Bcl-2 potentiates the maximal calcium uptake capacity of neural cell mitochondria.

Expression of the human protooncogene bcl-2 protects neural cells from death induced by many forms of stress, including conditions that greatly elevate intracellular Ca2+. Considering that Bcl-2 is partially localized to mitochondrial membranes and that excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can impair electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, the present study tested the hypothesis that mitochondria from Bcl-2-expressing cells have a higher capacity for energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake and a greater resistance to Ca(2+)-induced respiratory injury than mitochondria from cells that do not express this protein. The overexpression of bcl-2 enhanced the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake capacity using either digitonin-permeabilized GT1-7 neural cells or isolated GT1-7 mitochondria by 1.7 and 3.9 fold, respectively, when glutamate and malate were used as respiratory substrates. This difference was less apparent when respiration was driven by the oxidation of succinate in the presence of the respiratory complex I inhibitor rotenone. Mitochondria from Bcl-2 expressors were also much more resistant to inhibition of NADH-dependent respiration caused by sequestration of large Ca2+ loads. The enhanced ability of mitochondria within Bcl-2-expressing cells to sequester large quantities of Ca2+ without undergoing profound respiratory impairment provides a plausible mechanism by which Bcl-2 inhibits certain forms of delayed cell death, including neuronal death associated with ischemia and excitotoxicity.

BCL-6, a POZ/zinc-finger protein, is a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor.

Approximately 40% of diffuse large cell lymphoma are associated with chromosomal translocations that deregulate the expression of the BCL6 gene by juxtaposing heterologous promoters to the BCL-6 coding domain. The BCL6 gene encodes a 95-kDa protein containing six C-terminal zinc-finger motifs and an N-terminal POZ domain, suggesting that it may function as a transcription factor. By using a DNA sequence selected for its ability to bind recombinant BCL-6 in vitro, we show here that BCL-6 is present in DNA-binding complexes in nuclear extracts from various B-cell lines. In transient transfectin experiments, BCL6 can repress transcription from promoters linked to its DNA target sequence and this activity is dependent upon specific DNA-binding and the presence of an intact N-terminal half of the protein. We demonstrate that this part of the BCL6 molecule contains an autonomous transrepressor domain and that two noncontiguous regions, including the POZ motif, mediate maximum transrepressive activity. These results indicate that the BCL-6 protein can function as a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor and have implications for the role of BCL6 in normal lymphoid development and lymphomagenesis.

Membrane-associated CD19-LYN complex is an endogenous p53-independent and Bc1-2-independent regulator of apoptosis in human B-lineage lymphoma cells.

CD19 receptor is expressed at high levels on human B-lineage lymphoid cells and is physically associated with the Src protooncogene family protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn. Recent studies indicate that the membrane-associated CD19-Lyn receptor-enzyme complex plays a pivotal role for survival and clonogenicity of immature B-cell precursors from acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, but its significance for mature B-lineage lymphoid cells (e.g., B-lineage lymphoma cells) is unknown. CD19-associated Lyn kinase can be selectively targeted and inhibited with B43-Gen, a CD19 receptor-specific immunoconjugate containing the naturally occurring protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (Gen). We now present experimental evidence that targeting the membrane-associated CD19-Lyn complex in vitro with B43-Gen triggers rapid apoptotic cell death in highly radiation-resistant p53-Bax- Ramos-BT B-lineage lymphoma cells expressing high levels of Bcl-2 protein without affecting the Bcl-2 expression level. The therapeutic potential of this membrane-directed apoptosis induction strategy was examined in a scid mouse xenograft model of radiation-resistant high-grade human B-lineage lymphoma. Remarkably, in vivo treatment of scid mice challenged with an invariably fatal number of Ramos-BT cells with B43-Gen at a dose level < 1/10 the maximum tolerated dose resulted in 70% long-term event-free survival. Taken together, these results provide unprecedented evidence that the membrane-associated anti-apoptotic CD19-Lyn complex may be at least as important as Bcl-2/Bax ratio for survival of lymphoma cells.

Leptin decreases apoptosis and alters BCL-2:bax ratio in clonal rodent pancreatic beta-cells

The adipocyte derived peptide hormone leptin is known to regulate apoptosis and cell viability in several cells and tissues, as well as having several pancreatic islet beta-cell specific effects such as inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This study investigated the effects of leptin upon apoptosis induced by serum depletion and on expression of the apoptotic regulators B-cell leukaemia 2 gene product (BCL-2) and BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) in the glucose-responsive BRIN-BD11 beta-cell line.

