Apparent versus true gene expression changes of three hypoxia-related genes in autopsy derived tissue and the importance of normalisation.

The aim of our work was to show how a chosen normal-isation strategy can affect the outcome of quantitative gene expression studies. As an example, we analysed the expression of three genes known to be upregulated under hypoxic conditions: HIF1A, VEGF and SLC2A1 (GLUT1). Raw RT-qPCR data were normalised using two different strategies: a straightforward normalisation against a single reference gene, GAPDH, using the 2(-ΔΔCt) algorithm and a more complex normalisation against a normalisation factor calculated from the quantitative raw data from four previously validated reference genes. We found that the two different normalisation strategies revealed contradicting results: normalising against a validated set of reference genes revealed an upregulation of the three genes of interest in three post-mortem tissue samples (cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and brain) under hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, we found a statistically significant difference in the relative transcript abundance of VEGF in cardiac muscle between donors who died of asphyxia versus donors who died from cardiac death. Normalisation against GAPDH alone revealed no upregulation but, in some instances, a downregulation of the genes of interest. To further analyse this discrepancy, the stability of all reference genes used were reassessed and the very low expression stability of GAPDH was found to originate from the co-regulation of this gene under hypoxic conditions. We concluded that GAPDH is not a suitable reference gene for the quantitative analysis of gene expression in hypoxia and that validation of reference genes is a crucial step for generating biologically meaningful data.

Limited role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in a neonatal rat model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia

D-JNKI1, a cell-permeable peptide inhibitor of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, has been shown to be a powerful neuroprotective agent after focal cerebral ischemia in adult mice and young rats. We have investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of D-JNKI1 and the involvement of the JNK pathway in a neonatal rat model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Seven-day-old rats underwent a permanent ligation of the right common carotid artery followed by 2h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Treatment with D-JNKI1 (0.3mg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly reduced early calpain activation, late caspase-3 activation and, in the thalamus, autophagosome formation, indicating an involvement of JNK in different types of cell death: necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic. However the size of the lesion was unchanged. Further analysis showed that neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induced an immediate decrease in JNK phosphorylation (reflecting mainly P-JNK1) followed by a slow progressive increase (including P-JNK3 54kDa), whereas c-jun and c-fos expression were both strongly activated immediately after hypoxia-ischemia. In conclusion, unlike in adult ischemic models, JNK is only moderately activated after severe cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats and the observed positive effects of D-JNKI1 are insufficient to give neuroprotection. Thus, for perinatal asphyxia, D-JNKI1 can only be considered in association with other therapies.

The impact of a register on the management of neonatal cooling in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic hypothermia following hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in term infants was introduced into Switzerland in 2005. Initial documentation of perinatal and resuscitation details was poor and neuromonitoring insufficient. In 2011, a National Asphyxia and Cooling Register was introduced. AIMS: To compare management of cooled infants before and after introduction of the register concerning documentation, neuromonitoring, cooling methods and evaluation of temperature variability between cooling methods. STUDY DESIGN: Data of cooled infants before the register was in place (first time period: 2005-2010) and afterwards (second time period: 2011-2012) was collected with a case report form. RESULTS: 150 infants were cooled during the first time period and 97 during the second time period. Most infants were cooled passively or passively with gel packs during both time periods (82% in 2005-2010 vs 70% in 2011-2012), however more infants were cooled actively during the second time period (18% versus 30%). Overall there was a significant reduction in temperature variability (p < 0.001) comparing the two time periods. A significantly higher proportion of temperature measurements within target temperature range (72% versus 77%, p < 0.001), fewer temperature measurements above (24% versus 7%, p < 0.001) and more temperatures below target range (4% versus 16%, p < 0.001) were recorded during the second time period. Neuromonitoring improved after introduction of the cooling register. CONCLUSION: Management of infants with HIE improved since introducing the register. Temperature variability was reduced, more temperature measurements in the target range and fewer temperature measurements above target range were observed. Neuromonitoring has improved, however imaging should be performed more often.

