87 resultados para BIE


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Los Pabellones de las Exposiciones Universales suelen considerarse dentro de las arquitecturas efímeras, pero habría que puntualizar que toda construcción tiene su tiempo y su periodo de extinción pudiendo ser éstos indefinidos, lo permanente en lo efímero. Muchas de las obras míticas del siglo XX existieron sólo durante unos meses, en escenarios efímeros, modificando el curso de la arquitectura con unas pocas imágenes, lo que llevaría a cuestionar si las circunstancias por las que no han sobrevivido o lo han hecho en circunstancias poco comunes, no se deben tanto a una condición efímera sino a su carácter experimental. Determinadas Exposiciones Universales fueron plataforma para que los pabellones, hitos con los que se ha construido una parte significativa de la Historia de la Arquitectura contemporánea, pasaran a convertirse en mitos, por su distancia en el tiempo, porque ya no existen y porque a veces de ellos sólo nos queda una anticuada y limitada imaginería. Las diversas Historias de la Arquitectura ponen de manifiesto la importancia de algunos pabellones y el papel que ejercieron, ejercen y ejercerán algunos de los construidos para determinadas Exposiciones Universales, pues son el testimonio de que se mantienen vivos, permaneciendo en el tiempo, desempeñando cada uno una función, bien de base para nuevos avances tecnológicos o constructivos, bien para experimentar nuevas formas de habitar, bien para educar, bien para encumbrar a sus autores hasta entonces apenas conocidos. Tanto los que se han mantenido en pie, como los que han sido trasladados y reconstruidos en un nuevo emplazamiento, o incluso los que siguieron su destino fatal y se convirtieron en arquitecturas ausentes, pero que por lo que supusieron de innovación y experimentación, todos han permanecido vivos en la arquitectura de hoy en día. Esta tesis estudia el conjunto de factores que contribuyeron a conferirles esa condición de hito, qué tipo de publicaciones hablan de ellos, en qué términos se tratan y en qué medida los relacionan con la producción de la época y/o de su autor, qué aspectos destacan, cuáles son los valores icónicos que se han ido estableciendo con el paso del tiempo…Qué es lo que permanece. Por otra parte, también aborda en qué medida su condición de construcción efímera, y gracias a su inherente necesidad de desaparecer físicamente, favoreciendo su ausencia en el recuerdo, lo que los ha dotado de representatividad. Esto podría resultar hoy en día algo contradictorio, dado el gran valor concedido a la imagen en la sociedad actual hasta el punto de convertirse en un componente esencial de la representatividad: la imagen sustituye al recuerdo pareciendo que lo que carezca de manifestación física en realidad no existiera, hasta llegar a hacerle perder toda capacidad de representación. Sin embargo, y considerando la imagen como elemento esencial de lo icónico, la reconstrucción de los pabellones una vez concluidas las exposiciones, en muchos casos no ha hecho más que potenciar su valor como arquitecturas efímeras, ya que desposeídos de su carácter temporal, los pabellones de las exposiciones pierden su razón de ser. El Pabellón de España de Corrales y Molezún para la EXPO Bruselas’58 es un claro ejemplo de ello, como se mostrará en el desarrollo de la tesis. En la tesis se exponen los distintos casos de los pabellones elegidos, rastreando, fundamentalmente en las publicaciones periódicas, el papel que en cada uno de ellos ejerció su destino final que, a pesar de no ser el objetivo o fin de la presente tesis, sí podría haber contribuido en algunos casos a dotarle de esa categoría de hito en la historia de la arquitectura. Se trata en definitiva de rastrear las vicisitudes que los han conducido a su condición de referentes arquitectónicos, de hitos de la Historia de la Arquitectura. El estudio se centra en Pabellones de las Exposiciones Universales de Bruselas’58, Montreal’67 y Osaka’70 por dos motivos fundamentales: el primero, su catalogación por el Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) como Exposiciones Universales de 1ª categoría; y el segundo, el período en el que se celebraron, período comprendido entre los años 1945 a 1970, años de profundos y determinantes cambios en la arquitectura y en los que tiene lugar el desarrollo y posterior revisión de la modernidad tras la 2ª Guerra Mundial. Se analiza la trayectoria bibliográfica de los pabellones más nombrados de estas tres Exposiciones Universales que son: de Bruselas ’58, el Pabellón de la República Federal de Alemania, de Egon Eiermann y Sep Ruf; el Pabellón Philips de Le Corbusier, y el Pabellón de España, de José Antonio Corrales y Ramón Molezún; de Montreal ’67, el Pabellón de la República Federal de Alemania, de Frei Otto, y el Pabellón de Estados Unidos, de Richard Buckminster Fuller; y de Osaka ’70, el Theme Pavilion, de Kenzo Tange, el Takara Beautilion, de Kisho Kurokawa, y el Pabellón del Grupo Fuji, de Yutaka Murata. Mediante el análisis se detecta que, ya en las revistas coetáneas a las exposiciones, estos pabellones se señalaban como edificios importantes para la historia de la