Efeito da adição de açúcares e do processo de envelhecimento na qualidade sensorial de amostras de cachaça obtidas tradicionalmente e por redestilação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The other Gulf oil crisis - in Southwest Asia

The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is a rude reminder of the risks inherent in an economy dependent upon petroleum. But there's a quieter crisis in the other gulf - the Persian Gulf - that should call Americans' attention to the even more severe consequences of relying upon imported oil. The costs of using the military to protect the transport of oil from the most turbulent part of the world should convince our country's policymakers to increase investments in researching and developing affordable, American-made clean-burning alternative fuels. But, first, we have to understand the real causes, costs and consequences of importing 12.9 million barrels of oil per day, which make up nearly 60 percent of U.S. oil consumption at a total direct cost of roughly $300 billion per year.

Multivariate analyses of UV-Vis absorption spectral data from cachaca wood extracts: a model to classify aged Brazilian cachacas according to the wood species used

Multivariate analyses of UV-Vis spectral data from cachaca wood extracts provide a simple and robust model to classify aged Brazilian cachacas according to the wood species used in the maturation barrels. The model is based on inspection of 93 extracts of oak and different Brazilian wood species by a non-aged cachaca used as an extraction solvent. Application of PCA (Principal Components Analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) leads to identification of 6 clusters of cachaca wood extracts (amburana, amendoim, balsamo, castanheira, jatoba, and oak). LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) affords classification of 10 different wood species used in the cachaca extracts (amburana, amendoim, balsamo, cabreuva-parda, canela-sassafras, castanheira, jatoba, jequitiba-rosa, louro-canela, and oak) with an accuracy ranging from 80% (amendoim and castanheira) to 100% (balsamo and jequitiba-rosa). The methodology provides a low-cost alternative to methods based on liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to classify cachacas aged in barrels that are composed of different wood species.

The β to α phase transition of tantalum coatings deposited by modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering

Tantalum coatings are of particular interest today as promising candidates to replace potentially hazardous electrodeposited chromium coatings for tribological and corrosion resistant applications, such as the internal lining on large-caliber gun barrels. Tantalum coatings have two crystalline phases, α-Ta (body-centered-cubic) and β-Ta (metastable tetragonal) that exhibit relatively different properties. Alpha-Ta is typically preferred for wear and corrosion resistant applications and unfortunately, is very difficult to deposit without the assistance of substrate heating or post-annealing treatments. Furthermore, there is no general consensus on the mechanism which causes α or β to form or if there is a phase transition or transformation from β → α during coating deposition. In this study, modulated pulsed power (MPP) magnetron sputtering was used to deposit tantalum coatings with thicknesses between 2 and 20 μm without external substrate heating. The MPP Ta coatings showed good adhesion and low residual stress. This study shows there is an abrupt β → α phase transition when the coating is 5–7 μm thick and not a total phase transformation. Thermocouple measurements reveal substrate temperature increases as a function of deposition time until reaching a saturation temperature of ~ 388 °C. The importance of substrate temperature evolution on the β → α phase transition is also explained.