Being Small for Gestational Age: Does it Matter for the Neurodevelopment of Premature Infants? A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Whether being small for gestational age (SGA) increases the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in premature infants remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: to study the impact of SGA (birthweight < percentile 10) on cognition, behavior, neurodevelopmental impairment and use of therapy at 5 years old. METHODS: This population-based prospective cohort included infants born before 32 weeks of gestation. Cognition was evaluated with the K-ABC, and behavior with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Primary outcomes were cognitive and behavioral scores, as well as neurodevelopmental impairment (cognitive score < 2SD, hearing loss, blindness, or cerebral palsy). The need of therapy, an indirect indicator of neurodevelopmental impairment, was a secondary outcome. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of SGA with neurodevelopment. RESULTS: 342/515 (76%) premature infants were assessed. SGA was significantly associated with hyperactivity scores of the SDQ (coefficient 0.81, p < 0.04), but not with cognitive scores, neurodevelopmental impairment or the need of therapy. Gestational age, socio-economic status, and major brain lesions were associated with cognitive outcome in the univariate and multivariate model, whereas asphyxia, sepsis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were associated in the univariate model only. Severe impairment was associated with fetal tobacco exposition, asphyxia, gestational age and major brain lesions. Different neonatal factors were associated with the use of single or multiple therapies: children with one therapy were more likely to have suffered birth asphyxia or necrotizing enterocolitis, whereas the need for several therapies was predicted by major brain lesions. DISCUSSION: In this large cohort of premature infants, assessed at 5 years old with a complete panel of tests, SGA was associated with hyperactive behavior, but not with cognition, neurodevelopmental impairment or use of therapy. Birthweight <10th percentile alone does not appear to be an independent risk factor of neurodevelopmental adverse outcome in preterm children.

Comparison of Griffiths-II and Bayley-II tests for the developmental assessment of high-risk infants.

INTRODUCTION: Two important risk factors for abnormal neurodevelopment are preterm birth and neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The new revisions of Griffiths Mental Development Scale (Griffiths-II, [1996]) and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II, [1993]) are two of the most frequently used developmental diagnostics tests. The Griffiths-II is divided into five subscales and a global development quotient (QD), and the BSID-II is divided into two scales, the Mental scale (MDI) and the Psychomotor scale (PDI). The main objective of this research was to establish the extent to which developmental diagnoses obtained using the new revisions of these two tests are comparable for a given child. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 18-months-old high-risk children examined with both tests in the follow-up Unit of the Clinic of Neonatology of our tertiary care university Hospital between 2011 and 2012. To determine the concurrent validity of the two tests paired t-tests and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were computed. Using the BSID-II as a gold standard, the performance of the Griffiths-II was analyzed with receiver operating curves. RESULTS: 61 patients (80.3% preterm, 14.7% neonatal asphyxia) were examined. For the BSID-II the MDI mean was 96.21 (range 67-133) and the PDI mean was 87.72 (range 49-114). For the Griffiths-II, the QD mean was 96.95 (range 60-124), the locomotors subscale mean was 92.57 (range 49-119). The score of the Griffiths locomotors subscale was significantly higher than the PDI (p<0.001). Between the Griffiths-II QD and the BSID-II MDI no significant difference was found, and the area under the curve was 0.93, showing good validity. All correlations were high and significant with a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient >0.8. CONCLUSIONS: The meaning of the results for a given child was the same for the two tests. Two scores were interchangeable, the Griffiths-II QD and the BSID-II MDI.

Neuroprotection by selective neuronal deletion of Atg7 in neonatal brain injury.

Perinatal asphyxia induces neuronal cell death and brain injury, and is often associated with irreversible neurological deficits in children. There is an urgent need to elucidate the neuronal death mechanisms occurring after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We here investigated the selective neuronal deletion of the Atg7 (autophagy related 7) gene on neuronal cell death and brain injury in a mouse model of severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neuronal deletion of Atg7 prevented HI-induced autophagy, resulted in 42% decrease of tissue loss compared to wild-type mice after the insult, and reduced cell death in multiple brain regions, including apoptosis, as shown by decreased caspase-dependent and -independent cell death. Moreover, we investigated the lentiform nucleus of human newborns who died after severe perinatal asphyxia and found increased neuronal autophagy after severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy compared to control uninjured brains, as indicated by the numbers of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3)-, LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1)-, and CTSD (cathepsin D)-positive cells. These findings reveal that selective neuronal deletion of Atg7 is strongly protective against neuronal death and overall brain injury occurring after HI and suggest that inhibition of HI-enhanced autophagy should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human newborns developing severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Medico-legal litigation in Obstetrics: a characterization analysis of a decade in Portugal