Alterations in Glutathione Levels and Apoptotic Regulators Are Associated with Acquisition of Arsenic Trioxide Resistance in Multiple Myeloma

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been tested in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma with limited success. In order to better understand drug mechanism and resistance pathways in myeloma we generated an ATO-resistant cell line, 8226/S-ATOR05, with an IC50 that is 2–3-fold higher than control cell lines and significantly higher than clinically achievable concentrations. Interestingly we found two parallel pathways governing resistance to ATO in 8226/S-ATOR05, and the relevance of these pathways appears to be linked to the concentration of ATO used. We found changes in the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins Bfl-1 and Noxa as well as an increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) levels. At low, clinically achievable concentrations, resistance was primarily associated with an increase in expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bfl-1 and a decrease in expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa. However, as the concentration of ATO increased, elevated levels of intracellular GSH in 8226/S-ATOR05 became the primary mechanism of ATO resistance. Removal of arsenic selection resulted in a loss of the resistance phenotype, with cells becoming sensitive to high concentrations of ATO within 7 days following drug removal, indicating changes associated with high level resistance (elevated GSH) are dependent upon the presence of arsenic. Conversely, not until 50 days without arsenic did cells once again become sensitive to clinically relevant doses of ATO, coinciding with a decrease in the expression of Bfl-1. In addition we found cross-resistance to melphalan and doxorubicin in 8226/S-ATOR05, suggesting ATO-resistance pathways may also be involved in resistance to other chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Abnormalities on 1q and 7q are associated with poor outcome in sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma. A cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization study.

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies have demonstrated a high incidence of chromosomal imbalances in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, the information on the genomic imbalances in Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL) is scanty. Conventional cytogenetics was performed in 34 cases, and long-distance PCR for t(8;14) was performed in 18 cases. A total of 170 changes were present with a median of four changes per case (range 1-22). Gains of chromosomal material (143) were more frequent than amplifications (5) or losses (22). The most frequent aberrations were gains on chromosomes 12q (26%), Xq (22%), 22q (20%), 20q (17%) and 9q (15%). Losses predominantly involved chromosomes 13q (17%) and 4q (9%). High-level amplifications were present in the regions 1q23-31 (three cases), 6p12-p25 and 8p22-p23. Upon comparing BL vs Burkitt's cell leukemia (BCL), the latter had more changes (mean 4.3 +/- 2.2) than BL (mean 2.7 +/- 3.2). In addition, BCL cases showed more frequently gains on 8q, 9q, 14q, 20q, and 20q, 9q, 8q and 14q, as well as losses on 13q and 4q. Concerning outcome, the presence of abnormalities on 1q (ascertained either by cytogenetics or by CGH), and imbalances on 7q (P=0.01) were associated with a short survival.

Bcl-xL (S49) and (S62) sequential phosphorylation/dephosphorylation during mitosis prevents chromosome instability and aneuploidy