Analisi delle tecnologie BMP per i sistemi di drenaggio urbano

I sistemi di drenaggio urbano meritano particolare attenzione per l’importante compito che devono garantire all’interno della società. L’allontanamento delle acque reflue dalle zone urbanizzate infatti è indispensabile per non creare problemi ed interferenze con attività sociali ed economiche che in esse si svolgono; inoltre un corretto funzionamento del sistema di drenaggio assicura anche un basso impatto ambientale in termini di qualità e quantità. La disponibilità di nuove tecnologie costruttive e materiali in continua evoluzione devono fare fronte alla crescente complessità idraulica, geotecnica e urbanistica delle strutture componenti i sistemi di drenaggio; in tale elaborato si vuole porre l’accento sul problema dello smaltimento delle acque meteoriche nelle zone densamente urbanizzate, la cui soluzione è costituita dall'adozione delle cosiddette BMP (Best Management Practices). Le BMP sono definite come strategie, pratiche o metodi per la rimozione, la riduzione, il ritardo o la prevenzione della quantità di costituenti inquinanti e contaminanti delle acque di pioggia, prima che giungano nei corpi idrici ricettori. Tra esse ricordiamo le cisterne o rain barrels, i pozzi asciutti, i sistemi drywell, le vasche verdi filtranti, i tetti verdi, i canali infiltranti, i fossi di infiltrazione, i pozzi perdenti, i planting container, i canali inerbiti, i bacini di infiltrazione, le gross pullutant traps (gpts), gli stagni, i sistemi di fitodepurazione estensiva (sfe), le pavimentazioni drenanti. In Italia esse risultano ancora scarsamente studiate ed applicate, mentre trovano più ampio sviluppo in realtà estere come in Inghilterra ed in Australia. Per comprendere la efficacia di tali tecniche BMP è necessario analizzarle e, soprattutto, analizzare il loro effetto sul territorio in cui esse vengono inserite e sul regime idrogeologico dell’ambiente. Questa analisi può essere svolta con prove sperimentali su aree di controllo (soluzione economicamente gravosa) o attraverso modelli matematici tramite l’utilizzo di software di calcolo che simulino il comportamento delle portate, dei tiranti idrici e degli inquinanti nei canali e nelle strutture accessorie costituenti la rete fognaria, in conseguenza ad eventi di pioggia dei quali sia nota la distribuzione spaziale e temporale. In questo elaborato si modellizza attraverso il programma Matlab un unico elemento BMP e si osservano i suoi effetti; si procede cioè alla analisi del funzionamento di un ipotetico brown roof installato nella zona di Rimini e si osservano i benefici effetti che ne derivano in termini di volumi di pioggia trattenuti dal sistema considerando diverse tipologie di pioggia e diversi parametri progettuali per il tetto (i fori dello strato inferiore del tetto, la altezza dello strato di terreno, la sua permeabilità e la sua porosità). Si procede poi con la analisi di una ipotetica zona commerciale che sorge sulle sponde di un fiume. Tali analisi vengono svolte con il software HEC-RAS per quanto riguarda la analisi dei livelli del fiume e delle zone a rischio di inondazione. I risultati forniti da questo studio preliminare vengono poi utilizzati come condizioni al contorno per una successiva analisi effettuata con il software InfoWorks in cui si valutano i benefici che derivano dalla installazione di diverse BMP nella zona commerciale oggetto di studio. Tale modello esamina un verosimile scenario inglese, la cittadina infatti si ipotizza situata in Inghilterra e anche gli eventi pluviometrici a cui ci si riferisce sono tipici eventi di pioggia inglesi. Tutti i dati di input elaborati nelle simulazioni sono stati forniti all’interno di un progetto universitario svolto presso l’università di Bradford con la supervisione dei professori Simon Tait ed Alma Schellart. Infine la parte conclusiva dell’elaborato è stata sviluppata in collaborazione con Hera S.p.a. di Rimini all’interno di un percorso di tirocinio curriculare che ha previsto la analisi delle tecnologie BMP adatte per l’ambiente cittadino di Rimini e la osservazione delle performance garantite da tecnologie esistenti sul territorio: i parcheggi permeabili. La realtà riminese infatti deve far fronte a diversi problemi che si innescano durante i periodi di pioggia ed una mitigazione dei volumi di acqua in arrivo alla fognatura grazie a questo tipo di tecnologie, senza quindi ricorrere agli usuali sistemi puntuali, porterebbe sicuramente a notevoli vantaggi. Tali tecnologie però non devono solo essere progettate e costruite in modo corretto, ma devono essere sottoposte a periodici controlli ed adeguate operazioni di manutenzione per non perdere la loro efficacia. Per studiare tale aspetto si procede quindi alla misura della permeabilità di parcheggi drenanti presenti all’interno dei comuni di Cattolica e Rimini ricercando i fattori che influenzano tale caratteristica fondamentale dei parcheggi.