PURPOSE: It was to analyse the most critical areas in Obstetrics and to suggest measures to reduce or avoid the situations most often involved in these disputes. METHODS: Obstetrics cases submitted to the Medico-legal Council since the creation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in 2001 until 2011 were evaluated. A comprehensive characterization, determination of absolute/relative frequencies, hypothesis of a linear trend over the years and the association between each parameter was done. RESULTS: The analysis has shown no significantly linear trend. The most common reasons for disputes were perinatal asphyxia (50%), traumatic injuries of the newborn (24%), maternal sequelae (19%) and issues related to prenatal diagnosis and/or obstetric ultrasound (5.4%). Perinatal asphyxia showed no significantly linear trend (p=0.58) and was usually related to perinatal deaths or permanent neurologic sequelae in newborn children. Traumatic injuries of the newborn, mostly related to instrumented deliveries, shoulder dystocia or vaginal delivery in breech presentation, has shown a significantly increased linear trend (p<0.001), especially related to instrumented deliveries. The delay/absence of cesarean section was the clinical procedure questioned in a significantly higher number of cases of perinatal asphyxia (68.7%) and of traumatic lesions of the newborn due to instrumented deliveries (20.5%). CONCLUSION: It is important to improve and correct theoretical/practical daily clinical performance in these highlighted areas, in order to reduce or even avoid situations that could end up in medico-legal litigations.

Inhibition of in vitro CO2 production and lipid synthesis by 2-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain

2-Hydroxybutyric acid appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g., birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of 2-hydroxybutyric acid at various concentrations (1-10 mM) on CO2 production and lipid synthesis from labeled substrates in cerebral cortex of 30-day-old Wistar rats in vitro. CO2 production was significantly inhibited (30-70%) by 2-hydroxybutyric acid in cerebral cortex prisms, in total homogenates and in the mitochondrial fraction. We also demonstrated a significant inhibition of lipid synthesis (20-45%) in cerebral cortex prisms and total homogenates in the presence of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. However, no inhibition of lipid synthesis occurred in homogenates free of nuclei and mitochondria. The results indicate an impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism caused by 2-hydroxybutyric acid, a fact that may secondarily lead to reduction of lipid synthesis. It is possible that these findings may be associated with the neuropathophysiology of the situations where 2-hydroxybutyric acid is accumulated.

Fuzzy expert system in the prediction of neonatal resuscitation

In view of the importance of anticipating the occurrence of critical situations in medicine, we propose the use of a fuzzy expert system to predict the need for advanced neonatal resuscitation efforts in the delivery room. This system relates the maternal medical, obstetric and neonatal characteristics to the clinical conditions of the newborn, providing a risk measurement of need of advanced neonatal resuscitation measures. It is structured as a fuzzy composition developed on the basis of the subjective perception of danger of nine neonatologists facing 61 antenatal and intrapartum clinical situations which provide a degree of association with the risk of occurrence of perinatal asphyxia. The resulting relational matrix describes the association between clinical factors and risk of perinatal asphyxia. Analyzing the inputs of the presence or absence of all 61 clinical factors, the system returns the rate of risk of perinatal asphyxia as output. A prospectively collected series of 304 cases of perinatal care was analyzed to ascertain system performance. The fuzzy expert system presented a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity of 94.8% in the identification of the need for advanced neonatal resuscitation measures, considering a cut-off value of 5 on a scale ranging from 0 to 10. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.93. The identification of risk situations plays an important role in the planning of health care. These preliminary results encourage us to develop further studies and to refine this model, which is intended to implement an auxiliary system able to help health care staff to make decisions in perinatal care.

The oral motor capacity and feeding performance of preterm newborns at the time of transition to oral feeding

The objective of the present study was to determine the oral motor capacity and the feeding performance of preterm newborn infants when they were permitted to start oral feeding. This was an observational and prospective study conducted on 43 preterm newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of UFSM, RS, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were the presence of head and neck malformations, genetic disease, neonatal asphyxia, intracranial hemorrhage, and kernicterus. When the infants were permitted to start oral feeding, non-nutritive sucking was evaluated by a speech therapist regarding force (strong vs weak), rhythm (rapid vs slow), presence of adaptive oral reflexes (searching, sucking and swallowing) and coordination between sucking, swallowing and respiration. Feeding performance was evaluated on the basis of competence (defined by rate of milk intake, mL/min) and overall transfer (percent ingested volume/total volume ordered). The speech therapist's evaluation showed that 33% of the newborns presented weak sucking, 23% slow rhythm, 30% absence of at least one adaptive oral reflex, and 14% with no coordination between sucking, swallowing and respiration. Mean feeding competence was greater in infants with strong sucking fast rhythm. The presence of sucking-swallowing-respiration coordination decreased the days for an overall transfer of 100%. Evaluation by a speech therapist proved to be a useful tool for the safe indication of the beginning of oral feeding for premature infants.

