Nanopatterning and functionalization of phospholipid-based Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer films

Durant les dernières décennies, la technique Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) s’est beaucoup développée dans l’approche « bottom-up » pour la création de couches ultra minces nanostructurées. Des patrons constitués de stries parallèles d’environ 100 à 200 nm de largeur ont été générés avec la technique de déposition LB de monocouches mixtes de 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycéro-3-phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) et de 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycéro-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) sur des substrats de silicium et de mica. Afin d’amplifier la fonctionnalité de ces patrons, la 1-palmitoyl-2-(16-(S-methyldithio)hexadécanoyl)-sn-glycéro-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSDPPC) et la 1-lauroyl-2-(12-(S-methyldithio)dodédecanoyl)-sn-glycéro-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSDLPC) ont été employées pour la préparation de monocouches chimiquement hétérogènes. Ces analogues de phospholipide possèdent un groupement fonctionnel méthyldisulfide qui est attaché à la fin de l’une des chaînes alkyles. Une étude exhaustive sur la structure de la phase des monocouches Langmuir, Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) et LB de la DSDPPC et de la DSDLPC et leurs différents mélanges avec la DPPC ou la DLPC est présentée dans cette thèse. Tout d’abord, un contrôle limité de la périodicité et de la taille des motifs des stries parallèles de DPPC/DLPC a été obtenu en variant la composition lipidique, la pression de surface et la vitesse de déposition. Dans un mélange binaire de fraction molaire plus grande de lipide condensé que de lipide étendu, une vitesse de déposition plus lente et une plus basse pression de surface ont généré des stries plus continues et larges. L’addition d’un tensioactif, le cholestérol, au mélange binaire équimolaire de la DPPC/DLPC a permis la formation de stries parallèles à de plus hautes pressions de surface. La caractérisation des propriétés physiques des analogues de phospholipides a été nécessaire. La température de transition de phase de la DSDPPC de 44.5 ± 1.5 °C comparativement à 41.5 ± 0.3 °C pour la DPPC. L’isotherme de la DSDPPC est semblable à celui de la DPPC. La monocouche subit une transition de phase liquide-étendue-à-condensée (LE-C) à une pression de surface légèrement supérieure à celle de la DPPC (6 mN m-1 vs. 4 mN m-1) Tout comme la DLPC, la DSDLPC demeure dans la phase LE jusqu’à la rupture de la monocouche. Ces analogues de phospholipide existent dans un état plus étendu tout au long de la compression de la monocouche et montrent des pressions de surface de rupture plus basses que les phospholipides non-modifiés. La morphologie des domaines de monocouches Langmuir de la DPPC et de la DSDPPC à l’interface eau/air a été comparée par la microscopie à angle de Brewster (BAM). La DPPC forme une monocouche homogène à une pression de surface (π) > 10 mN/m, alors que des domaines en forme de fleurs sont formés dans la monocouche de DSDPPC jusqu’à une π ~ 30 mN m-1. La caractérisation de monocouches sur substrat solide a permis de démontrer que le patron de stries parallèles préalablement obtenu avec la DPPC/DLPC était reproduit en utilisant des mélanges de la DSDPPC/DLPC ou de la DPPC/DSDLPC donnant ainsi lieu à des patrons chimiquement hétérogènes. En général, pour obtenir le même état de phase que la DPPC, la monocouche de DSDPPC doit être comprimée à de plus hautes pressions de surface. Le groupement disulfide de ces analogues de phospholipide a été exploité, afin de (i) former des monocouches auto-assemblées sur l’or et de (ii) démontrer la métallisation sélective des terminaisons fonctionnalisées des stries. La spectrométrie de photoélectrons induits par rayons X (XPS) a confirmé que la monocouche modifiée réagit avec la vapeur d’or pour former des thiolates d’or. L’adsorption de l’Au, de l’Ag et du Cu thermiquement évaporé démontre une adsorption préférentielle de la vapeur de métal sur la phase fonctionnalisée de disulfide seulement à des recouvrements sub-monocouche.