arquitectura futura. Hecho que se constata con la aparición de los mismos en las historias, incluso en las más recientes, lo que demuestra su condición de hitos en la Historia de la Arquitectura ya consolidada. ABSTRACT Pavilions of the Universal Exhibitions are often considered as ephemeral architecture. However it is worth mentioning that every construction has its time and its extinction period and both of them could be indefinite/infinite, the permanent in the ephemeral. Many of the iconic works of the twentieth century lasted only for a few months, in ephemeral scenarios, changing the course of architecture but not with many images. This leads to question whether their survival under special circumstances or their extinction is mainly due to their experimental nature, and not so much to their ephemeral condition. Pavilions are at the basis of a significant part of the history of contemporary architecture. Specific Universal Exhibitions served as platforms for these landmarks to become myths, be it because of their endurance, or because they no longer exist, or even because in some cases we only have a limited and outdated imagery of them. The different Histories of Architecture highlight the importance of some pavilions and the influence they have had, have and will have some of those that were built for particular Universal Exhibitions. They are a live testimony, lasting over time, playing a specific role as basis for new technological or constructive breakthroughs; to experience new ways of living; or to educate or to raise the profile of their authors hitherto little known. Thanks to their experimental or innovative approach, some pavilions enduring overtime or that have been moved and rebuilt in a new location, or even those that followed their fate and became absent architectures, are still alive in today’s architecture. This thesis analyses the set of elements that contributed to confer the status of landmark to pavilions: what kind of publications speak of them; how they are referred to and the extent to which they are linked to their contemporary production time and / or to their author; what are elements that make them stand out; what are the iconic values that have been established as time goes by and what are those that are still valid…What is it that remains. It also assesses to what extend the condition of pavilion constructions is ephemeral. And finally, what confers them representativeness, giving their inherent need to physically disappear, favoring their absence in the memory. Today this may result somewhat contradictory as the high value of images in contemporary society has made them an essential component of representativeness. They replace remembrances to the point that it seems that what lacks physical manifestation doesn’t exist anymore, and therefore loses representation capacity. However, and considering images as an essential element of what is iconic, in most cases the reconstruction of pavilions upon completion of the exhibitions has leveraged their value as ephemeral architectures; although once deprived of their temporary character, they would lose their reason to exist. The Pavilion of Spain Corrales and Molezún for the Brusels'58 EXPO is a clear example of this, as described in the development of this document. This thesis explores the case of specific pavilions and assesses the role each one had in their final destination, by mainly tracking them in regular publications. Even though the latter is not the objective or the purpose of this thesis, the final destination of these pavilions may have contributed in some cases to grant them their landmark status in the history of architecture. Actually, this thesis is about tracking the events that have led to grant these pavilions their condition as architectural references, as landmark in the history of architecture. The study focuses on pavilions of the Universal Exhibition Brussels'58, Montreal'67 and Osaka'70 for two main reasons: first, their classification by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and Universal Exhibitions 1st category; and second, the period in which they were held, from 1945 to 1970, a time of profound and decisive changes in the architecture and in the development and subsequent revision of modernity after the II World. It analyzes the bibliographic path of the most cited pavilions in the three Universal Exhibitions: in Brussels '58, the pavilion of the RFA by Egon Eiermann and Sep Rup, the pavilion of Philips by Le Corbusier and the Spain pavilion from José Antonio Corrales and Ramón Molezún; in Montreal '67 the pavilion of RFA by Frei Otto and the United States pavilion by Richard Buckminster Fuller; and in Osaka '70, the Theme Pavilion by Kenzo Tange, the Takara Beautilion by Kisho Kurokawa and the Fuji Group pavilion by Yutaka Murata. Through the analysis it is noticeable that in the contemporary publications to the exhibitions, these pavilions were already signaled out as relevant buildings to the future architecture history. The fact that they became part of the history themselves, even in the most recent times, is a prove of their condition as milestones of the consolidated History of Architecture.