L’asphyxie en médecine légale : une étude rétrospective de six ans sur les suffocations non-chimiques au Québec

La suffocation est une forme d’asphyxie dans laquelle l’oxygène ne peut atteindre le sang. Il existe divers types de suffocation dont la suffocation par confinement/ environnementale, les étouffements externe et interne, et les asphyxies traumatique/ positionnelle. La littérature scientifique sur la suffocation est relativement pauvre, étant principalement constituée de revues de cas et de quelques séries de cas limités à un contexte particulier de suffocation. Dans le contexte actuel d’une médecine basée sur les preuves, les ouvrages de médecine légale n’ont guère d’études pour appuyer leurs enseignements, tirés essentiellement de l’expérience personnelle de générations de médecins légistes. Le présent projet vise à palier ce manque de données sur la suffocation, un type de décès pourtant important en pratique médico-légale. Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective de six ans portant sur tous les cas de suffocation non-chimique ayant été autopsiés au Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale. À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à établir le portrait systématique des morts par suffocation non-chimique en milieu médico-légal. Elle permet, entre autres, de confirmer les modes de décès usuels par catégorie de suffocation, le type de victime et les contextes courants. Généralement, les résultats concordent avec la littérature, appuyant ainsi le savoir commun des pathologistes sur la suffocation non-chimique. Toutefois, certaines dissimilitudes ont été notées quant aux modes de décès lors de l’étouffement externe. Par ailleurs, les questions reliées à la classification des asphyxies et aux définitions souvent contradictoires sont discutées. En un effort de normalisation, ce projet souligne les divergences retrouvées dans les classifications usuelles et tente d’en dégager les définitions courantes afin de proposer un modèle de classification unifié.

Impact d’un épisode asphyxique périnatal associé à des convulsions sur le développement des interneurones corticaux : rôle de l’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

L’encéphalopathie hypoxique-­‐ischémique cause des milliers de victimes à travers le monde chaque année. Les enfants survivants à un épisode hypoxique-­‐ischémique sont à risque de développer des problèmes neurologiques incapacitants comme une paralysie cérébrale, un retard mental, une épilepsie ou des troubles d’ordre comportemental. Les modèles animaux ont amélioré nos connaissances sur les mécanismes sous-­‐jacents aux dommages cérébraux, mais elles sont encore trop incomplètes pour être capables de prévenir les problèmes neurologiques. Ce projet vise à comprendre l’impact d’un épisode asphyxique périnatale associé à des convulsions ainsi que l’activation de l’adenosine monophosphate-­‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) sur les circuits GABAergiques inhibiteurs en développement chez la souris. Dans le but d’investiguer le sort des neurones inhibiteurs, appelés interneurones, suite à un épisode asphyxique périnatal associé à des convulsions avec des animaux transgéniques, nous avons pris avantage d’un nouveau modèle d’hypoxie permettant d’induire des convulsions chez la souris. Deux populations d’interneurones représentant ensemble environ 60% de tous les interneurones corticaux ont été étudiées, soit les cellules exprimant la parvalbumine (PV) et les cellules exprimant la somatostatine (SOM). L’étude stéréologique n’a montré aucune mort neuronale de ces deux populations d’interneurones dans l’hippocampe chez les souris hypoxique d’âge adulte. Par contre, le cortex des souris hypoxiques présentait des zones complètement ou fortement dépourvues de cellules PV alors que les cellules SOM n’étaient pas affectées. L’utilisation d’une lignée de souris transgénique exprimant une protéine verte fluorescente (GFP) dans les cellules PV nous a permis de comprendre que les trous PV sont le reflet de deux choses : 1) une diminution des cellules PV et 2) une immaturité des cellules PV restantes. Puisque les cellules PV sont spécifiquement affectées dans la première partie de notre étude, nous avons voulu étudier les mécanismes moléculaires sous-­‐jacents à cette vulnérabilité. L’AMPK est un senseur d’énergie qui orchestre le rétablissement des i niveaux d’énergie cellulaire dans le cas d’une déplétion énergétique en modulant des voies de signalisation impliquant la synthèse de protéines et l’excitabilité membranaire. Il est possible que l’activation d’AMPK suite à un épisode asphyxique périnatal associé à des convulsions soit néfaste à long-­‐terme pour le circuit GABAergique en développement et modifie l’établissement de l’innervation périsomatique d’une cellule PV sur les cellules pyramidales. Nous avons étudié cette hypothèse dans un modèle de culture organotypique en surexprimant la forme wild-­‐type (WT) de la sous-­‐unité α2 d’AMPK, ainsi qu’une forme mutée dominante négative (DN), dans des cellules PV individuelles. Nous avons montré que pendant la phase de formation synaptique (jours post-­‐natals équivalents EP 10-­‐18), la surexpression de la forme WT désorganise la stabilisation des synapses. De plus, l’abolition de l’activité d’AMPK semble augmenter le nombre de synapses périsomatiques faits par la cellule PV sur les cellules pyramidales pendant la phase de formation et semble avoir l’effet inverse pendant la phase de maturation (EP 16-­‐24). La neurotransmission GABAergique joue plusieurs rôles dans le cerveau, depuis la naissance jusqu’à l’âge adulte des interneurones, et une dysfonction des interneurones a été associée à plusieurs troubles neurologiques, comme la schizophrénie, l’autisme et l’épilepsie. La maturation des circuits GABAergiques se fait majoritairement pendant la période post-­‐natale et est hautement dépendante de l’activité neuronale et de l’expérience sensorielle. Nos résultats révèlent que le lourd fardeau en demande énergétique d’un épisode asphyxique périnatal peut causer une mort neuronale sélective des cellules PV et compromettre l’intégrité de leur maturation. Un des mécanismes sous-­‐ jacents possible à cette immaturité des cellules PV suite à l’épisode hypoxique est l’activation d’AMPK, en désorganisant leur profil d’innervation sur les cellules pyramidales. Nous pensons que ces changements dans le réseau GABAergique pourrait contribuer aux problèmes neurologiques associés à une insulte hypoxique.