Study of Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymers

L'auto-assemblage des copolymères à bloc (CPBs) attire beaucoup d'intérêt grâce à leur capacité de générer spontanément des matériaux ordonnés avec des propriétés uniques. Les techniques Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) et Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) sont couramment utilisées pour produire des monocouches ou des films ultraminces à l'interface air/eau suivi de transfert aux substrats solides. Les films LB/LS de CPBs amphiphiles s'auto-assemblent dans des morphologies variables dépendamment de la composition du CPB ainsi que d'autres facteurs. Dans notre travail, nous avons étudié les films LB/LS de polystyrène-b-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-P4VP) et leurs complexes supramoléculaires avec le naphtol (NOH), l'acide naphtoïque (NCOOH) et le 3-n-pentadécylphenol (PDP). La première partie de ce mémoire est consacré à l'investigation du PS-P4VP complexé avec le NOH et le NCOOH, en comparaison avec le PS-P4VP seul. Il a été démontré qu'un plateau dans l'isotherme de Langmuir, indicatif d'une transition de premier ordre, est absent à des concentrations élevées des solutions d'étalement des complexes. Cela a été corrélé avec l'absence de morphologie en nodules avec un ordre 2D hexagonal à basse pression de surface. L'ordre au-delà de la pression de cette transition, lorsque présente, change à un ordre 2D carré pour tout les systèmes. La deuxième partie du la mémoire considère à nouveau le système PS-P4VP/ PDP, pour lequel on a démontré antérieurement que la transition dans l'isotherme correspond a une transition 2D d'un ordre hexagonal à un ordre carré. Cela est confirmé par microscopie à force atomique, et, ensuite, on a procédé à une étude par ATR-IR des films LB pour mieux comprendre les changements au niveau moléculaire qui accompagnent cette transition. Il a été constaté que, contrairement à une étude antérieure dans la littérature sur un autre système, il n'y a aucun changement dans l'orientation des chaînes alkyles. Au lieu de cela, on a découvert que, aux pressions au-delà de celle de la transition, le groupe pyridine, qui est orienté à basse pression, devient isotrope et qu'il y a une augmentation des liaisons hydrogènes phénol-pyridine. Ces observations sont rationalisées par un collapse partiel à la pression de transition de la monocouche P4VP, qui à basse pression est ordonné au niveau moléculaire. Cette étude a mené à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires qui se produisent à l'interface air/eau, ce qui fournit une meilleure base pour la poursuite des applications possibles des films LB/LS dans les domaines de nanotechnologie.

Cholesterol Mediates Chitosan Activity on Phospholipid Monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett Films

The polysaccharide chitosan has been largely used in many biological applications as a fat and cholesterol reducer, bactericide agent, and wound healing material. While the efficacy for some of such uses is proven, little is known about the molecular-level interactions involved in these applications. In this study, we employ mixed Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of negatively charged dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA) anti cholesterol as cell membrane models to investigate the role of cholesterol in the molecular-level action of chitosan. Chitosan does not remove cholesterol froth the monolayer. The interaction with chitosan tends to expand the DMPA monolayer due to its interpenetration within the film. On the other hand, cholesterol induces condensation of the DMPA monolayer. The competing effects cause the surface pressure isotherms of mixed DMPA-cholesterol films on a chitosan subphase to be unaffected by the cholesterol mole fraction, due to distinct degrees of chitosan penetration into the film in the presence of cholesterol. By combining polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), we showed that chitosan induces order into negatively charged phospholipid layers, whereas the opposite occurs for cholesterol. In conclusion, chitosan has its penetration in the film modulated by cholesterol, and electrostatic interactions with negatively charged phospholipids, such as DMPA, are crucial for the action of chitosan.