Une caractéristique intéressante de la protéine Bcl-xL est la présence d'un domaine en boucle non-structurée entre les hélices α1 and α2 de la protéine. Ce domaine protéique n'est pas essentiel pour sa fonction anti-apoptotique et absent chez CED-9, la protéine orthologue chez Caenorhabditis elegans. A l'intérieur de ce domaine, Bcl-xL subit une phosphorylation et déphosphorylation dynamique sur les résidus Ser49 et Ser62 en phase G2 du cycle cellulaire et lors de la mitose. Lorsque ces résidus sont mutés et les protéines exprimées dans des cellules cancéreuses, les cellules démontrent plusieurs défauts mitotiques liés à l'instabilité chromosomique. Pour analyser les effets de Bcl-xL Ser49 et Ser62 dans les cellules normales, les présentes études ont été réalisées dans des cellules diploïdes humaines normales, et in vivo chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Dans une première étude, nous avons utilisé la lignée cellulaire de cellules fibroblastiques diploïdes humaines normales BJ, exprimant Bcl-xL (type sauvage), (S49A), (S49D), (S62A), (S62D) et les double (S49/62A) et (S49/62D) mutants. Les cellules exprimant les mutants de phosphorylation ont montré des cinétiques de doublement de la population cellulaire réduites. Ces effets sur la cinétique de doublement de la population cellulaire corrèle avec l'apparition de la sénescence cellulaire, sans impact sur les taux de mort cellulaire. Ces cellules sénescentes affichent des phénotypes typiques de sénescence associés notamment à haut niveau de l'activité β-galactosidase associée à la sénescence, la sécrétion d' interleukine-6, l'activation de p53 et de p21WAF1/ Cip1, un inhibiteur des complexes kinase cycline-dépendant, ainsi que la formation de foyers de chromatine nucléaire associés à γH2A.X. Les analyses de fluorescence par hybridation in situ et des caryotypes par coloration au Giemsa ont révélé que l'expression des mutants de phosphorylation de Bcl-xL provoquent de l'instabilité chromosomique et l'aneuploïdie. Ces résultats suggèrent que les cycles de phosphorylation et déphosphorylation dynamiques de Bcl-xL Ser49 et Ser62 sont importants dans le maintien de l'intégrité des chromosomes lors de la mitose dans les cellules normales. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons entrepris des expériences chez Caenorhabditis elegans pour comprendre l'importance des résidus Ser49 et Ser62 de Bcl-xL in vivo. Les vers transgéniques portant les mutations de Bcl-xL (S49A, S62A, S49D, S62D et S49/62A) ont été générés et leurs effets ont été analysés sur les cellules germinales des jeunes vers adultes. Les vers portant les mutations de Bcl-xL ont montré une diminution de ponte et d'éclosion des oeufs, des variations de la longueur de leurs régions mitotiques et des zones de transition, des anomalies chromosomiques à leur stade de diplotène, et une augmentation de l'apoptose des cellules germinales. Certaines de ces souches transgéniques, en particulier les variants Ser/Ala, ont également montré des variations de durée de vie par rapport aux vers témoins. Ces observations in vivo ont confirmé l'importance de Ser49 et Ser62 à l'intérieur du domaine à boucle de Bcl-xL pour le maintien de la stabilité chromosomique. Ces études auront une incidence sur les futures stratégies visant à développer et à identifier des composés qui pourraient cibler non seulement le domaine anti-apoptotique de la protéine Bcl-xL, mais aussi son domaine mitotique pour la thérapie du cancer.

Bcl-xL (S49) and (S62) sequential phosphorylation/dephosphorylation during mitosis prevents chromosome instability and aneuploidy

Une caractéristique intéressante de la protéine Bcl-xL est la présence d'un domaine en boucle non-structurée entre les hélices α1 and α2 de la protéine. Ce domaine protéique n'est pas essentiel pour sa fonction anti-apoptotique et absent chez CED-9, la protéine orthologue chez Caenorhabditis elegans. A l'intérieur de ce domaine, Bcl-xL subit une phosphorylation et déphosphorylation dynamique sur les résidus Ser49 et Ser62 en phase G2 du cycle cellulaire et lors de la mitose. Lorsque ces résidus sont mutés et les protéines exprimées dans des cellules cancéreuses, les cellules démontrent plusieurs défauts mitotiques liés à l'instabilité chromosomique. Pour analyser les effets de Bcl-xL Ser49 et Ser62 dans les cellules normales, les présentes études ont été réalisées dans des cellules diploïdes humaines normales, et in vivo chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Dans une première étude, nous avons utilisé la lignée cellulaire de cellules fibroblastiques diploïdes humaines normales BJ, exprimant Bcl-xL (type sauvage), (S49A), (S49D), (S62A), (S62D) et les double (S49/62A) et (S49/62D) mutants. Les cellules exprimant les mutants de phosphorylation ont montré des cinétiques de doublement de la population cellulaire réduites. Ces effets sur la cinétique de doublement de la population cellulaire corrèle avec l'apparition de la sénescence cellulaire, sans impact sur les taux de mort cellulaire. Ces cellules sénescentes affichent des phénotypes typiques de sénescence associés notamment à haut niveau de l'activité β-galactosidase associée à la sénescence, la sécrétion d' interleukine-6, l'activation de p53 et de p21WAF1/ Cip1, un inhibiteur des complexes kinase cycline-dépendant, ainsi que la formation de foyers de chromatine nucléaire associés à γH2A.X. Les analyses de fluorescence par hybridation in situ et des caryotypes par coloration au Giemsa ont révélé que l'expression des mutants de phosphorylation de Bcl-xL provoquent de l'instabilité chromosomique et l'aneuploïdie. Ces résultats suggèrent que les cycles de phosphorylation et déphosphorylation dynamiques de Bcl-xL Ser49 et Ser62 sont importants dans le maintien de l'intégrité des chromosomes lors de la mitose dans les cellules normales. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons entrepris des expériences chez Caenorhabditis elegans pour comprendre l'importance des résidus Ser49 et Ser62 de Bcl-xL in vivo. Les vers transgéniques portant les mutations de Bcl-xL (S49A, S62A, S49D, S62D et S49/62A) ont été générés et leurs effets ont été analysés sur les cellules germinales des jeunes vers adultes. Les vers portant les mutations de Bcl-xL ont montré une diminution de ponte et d'éclosion des oeufs, des variations de la longueur de leurs régions mitotiques et des zones de transition, des anomalies chromosomiques à leur stade de diplotène, et une augmentation de l'apoptose des cellules germinales. Certaines de ces souches transgéniques, en particulier les variants Ser/Ala, ont également montré des variations de durée de vie par rapport aux vers témoins. Ces observations in vivo ont confirmé l'importance de Ser49 et Ser62 à l'intérieur du domaine à boucle de Bcl-xL pour le maintien de la stabilité chromosomique. Ces études auront une incidence sur les futures stratégies visant à développer et à identifier des composés qui pourraient cibler non seulement le domaine anti-apoptotique de la protéine Bcl-xL, mais aussi son domaine mitotique pour la thérapie du cancer.

