铝液-熔盐-电极间界面现象的研究

用X射线座滴照像法测量了铝液-氟化物熔盐间的界面张力。采用曲线拟合液滴轮廓坐标的计算机程序处理座滴图像。用逐步回归分析方法获得了计算熔盐密度值的回归方程。讨论了熔盐中NaF/AlF_3分子比,Li_2CO_3和稀土氧化物含量对熔盐-铝液间界面张力的影响。测量了铝液在熔盐中对石墨、工业碳块以及TiB_2涂层的润湿角。

Characterization of B cells in muscle-specific kinase antibody myasthenia gravis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize B-cell subsets in patients with muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: In accordance with Human Immunology Project Consortium guidelines, we performed polychromatic flow cytometry and ELISA assays in peripheral blood samples from 18 patients with MuSK MG and 9 healthy controls. To complement a B-cell phenotype assay that evaluated maturational subsets, we measured B10 cell percentages, plasma B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels, and MuSK antibody titers. Immunologic variables were compared with healthy controls and clinical outcome measures. RESULTS: As expected, patients treated with rituximab had high percentages of transitional B cells and plasmablasts and thus were excluded from subsequent analysis. The remaining patients with MuSK MG and controls had similar percentages of total B cells and naïve, memory, isotype-switched, plasmablast, and transitional B-cell subsets. However, patients with MuSK MG had higher BAFF levels and lower percentages of B10 cells. In addition, we observed an increase in MuSK antibody levels with more severe disease. CONCLUSIONS: We found prominent B-cell pathology in the distinct form of MG with MuSK autoantibodies. Increased BAFF levels have been described in other autoimmune diseases, including acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive MG. This finding suggests a role for BAFF in the survival of B cells in MuSK MG, which has important therapeutic implications. B10 cells, a recently described rare regulatory B-cell subset that potently blocks Th1 and Th17 responses, were reduced, which suggests a potential mechanism for the breakdown in immune tolerance in patients with MuSK MG.

role of SLO in aGVHD : alterando o paradigma de allo-activação das células T, The

A indução da doença do transplante contra o hospedeiro (GVHD) depende da activação das células dadoras T pelas células do hospedeiro que apresentamantigenio (APCs). A teoria prevalecente descreve que estas interacções ocorrem nos órgãos linfáticos secundários (SLO), tais como os nóduloslinfáticos (LN), as placas de Peyer’s (PP) e o baço (SP). Esta hipótese foi testada usando ratinhos homozigóticos aly/aly (alinfoplasia) que não têm LN nem PP, usando como controlo os ratinhos heterozigóticos (aly/+) da mesma ninhada. Os dois grupos foram irradiados com dose letal após a remoção do baço aos ratinhos aly/aly (LN/PP/SP-/-), enquanto nos ratinhos aly/+ o baço foi deslocado e recolocado. Ambos receberam transplante de medula óssea (BMT) de ratinhos dadores singénicos (aly/aly, H-2b) ou de ratinhos alogénicos, com diferente complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC) (BALB/c, H-2dou B10.BR, H-2k). A severidade de GVHD foi medida pela sobrevivência,e pelo sistema de pontuação, bem estabelecido, quer de doença clínica quer de doença dos órgãos alvo. Surpreendentemente, todos os ratinhos LN/PP/SP-/-sobreviveram, desenvolvendo GVHD clinicamente significativo, comparável,em severidade, com o observado nos ratinhos LN/PP/SP+/+. Além disso, asanálises histopatológicas demonstraram que os ratinhos LN/PP/SP-/-receptores de BMTdesenvolveram significativamente mais GVHD no fígado,no intestino, e na pele quando comparados com os animais singénicos decontrolo. Os ratinhos LN/PP/SP-/-desenvolveram também GVHD hepático mais severo quando comparados com os ratinhos de controlo LN/PP/SP+/+. Diferenças semelhantes foram ainda observadas, logo ao 7º dia, para o GVHDhepático entre os grupos alogénicos. Para identificar quais os órgãos extra-linfáticos do receptor que poderão servir como sítios iniciais de exposição a antigenios alogénicos, na ausência de SLO, foi examinada a expansão das células T (CD3+), a sua activação (CD69+), e a sua proliferação (CFSE) na medula óssea, 3 dias depois do BMT. Em cada caso, os ratinhos LN/PP/SP-/-transplantados com medula de dadores alogénicos apresentaram númerosabsolutos significativamente maiores quer de células, quer de divisõescelulares, se comparados com os LN/PP/SP+/+. Para garantir que as diferenças experimentais observadas nos animais aly/aly, no sistema díspar do MHC, não são apenas um fenómeno dependente da estirpe de ratinho, foramtransplantados ratinhos sem baço FucT dko (LN/PP/SP-/-), previamente tratados com o anticorpo monoclonal (mAb) anti-MadCAM-1. Após o BMT estes ratinhos apresentaram elevada pontuação clínica de GVHD, mostrando que os SLO não são necessários para a indução de GVHD. Em estudos de transplante-versus-leucemia usando hospedeiros homozigóticos (LN/PP/SP-/-) estes ratinhos morreram devido a expansão tumoral e não devido a GVHD.Estudos in vitro mostraram que a capacidade das APCs, quer das célulasdendríticas (DCs) esplénicas, quer das DCs derivadas da medula óssea, dosratinhos aly/aly e aly/+ eramcomparável. Colectivamente, estes resultados são consistentes com a noção de que os SLO não são necessários para a activação alogénica das celulas T, sugerindo que a medula óssea pode ser umlocal alternativo, embora menos eficiente, para o reconhecimento alogénico deantígenos e consequente activação das células dadoras T. Estas observações desafiam o paradigma de que os tecidos linfáticos secundários sãonecessários para a indução de GVHD.