Immobilization of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett Films To Detect Ethanol

Enzyme immobilization in nanostructured films may be useful for a number of biomimetic systems, particularly if suitable matrixes are identified. Here we show that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has high affinity toward a negatively charged phospholipid, dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA), which forms a Langmuir monolayer at an air-water interface. Incorporation of ADH into the DMPA monolayer was monitored with Surface pressure measurements; and polarization-modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, with the alpha-helices from ADH being mainly oriented parallel to the water surface. ADH remained at the interface even at high surface pressures, thus allowing deposition of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films from the DMPA-ADH film. Indeed, interaction with DMPA enhances the transfer of ADH, where the mass transferred onto a solid support increased from 134 ng for ADH on a Gibbs monolayer to 178 ng for an LB film with DMPA. With fluorescence spectroscopy it was possible to confirm that the ADH structure was preserved even after one month of the LB deposition. ADH-containing films deposited onto gold-interdigitated electrodes were employed in a sensor array capable of detecting ethanol at concentrations down to 10 ppb (in volume), using impedance spectroscopy as the method of detection.

Interaction of polysaccharide-protein complex from Agaricus blazei with Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of phospholipids

The use of natural substances in health applications may be hampered by the difficulties in establishing the mechanisms of action, especially at molecular-level. The protein-polysaccharide complex extracted from the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill, referred to as CAb, has been considered for treating various diseases with probable interaction with cell membranes. In this study, we investigate the interaction between CAb and a cell membrane model represented by a Langmuir monolayer of dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA). CAb affects the structural properties of DMPA monolayers causing expansion and increasing compressibility. In addition, interaction with DMPA polar heads led to neutralization of the electrical double layer, yielding a zero surface potential at large areas per molecule. CAb remained at the interface even at high surface pressures, which allowed transfer of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films onto solid supports with the CAb-DMPA mixture. The mass transferred, according to quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, increased linearly with the number of deposited layers. With UV-vis absorption, fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, we confirmed that the LB films contain polysaccharides, proteins and DMPA. Therefore, the CAb biological action must be attributed not only to polysaccharides but also to proteins in the complex. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Langmuir-Blodgett films of diazobenzene molecules

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films from diazobenzene Sudan III have been investigated using surface potential measurements as a function of number of layers and deposition pressures, with the surface potential data being related to molecular dipole moments obtained from theoretical electronic structure calculations. The surface potential increased with the number of layers for SIII LB films, and then tended to saturate. Results from density functional theory (DIFT) and UV-vis spectroscopy indicated that the increase is due to addition of layers with oriented molecular dipoles, with the saturation tendency being attributed to a decrease in the amount of material deposited in each layer. The surface potential increased with the surface pressure used for deposition, probably owing to a higher contribution from the vertical component of the dipole moment as a closer molecular packing, which is associated with decreasing conformational entropy, was reached. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced activity of horseradish peroxidase in Langmuir-Blodgett films of phospholipids

The immobilization of enzymes in nanostructured films has potential applications, e.g. in biosensing, for which the activity may not only be preserved, but also enhanced if optimized conditions are identified. Optimization is not straightforward because several requirements must be fulfilled, including a suitable matrix and film-forming technique. In this study, we show that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has its activity enhanced when immobilized in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, in conjunction with dipalmitoylphosphaticlylglycerol (DPPG). Incorporation of HRP into a DPPG monolayer at the air-water interface was demonstrated with compression isotherms, and Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). From the PM-IRRAS data, we inferred that HRP was not denatured when adsorbed on a pre-formed, low pressure DPPG monolayer. A change in orientation was induced by the phospholipid matrix, with the amide C=O and NH groups from HRP being oriented perpendicular to the surface, parallel to the DPPG acyl chains, i.e. the alpha-helix was inserted into the monolayer. The mixed DPPG-HRP monolayer could be transferred onto solid supports, to which HRP activity was ca. 23% higher than in solution. The control of molecular architecture and choice of a suitable phospholipid matrix allowed HRP-containing LB films to be used in sensing peroxide. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of tetrapyridyl metalloporphyrins

