graue : wie die in diesẽ Septembri ihre gestalt hat, vnd in gleichem wesen geblieben ist, bis auff eroberung derselben ; Dan nach dem der krancken vnd verwundten ein grosse menge in der Stat geworden, vnd es ihnen allein ã Medicamenten gemangelt, da sie sonst mit anderer notturfft gnug Versehen, haben sie den 18. Sept. mit Gr. Mauritzen ein accort gemacht ... ; Anno 1602

Bibliogr. Nachweis: Geschichtsblätter / Hogenberg, Nr. 364

Flandria Borealis : Eigentliche Verzeichnus der Graefschafft Flandern, wie dieselbige uff der kanten ins NordOosten gegen Selant zu gelegen, an welchem ort die Statische Armey ihren ersten einfall gethan, mit beigefugter Narration oder erzehlung was sich von anfang Maiens uff jeder platzen zugetragen, Im Iahr Christi 1604

Bibliogr. Nachweis: Geschichtsblätter / Hogenberg, Nr. 372

Mus Hs 68 - Choräle : zum Anhange des Fulda'schen Gesangbuches gehörend

harmonisirt nebst Zwischenspielen von G. A. Henkel

(Table 2) Radiolaria species in nodule samples from the Clarion-Clipperton province, Pacific Ocean

Radiolaria were studied in 19 manganese nodules raised from the bottom. The nodules occurred mainly on the surface of thin Quaternary sediments covering Tertiary deposits of various ages (Middle Eocene to Early Miocene). Radiolaria in nodule cores and in inner and surface layers were studied. We found 85 radiolaria species and groups of species. Usually 1-4 to 6-19 radiolaria species were detected in each of the samples. Species belonging to Middle Eocene, Late Miocene to Early Oligocene, and Oligocene to Early Miocene were found. Rare Neogene species were revealed only in fractured surface layers. Age of the nodules is mainly Oligocene. Seismic waves cause sediment vibration, loosening disintegration, and removal of suspension by bottom currents. The vibration effect causes ancient nodules to float up to the surface of Quaternary sediment. This hypothesis suggests the reason for characteristics of the Clarion-Clipperton zone: regional stratigraphic hiatus, accumulation of residual fields of nodules, and the ''floating up'' of nodules to the surface of the Quaternary sediments.

Radiolarian biostratigraphy in the central Indian Ocean

Identifiable radiolarians of stratigraphic importance were recovered at eight of the sites drilled on Leg 115. The assemblages range in age from Holocene to middle Eocene (Dictyoprora mongolfieri Zone, about 48 Ma). Faunal preservation is particularly good in two stratigraphic intervals: the Holocene through upper Miocene (0-9 Ma), and the lowermost Oligocene to middle Eocene (35-48 Ma). Fluctuating rates of silica accumulation at these drill sites during the Cenozoic reflect changing tectonic and paleoceanographic conditions. In particular, the gradual closure of the Indonesian and Tethyan seaways and the northward migration of the Indian subcontinent severely restricted zonal circulation and silica accumulation in tropical latitudes during the late Oligocene through middle Miocene. By the late Miocene the Indian subcontinent had moved sufficiently north of the equator to allow trans-Indian zonal circulation patterns to become reestablished, and biosiliceous sedimentation resumed. The composition of the radiolarian assemblages in the tropical Indian Ocean is closely comparable with that of the 'stratotype' sequences in the equatorial Pacific. However, there are some notable exceptions in Indian Ocean assemblages: (1) the scarcity of the genera Pterocanium and Spongaster in the Neogene; (2) the absence of the stratigraphically important Podocyrtis lineage, P. diamesa -> P. phyxis -> P. ampla, in the middle Eocene; and (3) the scarcity of taxa of the genus Dorcadospyris, with the exception of D. ateuchus. The succession of radiolarian events was tabulated for those stratigraphic intervals where the assemblages were well preserved. We identified 55 events in the middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene, and 31 events in the late Miocene to Holocene. The succession of events is closely comparable with that of the tropical Pacific. However, there are exceptions that appear to be real, rather than artifacts of sample preservation, mixing, and core disturbance.