Communication and Economic Growth.

Overs the past millennium, each of the three centuries of most rapid demographic growth in the West Coincided with the diffusion of a new communications technology. This paper examines the hypothesis of Harold Innis (1894-1952) that there is two-way feeback between such innovations and economic growth.

Coverage-dependent molecular tilt of carbon monoxide chemisorbed on Pt{110}: A combined LEED and DFT structural analysis

The adsorption of carbon monoxide on the Pt{110} surface at coverages of 0.5 ML and 1.0 ML was investigated using quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED IV) and density-functional theory (DFT). At 0.5 ML CO lifts the reconstruction of the clean surface but does not form an ordered overlayer. At the saturation coverage, 1.0 ML, a well-ordered p(2×1) superstructure with glide line symmetry is formed. It was confirmed that the CO molecules adsorb on top of the Pt atoms in the top-most substrate layer with the molecular axes tilted by ±22° with respect to the surface normal in alternating directions away from the close packed rows of Pt atoms. This is accompanied by significant lateral shifts of 0.55 Å away from the atop sites in the same direction as the tilt. The top-most substrate layer relaxes inwards by −4% with respect to the bulk-terminated atom positions, while the consecutive layers only show minor relaxations. Despite the lack of long-range order in the 0.5 ML CO layer it was possible to determine key structural parameters by LEED IV using only the intensities of the integer-order spots. At this coverage CO also adsorbs on atop sites with the molecular axis closer to the surface normal (b10°). The average substrate relaxations in each layer are similar for both coverages and consistent with DFT calculations performed for a variety of ordered structures with coverages of 1.0 ML and 0.5 ML.

Forests of the tropical eastern Andean flank during the middle pleistocene

Inter-bedded volcanic and organic sediments from Erazo (Ecuador) indicate the presence of four different forest assemblages on the eastern Andean flank during the middle Pleistocene. Radiometric dates (40Ar–39Ar) obtained fromthe volcanic ash indicate that deposition occurred between 620,000 and 192,000 years ago. Examination of the organic sediment composition and the fossil pollen, wood and charcoal it contains provides insight into depositional environment, vegetation assemblage and fire history. The high organic content and abundance of macro fossils found throughout the sediment suggest that during the period of deposition the local environment was either a swamp or a shallow water body. The correlation of fire activity (peaks in charcoal abundance) with volcanic ash deposits through most of the record suggests that volcanoes were the main source of ignition. The low abundance of grass (typically b10%) throughout the sedimentary sequence along with the low abundance of other taxa indicative of open vegetation suggests the persistence of forest at Erazo. Four types of forest assemblage were identified (with the first taxa as the most dominant): i) Alnus-Arecaceae, ii) Miconia- Melastomataceae/Combretaceae-Moraceae/Urticaceae, iii) Arecaceae-Alnus, and iv) Podocarpus with Oreopanax sp. and Melastomataceae/Combretaceae. Changes in the forest floristic composition indicate high vegetation turnover and reassortment of taxa between upper and lower montane forests during the middle Pleistocene as well as the persistence of forest cover.

Alveolar macrophages from susceptible mice are more competent than those of resistant mice to control initial Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection

Alveolar macrophages ( AM) are the first host cells to interact with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), a primary human pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in Latin America. To better understand innate immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, we decided to study the fungicidal and secretory abilities of AM from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to infection. Untreated, IFN-gamma and IL-12 primed AM from B10. A and A/J mice were challenged with P. brasiliensis yeasts and cocultured for 72 h. B10. A macrophages presented an efficient fungicidal ability, were easily activated by both cytokines, produced high levels of nitric oxide ( NO), IL-12, and MCP-1 associated with low amounts of IL-10 and GM-CSF. In contrast, A/J AM showed impaired cytokine activation and fungal killing, secreted high levels of IL- 10 and GM-CSF but low concentrations of NO, IL- 12, and MCP-1. The fungicidal ability of B10. A but not of A/J macrophages was diminished by aminoguanidine treatment, although only the neutralization of TGF-beta restored the fungicidal activity of A/J cells. This pattern of macrophage activation resulted in high expression of MHC class II antigens by A/J cells, while B10. A macrophages expressed elevated levels of CD40. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrated that susceptibility to a fungal pathogen can be associated with an efficient innate immunity, while a deficient innate response can ultimately favor the development of a resistant pattern to infection. Moreover, our data suggest that different pathogen recognition receptors are used by resistant and susceptible hosts to interact with P. brasiliensis yeasts, resulting in divergent antigen presentation, acquired immunity, and disease outcomes.