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Some issues for 1971, nos. 3-4- have at head of title: Université de Bordeaux III.

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"Separatabdruck aus der 'Neuen Deutschen Rundschau.'"

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"Sämtliche Abbildungen sind Originallithographien von Karl Walser, die handkoloriert wurden. Die Abbildungen nach den Dekorationen (Nr. 29-36) sind Lichtdrucke nach den Originalen."

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Jin xian mei ming gu zhai ke zi.

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On reel 93 beginning frame no. 285.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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On double leaves, oriental style, in case.

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On double leaves, oriental style, in 1 case.

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Imprint date from preface.

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Indexes cataloged separately.

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Thesis (doctoral)--

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Bibliographical foot-notes.

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Pyrolysis is one of several thermochemical technologies that convert solid biomass into more useful and valuable bio-fuels. Pyrolysis is thermal degradation in the complete or partial absence of oxygen. Under carefully controlled conditions, solid biomass can be converted to a liquid known as bie-oil in 75% yield on dry feed. Bio-oil can be used as a fuel but has the drawback of having a high level of oxygen due to the presence of a complex mixture of molecular fragments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin polymers. Also, bio-oil has a number of problems in use including high initial viscosity, instability resulting in increased viscosity or phase separation and high solids content. Much effort has been spent on upgrading bio-oil into a more usable liquid fuel, either by modifying the liquid or by major chemical and catalytic conversion to hydrocarbons. The overall primary objective was to improve oil stability by exploring different ways. The first was to detennine the effect of feed moisture content on bio-oil stability. The second method was to try to improve bio-oil stability by partially oxygenated pyrolysis. The third one was to improve stability by co-pyrolysis with methanol. The project was carried out on an existing laboratory pyrolysis reactor system, which works well with this project without redesign or modification too much. During the finishing stages of this project, it was found that the temperature of the condenser in the product collection system had a marked impact on pyrolysis liquid stability. This was discussed in this work and further recommendation given. The quantity of water coming from the feedstock and the pyrolysis reaction is important to liquid stability. In the present work the feedstock moisture content was varied and pyrolysis experiments were carried out over a range of temperatures. The quality of the bio-oil produced was measured as water content, initial viscosity and stability. The result showed that moderate (7.3-12.8 % moisture) feedstock moisture led to more stable bio-oil. One of drawbacks of bio-oil was its instability due to containing unstable oxygenated chemicals. Catalytic hydrotreatment of the oil and zeolite cracking of pyrolysis vapour were discllssed by many researchers, the processes were intended to eliminate oxygen in the bio-oil. In this work an alternative way oxygenated pyrolysis was introduced in order to reduce oil instability, which was intended to oxidise unstable oxygenated chemicals in the bio-oil. The results showed that liquid stability was improved by oxygen addition during the pyrolysis of beech wood at an optimum air factor of about 0.09-0.15. Methanol as a postproduction additive to bio-oil has been studied by many researchers and the most effective result came from adding methanol to oil just after production. Co-pyrolysis of spruce wood with methanol was undertaken in the present work and it was found that methanol improved liquid stability as a co-pyrolysis solvent but was no more effective than when used as a postproduction additive.

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The MAREDAT atlas covers 11 types of plankton, ranging in size from bacteria to jellyfish. Together, these plankton groups determine the health and productivity of the global ocean and play a vital role in the global carbon cycle. Working within a uniform and consistent spatial and depth grid (map) of the global ocean, the researchers compiled thousands and tens of thousands of data points to identify regions of plankton abundance and scarcity as well as areas of data abundance and scarcity. At many of the grid points, the MAREDAT team accomplished the difficult conversion from abundance (numbers of organisms) to biomass (carbon mass of organisms). The MAREDAT atlas provides an unprecedented global data set for ecological and biochemical analysis and modeling as well as a clear mandate for compiling additional existing data and for focusing future data gathering efforts on key groups in key areas of the ocean. The present data set presents depth integrated values of diazotrophs abundance and biomass, computed from a collection of source data sets.