Machine-learning methods for structure prediction of β-barrel membrane proteins

Different types of proteins exist with diverse functions that are essential for living organisms. An important class of proteins is represented by transmembrane proteins which are specifically designed to be inserted into biological membranes and devised to perform very important functions in the cell such as cell communication and active transport across the membrane. Transmembrane β-barrels (TMBBs) are a sub-class of membrane proteins largely under-represented in structure databases because of the extreme difficulty in experimental structure determination. For this reason, computational tools that are able to predict the structure of TMBBs are needed. In this thesis, two computational problems related to TMBBs were addressed: the detection of TMBBs in large datasets of proteins and the prediction of the topology of TMBB proteins. Firstly, a method for TMBB detection was presented based on a novel neural network framework for variable-length sequence classification. The proposed approach was validated on a non-redundant dataset of proteins. Furthermore, we carried-out genome-wide detection using the entire Escherichia coli proteome. In both experiments, the method significantly outperformed other existing state-of-the-art approaches, reaching very high PPV (92%) and MCC (0.82). Secondly, a method was also introduced for TMBB topology prediction. The proposed approach is based on grammatical modelling and probabilistic discriminative models for sequence data labeling. The method was evaluated using a newly generated dataset of 38 TMBB proteins obtained from high-resolution data in the PDB. Results have shown that the model is able to correctly predict topologies of 25 out of 38 protein chains in the dataset. When tested on previously released datasets, the performances of the proposed approach were measured as comparable or superior to the current state-of-the-art of TMBB topology prediction.

Subcolumnar Dendritic and Axonal Organization of Spiny Stellate and Star Pyramid Neurons within a Barrel in Rat Somatosensory Cortex

Excitatory neurons at the level of cortical layer 4 in the rodent somatosensory barrel field often display a strong eccentricity in comparison with layer 4 neurons in other cortical regions. In rat, dendritic symmetry of the 2 main excitatory neuronal classes, spiny stellate and star pyramid neurons (SSNs and SPNs), was quantified by an asymmetry index, the dendrite-free angle. We carefully measured shrinkage and analyzed its influence on morphological parameters. SSNs had mostly eccentric morphology, whereas SPNs were nearly radially symmetric. Most asymmetric neurons were located near the barrel border. The axonal projections, analyzed at the level of layer 4, were mostly restricted to a single barrel except for those of 3 interbarrel projection neurons. Comparing voxel representations of dendrites and axon collaterals of the same neuron revealed a close overlap of dendritic and axonal fields, more pronounced in SSNs versus SPNs and considerably stronger in spiny L4 neurons versus extragranular pyramidal cells. These observations suggest that within a barrel dendrites and axons of individual excitatory cells are organized in subcolumns that may confer receptive field properties such as directional selectivity to higher layers, whereas the interbarrel projections challenge our view of barrels as completely independent processors of thalamic input.

Effect of shortening the barrel in contact shots from rifles and shotguns

In a suicidal gunshot fired to the chest from a carbine, the barrel of which had been shortened to half its original length, an unexpectedly large degree of destruction of the anterior thoracic wall with extensive undermining of the subcutis was found. This phenomenon was investigated for reconstructive purposes by firing test shots from two different long guns (caliber 7.92 x 57 repeating rifle with full-jacketed pointed bullet and caliber 12/70 single-barreled shotgun with shotgun slug) into blocks of soap (38 x 25 x 25 cm). The contact shots were fired before and after shortening the barrels (repeating rifle from 60 to 30 cm and single-barreled shotgun from 72 to 36 cm). The volume of the cavities in the simulant was visualized three-dimensionally with the help of a multislice computed tomography (CT) scanner and calculated sectionally. With the repeating rifle and the single-barreled shotgun, the shots from the sawed-off barrels produced significantly larger cavity diameters in the first section of the bullet track. This effect is attributable to the fact that, with a shortened barrel, the gas pressure at the muzzle is higher, thus, leading to increased expansion in the initial part of the wound track in contact shots.