Epilepsies Associated With Hippocampal Sclerosis.

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is considered the most frequent neuropathological finding in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Hippocampal specimens of pharmacoresistant MTLE patients that underwent epilepsy surgery for seizure control reveal the characteristic pattern of segmental neuronal cell loss and concomitant astrogliosis. However, classification issues of hippocampal lesion patterns have been a matter of intense debate. International consensus classification has only recently provided significant progress for comparisons of neurosurgical and clinic-pathological series between different centers. The respective four-tiered classification system of the International League Against Epilepsy subdivides HS into three types and includes a term of gliosis only, no-HS. Future studies will be necessary to investigate whether each of these subtypes of HS may be related to different etiological factors or with postoperative memory and seizure outcome. Molecular studies have provided potential deeper insights into the pathogenesis of HS and MTLE on the basis of epilepsy-surgical hippocampal specimens and corresponding animal models. These include channelopathies, activation of NMDA receptors, and other conditions related to Ca(2+) influx into neurons, the imbalance of Ca(2+)-binding proteins, acquired channelopathies that increase neuronal excitability, paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic inflammatory events, and epigenetic regulation promoting or facilitating hippocampal epileptogenesis. Genetic predisposition for HS is clearly suggested by the high incidence of family history in patients with HS, and by familial MTLE with HS. So far, it is clear that HS is multifactorial and there is no individual pathogenic factor either necessary or sufficient to generate this intriguing histopathological condition. The obvious variety of pathogenetic combinations underlying HS may explain the multitude of clinical presentations, different responses to clinical and surgical treatment. We believe that the stratification of neuropathological patterns can help to characterize specific clinic-pathological entities and predict the postsurgical seizure control in an improved fashion.

Up-regulation Of Dnam-1 And Nkp30, Associated With Improvement Of Nk Cells Activation After Long-term Culture Of Mononuclear Cells From Patients With Ovarian Neoplasia.

This study aimed at evaluating the functional activation and activating receptors expression on resting, short- and long-term NK and NK-like T cells from blood of ovarian neoplasia patients. Blood from patients with adnexal benign alterations (n = 10) and ovarian cancer (grade I-IV n = 14) were collected after signed consent. Effector cells activation was evaluated by the expression of the CD107a molecule. Short-term culture was conducted overnight with IL-2 and long-term culture for 21 days, by a method designed to expand CD56(+) lymphocytes. Short-term culture significantly increased NK cells activation compared to resting NK cells (p<0.05), however, the long-term procedure supported an even higher increase (p<0.001). Resting NK-like T cells showed poor activation, which was not altered by the culture procedures. The long-term culture effectively increased the expression of the activating receptors on NK and NK-like T cells, either by increasing the number of cells expressing a given receptor and/or by up-regulating their expression intensity. As a conclusion, the long-term culture system employed, resulted in a high number of functional NK cells. The culture system was particularly efficient on the up-regulation of NKp30 and DNAM-1 receptors on NK cells.

Defective Apoptosis In Intestinal And Mesenteric Adipose Tissue Of Crohn's Disease Patients.

Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with complex pathogenic pathways involving defects in apoptosis mechanisms. Recently, mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) has been associated with CD ethiopathology, since adipose thickening is detected close to the affected intestinal area. However, the potential role of altered apoptosis in MAT of CD has not been addressed. To evaluate apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa and MAT of patients with CD. Samples of intestinal mucosa and MAT from patients with ileocecal CD and from non-inflammatory bowel diseases patients (controls) were studied. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay and correlated with the adipocytes histological morphometric analysis. The transcriptional and protein analysis of selected genes and proteins related to apoptosis were determined. TUNEL assay showed fewer apoptotic cells in CD, when compared to the control groups, both in the intestinal mucosa and in MAT. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) correlated significantly with the area and perimeter of the adipose cells in MAT. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveal a significantly lower transcript and protein levels of Bax in the intestinal mucosa of CD, compared to the controls; low protein levels of Bax were found localized in the lamina propria and not in the epithelium of this tissue. Furthermore, higher level of Bcl-2 and low level of Caspase 3 were seen in the MAT of CD patients. The defective apoptosis in MAT may explain the singular morphological characteristics of this tissue in CD, which may be implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease.

Bleeding Complications In Dengue Are Not Associated With Significant Changes In The Modulators Of The Endothelial Barrier.

Bleeding complications in dengue may occur irrespective of the presence of plasma leakage. We compared plasma levels of modulators of the endothelial barrier among three dengue groups: bleedings without plasma leakage, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and non-complicated dengue. The aim was to evaluate whether the presence of subtle alterations in microvascular permeability could be detected in bleeding patients. Plasma levels of VEGF-A and its soluble receptors were not associated with the occurrence of bleeding in patients without plasma leakage. These results provide additional rationale for considering bleeding as a complication independent of endothelial barrier breakdown, as proposed by the 2009 WHO classification.

Comment On 'practical Advice For Avoidance Of Pain Associated With Insertion Of Intrauterine Contraceptives': Authors' Response.

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Efficacy Of Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic Acid Associated With Chlorhexidine On Intracanal Medication Removal: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 17% ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) used alone or associated with 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) on intracanal medications (ICM) removal. Sixty single-rooted human teeth with fully formed apex were selected. The cervical and middle thirds of each canal were prepared with Gates Glidden drills and rotary files. The apical third was shaped with hand files. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups depending on the ICM used after instrumentation: calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)(2) +CHX or Ca(OH)(2) +sterile saline (SS). After seven days, each group was divided into subgroups according to the protocol used for ICM removal: instrumentation and irrigation either with EDTA, CHX+EDTA, or SS (control groups). All specimens were sectioned and processed for observation of the apical thirds by using scanning electron microscopy. Two calibrated evaluators attributed scores to each specimen. The differences between the protocols for ICM removal were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used for comparison between the score of debris obtained in each root canal third. Remains of Ca(OH)(2) were found in all specimens independently of the protocol and ICM used (P > 0.05). Seventeen percent EDTA showed the best results in removing ICM when used alone (P < 0.05), particularly in those associated with CHX. It was concluded that the chelating agent 17% EDTA significantly improved the removal of ICM when used alone. Furthermore, the type of the vehicle associated with Ca(OH)(2) also plays a role in the ICM removal.

Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors Induce Apoptosis In Non-tumorigenic Melan-a Cells Associated With Inhibition Of Mitochondrial Respiration.

The metabolic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) is responsible for the endogenous synthesis of palmitate, a saturated long-chain fatty acid. In contrast to most normal tissues, a variety of human cancers overexpress FASN. One such cancer is cutaneous melanoma, in which the level of FASN expression is associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis. We previously reported that two FASN inhibitors, cerulenin and orlistat, induce apoptosis in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Here, we investigated the effects of these inhibitors on non-tumorigenic melan-a cells. Cerulenin and orlistat treatments were found to induce apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation, in addition to inducing the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activating caspases-9 and -3. Transfection with FASN siRNA did not result in apoptosis. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that treatment with the FASN inhibitors did not alter either the mitochondrial free fatty acid content or composition. This result suggests that cerulenin- and orlistat-induced apoptosis events are independent of FASN inhibition. Analysis of the energy-linked functions of melan-a mitochondria demonstrated the inhibition of respiration, followed by a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the stimulation of superoxide anion generation. The inhibition of NADH-linked substrate oxidation was approximately 40% and 61% for cerulenin and orlistat treatments, respectively, and the inhibition of succinate oxidation was approximately 46% and 52%, respectively. In contrast, no significant inhibition occurred when respiration was supported by the complex IV substrate N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). The protection conferred by the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine indicates that the FASN inhibitors induced apoptosis through an oxidative stress-associated mechanism. In combination, the present results demonstrate that cerulenin and orlistat induce apoptosis in non-tumorigenic cells via mitochondrial dysfunction, independent of FASN inhibition.