We report on the formation of Langmuir films of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl) 21H,23H-porphine,hereafter named tetrapyridyl porphyrins with distinct central ions (2H(+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Ni(2+)). The films were characterized with surface pressure and surface potential isotherms and in situ UV-vis absorbance. The measurements indicated strong aggregation of porphyrin monomers at the air-water interface, with a red shift of the Soret band in comparison with the spectrum obtained from CHCl(3) solutions. The shift was larger for the non-substituted H(2)TPyP, and depended on the metal ion. Significantly, aggregation occurred right after spreading of the Langmuir film, with on further shifts in the UV-vis spectra upon compression of the film, or even after transferring them onto solid substrates in the form of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. The buildup of LB films from H(2)TPyP and ZnTPyP was monitored with UV-vis spectroscopy, indicating an equal amount of material deposited in each deposition step. Using FTIR in the transmission and reflection modes, we inferred that the H(2)TPyP molecules exhibit no preferential orientation in the LB films, while for ZnTPyP there is preferential orientation, with the porphyrin molecules anchored to the substrate by the lateral pyridyl groups. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Light emitting diodes containing Langmuir-Blodgett films of copolymer of a poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) derivative and poly(octaneoxide)

The properties of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films from a block copolymer with polyethylene oxide and phenylene-vinylene moieties are reported. The LB films were successfully transferred onto several types of substrates, with sufficient quality to allow for evaporation of a metallic electrode on top of the LB films to produce polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). The photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra of the LB film and device were similar, featuring an emission at ca. 475 nm, from which we could infer that the emission mechanisms are essentially the same as in poly(p-phenylene) derivatives. Analogously to other PLEDs the current versus voltage characteristics of the LB-based device could be explained with the Arkhipov model according to which charge transport occurs among localized sites. The implications for nanotechnology of the level of control that may be achieved with LB devices will also be discussed.

Using phospholipid Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films as matrix for urease immobilization

The immobilization of enzymes in organized two-dimensional matrices is a key requirement for many biotechnological applications. In this paper, we used the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to obtain controlled architectures of urease immobilized in solid supports, whose physicochemical properties were investigated in detail. Urease molecules were adsorbed at the air-water interface and incorporated into Langmuir monolayers of the phospholipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG). Incorporation of urease made DPPG monolayers more flexible and caused the reduction of the equilibrium and dynamic elasticity of the film. Urease and DPPG-urease mixed monolayers could be transferred onto solid substrates, forming LB films. A close packing arrangement of urease was obtained, especially in the mixed LB films, which was inferred with nanogravimetry and electrochemistry measurements. From the blocking effect of the LB films deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, the electrochemical properties of the LB films pointed to a charge transport controlled by the lipid architecture. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING: METAL NANOSTRUCTURES COATED WITH LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMS

This review deals with surface-enhancved Raman scattering (SERS) employing Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, which serve as model systems for developing theoretical and experimental studies to elucidate the SERS effect. In addition, LB films have be used as integral parts of molecular architectures for SERS-active substrates. On the other hand, SERS and surface-enhaced resonant Raman scattering (SERRS) have allowed various properties of LB films to be investigated, especially those associated with molecular-level interactions. In the paper, emphasis is placed on single molecule detection (SMD), where the target molecule is diluted on an LB matrix of spectral silent material (low Raman cross section). The perspectives and challenges for combining SERS and LB films are also discussed.

Enzyme Activity of Catalase Immobilized in Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Phospholipids

A major challenge for producing low cost biosensors based on nanostructured films with control of molecular architectures is to preserve the catalytic activity of the immobilized biomolecules. In this study, we show that catalase (HRP) keeps its activity if immobilized in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG). The incorporation of catalase into a DPPG monolayer at the at interface was demonstrated with surface pressure and surface potential isotherms, in addition to polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). According to the PM-IRRAS data. catalase was not denatured upon adsorption on a preformed DPPG monolayer and could be transferred onto a solid substrate. The catalytic activity of catalase in a mixed LB film with DPPG was ca. 13% higher than in solution. The control of molecular architecture and choice of a suitable phospholipid matrix allows catalase-containing LB films to be used in sensing hydrogen peroxide.