Car ownership modeling and forecasts for China

A great increase of private car ownership took place in China from 1980 to 2009 with the development of the economy. To explain the relationship between car ownership and economic and social changes, an ordinary least squares linear regression model is developed using car ownership per capita as the dependent variable with GDP, savings deposits and highway mileages per capita as the independent variables. The model is tested and corrected for econometric problems such as spurious correlation and cointegration. Finally, the regression model is used to project oil consumption by the Chinese transportation sector through 2015. The result shows that about 2.0 million barrels of oil will be consumed by private cars in conservative scenario, and about 2.6 million barrels of oil per day in high case scenario in 2015. Both of them are much higher than the consumption level of 2009, which is 1.9 million barrels per day. It also shows that the annual growth rate of oil demand by transportation is 2.7% - 3.1% per year in the conservative scenario, and 6.9% - 7.3% per year in the high case forecast scenario from 2010 to 2015. As a result, actions like increasing oil efficiency need to be taken to deal with challenges of the increasing demand for oil.

Cylinder wall waste heat recovery from liquid-cooled internal combustion engines utilizing thermoelectric generators

This report is a dissertation proposal that focuses on the energy balance within an internal combustion engine with a unique coolant-based waste heat recovery system. It has been predicted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration that the transportation sector in the United States will consume approximately 15 million barrels per day in liquid fuels by the year 2025. The proposed coolant-based waste heat recovery technique has the potential to reduce the yearly usage of those liquid fuels by nearly 50 million barrels by only recovering even a modest 1% of the wasted energy within the coolant system. The proposed waste heat recovery technique implements thermoelectric generators on the outside cylinder walls of an internal combustion engine. For this research, one outside cylinder wall of a twin cylinder 26 horsepower water-cooled gasoline engine will be implemented with a thermoelectric generator surrogate material. The vertical location of these TEG surrogates along the water jacket will be varied along with the TEG surrogate thermal conductivity. The aim of this proposed dissertation is to attain empirical evidence of the impact, including energy distribution and cylinder wall temperatures, of installing TEGs in the water jacket area. The results can be used for future research on larger engines and will also assist with proper TEG selection to maximize energy recovery efficiencies.

Montana Oil Fields

Since the discovery of oil in Montana in1916, the petroleum industry has advanced to a point where over 5,000,000 barrels of oil worthover $6,500,000 has been produced in each of the three past years (1936, 1937, and 1938).

Persistence of biological traces at inside parts of a firearm from a case of multiple familial homicide

Backspatter from wounds caused by contact shots against a biological target had before been shown to be propelled into firearms' barrels where they can persist and be retrieved from as relevant forensic evidence. Herein, that insight was applied to the investigation of a case of multiple familial homicide with a firearm. Samples of backspatter were collected from the firearm using DNA-free swabs. DNA was extracted from the swabs, and 16 STR systems were PCR-amplified to generate DNA profiles of all victims shot by the firearm. The quality of the resulting DNA profiles was sufficient to exclude the perpetrator as donor and to differentiate the three closely related victims thereby proving that all three victims had been shot by the same firearm from very close or contact distance. A key insight gained from this case was that not only a firearms' barrel inside but other inner surfaces may be charged with profilable DNA.

Influencia de cuatro alternativas de crianza en roble sobre el color, la composición polifenológica y las características organolépticas de vinos Malbec y Cabernet Sauvignon