The two methods of economics

A Teoria Econômica Emprega Dois Métodos: o Método Hipotético-Dedutivo, Utilizado Principalmente Pelos Economistas Neoclássicos, e o Método Histórico-Dedutivo, Adotado Pelos Economistas Clássicos e Keynesianos. Ambos são Legítimos, Mas, Desde que a Economia é Substantiva, não uma Ciência Metodológica, Onde o Objeto é o Sistema Econômico, o Método Histórico-Dedutivo é o Mais Apropriado. o Método Hipotético-Dedutivo Permite que o Economista Desenvolva Ferramentas para Analisar o Sistema Econômico, Mas Falha ao Analisar o Sistema como um Todo. em Contrapartida, o Método Histórico-Dedutivo Parte da Observação Empírica da Realidade e da Busca por Regularidades e Tendências. é um Método Empírico, Apropriado para as Ciências Substantivas que Tratam de Sistemas Abertos, como é o Caso da Economia.

Estudo térmico dos resíduos gerados da destilação atmosférica das misturas diesel/biodiesel de dendê

The growing world demand for energy supplied by fossil fuels, a major contributor to the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and causing environmental problems, has been encouraging governments and international organizations to reflect and encourage the use of alternative renewable sources. Among these new possibilities deserves attention biodiesel, fuel cleaner and easy to reproduce. The study of new technologies involving that source is necessary. From this context, the paper aims at analyzing the thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis, of the waste generated from atmospheric distillation of mixtures with ratios of 5, 10, 15 and 20% palm biodiesel in diesel with and without addition of BHT antioxidant. It was synthesized biodiesel through palm oil, via homogeneous catalysis in the presence of KOH, with and without the use of BHT and subsequently added to the diesel common indoor type (S1800) from a gas station BR. The diesel was already added with 5% biodiesel, and thus the proportions used for these blends were subtracted from the existing ratio in diesel fuel, resulting in the following proportions palm oil biodiesel: 0% (B5), 5% (B10), 10 % (B15) and 15% (B20). From atmospheric distillation analysis, performed in mixtures with and without BHT were collected residue generated by each sample and performed a thermal study from the thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 °C.min-1, nitrogen atmosphere and heating to 600 ° C. According to the specifications of Resolution No. 7/2008 for biodiesel, it was found that the material was synthesized in accordance with the specifications. For mixtures, it was noted that the samples were in accordance with the ANP Resolution No. 42/2009. Given the TG / DTG curves of the samples of waste mixtures with and without BHT antioxidant was able to observe that they showed a single stage of thermal decomposition attributed to decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons and esters and other heavier constituents of the waste sample weighed. The thermal behavior of residues from atmospheric distillation of mixtures of diesel / biodiesel is very important to understand how this affects the proper functioning of the engine. A large amount of waste can generate a high content of particulate material, coke formation and carbonaceous deposits in engine valves, compromising their performance

Avaliação da estabilidade térmica e oxidativa dos biodieseis de algodão, girassol, dendê e sebo bovino

The search for new sources of environmentally friendly energy is growing every day. Among these alternative energies, biodiesel is a biofuel that has had prominence in world production. In Brazil, law 11.097, determine that all diesel sold in the country must be made by mixing diesel/biodiesel. The latter called BX, , where X represents the percent volume of biodiesel in the diesel oil, as specified by the ANP. In order to guarantee the quality of biodiesel and its mixtures, the main properties which should be controlled are the thermal and oxidative stability. These properties depend mainly of the chemical composition on the raw materials used to prepare the biodiesel. This dissertation aims to study the overall thermal and oxidative stability of biodiesel derived from cotton seed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and beef tallow, as well as analyze the properties of the blends made from mineral oil and biodiesel in proportion B10. The main physical-chemical properties of oils and animal fat, their respective B100 and blends were determined. The samples were characterized by infrared and gas chromatography (GC). The study of thermal and oxidative stability were performed by thermogravimetry (TG), pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC) and Rancimat. The obtained biodiesel samples are within the specifications established by ANP Resolution number 7/2008. In addition, all the blends and mineral diesel analyzed presented in conformed withthe ANP Regularion specifications number 15/2006. The obtained results from TG curves data indicated that the cotton biodiesel is the more stable combustible. In the kinetic study, we obtained the following order of apparent activation energy for the samples: biodiesel from palm oil > sunflower biodiesel > tallow biodiesel > cotton biodiesel. In terms of the oxidative stability, the two methods studied showed that biodiesel from palm oil is more stable then the tallow. Within the B100 samples studied only the latter were tound to be within the standard required by ANP resolution N° 7. Testing was carried out according to the EN14112. This higher stability its chemical composition

A synthetic peptide selectively kills only virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)