Mixing alternating copolymers containing fluorenyl groups with phospholipids to obtain Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films

The control of molecular architectures may be essential to optimize materials properties for producing luminescent devices from polymers, especially in the blue region of the spectrum. In this Article, we report on the fabrication of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of polyfluorene copolymers mixed with the phospholipid dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA). The copolymers poly(9.9-dioetylfluorene)-co-phenylene (copolymer I) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-co-quaterphenylene) (copolymer 2) were synthesized via Suzuki reaction. Copolymer I could not form a monolayer on its own, but it yielded stable films when mixed with DMPA. In contrast, Langmuir monolayers could be formed from either the neat copolymer 2 or when mixed with DMPA. The surface pressure and surface potential measurements, in addition to Brewster angle microscopy, indicated that DMPA provided a suitable matrix for copolymer I to form a stable Langmuir film, amenable to transfer as LB films, while enhancing the ability of copolymer 2 to form LB films with enhanced emission, as indicated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Because a high emission was obtained with the mixed LB films and since the molecular-level interactions between the film components can be tuned by changing the experimental conditions to allow For further optimization, one may envisage applications of these films in optical devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of poly[2-methoxy-5-(n-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene]

Langmuir films have been fabricated from poly[(2-methoxy-5-n-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (OC1OC6-PPV). The stability and the area per monomer for condensed films indicate the formation of true monolayers with a very small extent of aggregation, which is unusual for polymer films. This is attributed to the linearity of the alkyl side chain. The Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films produced from Langmuir films of OC1OC6-PPV have distinctive features compared to those of cast films, probably due to the organization in the LB films whereas the molecules are randomly oriented in cast films. Infrared absorption spectra recorded for both transmission and reflection modes indicate that OC1OC6-PPV molecules are anchored to the substrate by the lateral groups. This is confirmed by the Raman spectrum, in which a distortion of the vinylene group was observed, and by surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) on an LB monolayer deposited onto Ag nanoparticles. The more homogeneous nature of the LB films in comparison with the case of cast films was demonstrated by optical microscopy and fluorescence measurements where the emission spectra were essentially the same for different regions of an LB film but showed dispersion in cast films. The LB films also displayed reversible photoconductivity.

Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films containing a porphyrin-ruthenium complex

The fabrication of supramolecular structures from the tetraruthenated porphyrin-containing phosphines, {TPyP[RuCl3(dppb)](4)}, RuTPyP, is demonstrated with Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films. The surface pressure-molecular area isotherms (pi-A) point to an edge-on arrangement for the RuTPyP molecules in the condensed state. Weak aggregation in the Langmuir films was indicated by non-zero surface potentials at large areas per molecule and a slight red shift in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum in comparison to the spectrum in solution. Further aggregation occurs in the Z-type Lang muir-Blodgett films, which was confirmed with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of the deposited films. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic data for powder and Langmuir-Blodgett films indicate that the RuTPyP molecules are chemically stable in Langmuir-Blodgett films regardless of the contact with water during film fabrication. The nanostructured nature of the Langmuir-Blodgett films was manifested in cyclic voltammetry due to the high sensitivity of the metallic centers in RuTPyR Electrodes modified with Langmuir-Blodgett films exhibit an anodic peak at 100 mV and a cathodic peak at 7 mV, which is assigned to RuIII/RuII redox processes. Furthermore, Langmuir-Blodgett films from RuTPyP showed electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of benzyl alcohol, illustrated by a large shift of 100 mV in the anodic peak at 400 mV, while electropolymerized and cast films of the same compound displayed smaller and no activities, respectively.