Los costos de las barricas, por el tipo de cambio en la Argentina, son inaccesibles para muchas bodegas. Debido a esto, muchas de ellas utilizan sistemas alternativos de crianza, no conociendo claramente las consecuencias y los fenómenos que ocurren con el uso de estos sistemas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la composición polifenólica, el color y los caracteres sensoriales de vinos tratados con distintos sistemas de crianza en madera. Para ello se utilizaron métodos espectofotométricos rápidos y fácilmente realizables en bodega. Los tra tamientos a los cuales se sometió el vino fueron: barrica de roble americano de primer uso, barrica de más de cinco años de uso reacondicionada, vasija de acero inoxidable con “dominó" de roble en dosis comúnmente usadas en el medio, vasija de acero inoxidable con “dominó" de roble en dosis equivalentes a la superficie de contacto de la barrica y vino sin madera tomado como testigo. El ensayo se realizó con vinos cosecha 2007 de las variedades Malbec y Cabernet Sauvignon y el tiempo de crianza fue de 10 meses. Los resultados mostraron que en ninguna de las variedades los tratamientos con barricas obtuvieron mayor nivel de polimerización que el resto de los tratamientos ni tampoco los sistemas con agregado de fragmentos de roble superaron en polimerización al vino sin madera. Por otro lado, sólo en la variedad Cabernet Sauvignon la barrica nueva superó en intensidad de color al vino sin madera. En cambio, los tratamientos con roble favorecieron la copigmentación y los copigmentos inhibieron la polimerización, haciendo más lenta la formación de uniones tanino- antocianos pero también protegiendo el color y evitando oxidaciones, esta situación podría explicar los resultados contradictorios entre distintos autores. En el aspecto sensorial los vinos en barricas no obtuvieron mayor intensidad de color ni menor astringencia que los vinos con agregado de roble y tampoco estos últimos lograron diferencias con el vino testigo. Por otro lado en ambas variedades, la barrica nueva y el tratamiento con alta dosis de dominó de roble tuvieron la mayor intensidad aromática con descriptores como vainilla y chocolate aunque la alternativa de crianza con “dominó" estuvo muy ligada al descriptor “tabla". La barrica reacondicionada mostró el mayor nivel del descriptor betún y en el tratamiento testigo se detectaron aromas de reducción. El tratamiento con dominó de roble en dosis comerciales se encontró más ligado a los aromas frutados.

La importancia de la Denominación de Origen Rioja en el contexto del mercado vitivinícola español

En este artículo se analiza la situación actual del sector vitivinícola, el cual, basándonos en datos de los últimos 20 años, ha experimentado un balance bastante negativo ya que se ha producido una reducción significativa de la superficie de viñedo con datos de 2009. Sin embargo, el análisis riguroso de la D.O.CA Rioja nos ha permitido recoger la evolución favorable de la producción y comercialización de la D.O.CA Rioja, lo cual ha facilitado su consolidación como primera del ranking. Asimismo, el balance en cuanto a las exportaciones y las ventas en el mercado interior ha sido muy favorable en dicho periodo, ya que, la D.O.CA Rioja ocupa un lugar privilegiado en ambos mercados, tanto es así que esta DO cuenta con un alto reconocimiento en los principales países importadores del Mundo, que son Alemania y Reino Unido. Para todo ello, el principal factor de diferenciación de estas bodegas es el tiempo que permanecen los vinos en barrica de roble, lo que le da un sabor inigualable que el consumidor sabe premia.

La importancia de la Denominación de Origen Rioja en el contexto del mercado vitivinícola español

En este artículo se analiza la situación actual del sector vitivinícola, el cual, basándonos en datos de los últimos 20 años, ha experimentado un balance bastante negativo ya que se ha producido una reducción significativa de la superficie de viñedo con datos de 2009. Sin embargo, el análisis riguroso de la D.O.CA Rioja nos ha permitido recoger la evolución favorable de la producción y comercialización de la D.O.CA Rioja, lo cual ha facilitado su consolidación como primera del ranking. Asimismo, el balance en cuanto a las exportaciones y las ventas en el mercado interior ha sido muy favorable en dicho periodo, ya que, la D.O.CA Rioja ocupa un lugar privilegiado en ambos mercados, tanto es así que esta DO cuenta con un alto reconocimiento en los principales países importadores del Mundo, que son Alemania y Reino Unido. Para todo ello, el principal factor de diferenciación de estas bodegas es el tiempo que permanecen los vinos en barrica de roble, lo que le da un sabor inigualable que el consumidor sabe premia.