Surveillance non invasive de la réponse neuroimmunitaire fœtale à l’infection

Introduction. In utero, l’infection des membranes maternelles et fœtales, la chorioamniotite, passe souvent inaperçue et, en particulier lorsque associée à une acidémie, due à l’occlusion du cordon ombilical (OCO), comme il se produirait au cours du travail, peut entrainer des lésions cérébrales et avoir des répercussions neurologiques péri - et postnatales à long terme chez le fœtus. Il n'existe actuellement aucun moyen de détecter précocement ces conditions pathologiques in utéro afin de prévenir ou de limiter ces atteintes. Hypothèses. 1)l’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) fœtal obtenu du scalp fœtal pourrait servir d’outil auxiliaire à la surveillance électronique fœtale du rythme cardiaque fœtal (RCF) pour la détection précoce d'acidémie fœtale et d'agression neurologique; 2) la fréquence d’échantillonnage de l’ECG fœtal (ECGf) a un impact important sur le monitoring continu de la Variabilité du Rythme Cardiaque (VRCf) dans la prédiction de l’acidémie fœtale ; 3) les patrons de la corrélation de la VRCf aux cytokines pro-inflammatoires refléteront les états de réponses spontanées versus inflammatoires de la Voie Cholinergique Anti-inflammatoire (VCA); 4) grâce au développement d’un modèle de prédictions mathématiques, la prédiction du pH et de l’excès de base (EB) à la naissance sera possible avec seulement une heure de monitoring d’ECGf. Méthodes. Dans une série d’études fondamentales et cliniques, en utilisant respectivement le mouton et une cohorte de femmes en travail comme modèle expérimental et clinique , nous avons modélisé 1) une situation d’hypoxie cérébrale résultant de séquences d’occlusion du cordon ombilical de sévérité croissante jusqu’à atteindre un pH critique limite de 7.00 comme méthode expérimentale analogue au travail humain pour tester les première et deuxième hypothèses 2) un inflammation fœtale modérée en administrant le LPS à une autre cohorte animale pour vérifier la troisième hypothèse et 3) un modèle mathématique de prédictions à partir de paramètres et mesures validés cliniquement qui permettraient de déterminer les facteurs de prédiction d’une détresse fœtale pour tester la dernière hypothèse. Résultats. Les séries d’OCO répétitives se sont soldés par une acidose marquée (pH artériel 7.35±0.01 à 7.00±0.01), une diminution des amplitudes à l'électroencéphalogramme( EEG) synchronisé avec les décélérations du RCF induites par les OCO accompagnées d'une baisse pathologique de la pression artérielle (PA) et une augmentation marquée de VRCf avec hypoxie-acidémie aggravante à 1000 Hz, mais pas à 4 Hz, fréquence d’échantillonnage utilisée en clinique. L’administration du LPS entraîne une inflammation systémique chez le fœtus avec les IL-6 atteignant un pic 3 h après et des modifications de la VRCf retraçant précisément ce profil temporel des cytokines. En clinique, avec nos cohortes originale et de validation, un modèle statistique basée sur une matrice de 103 mesures de VRCf (R2 = 0,90, P < 0,001) permettent de prédire le pH mais pas l’EB, avec une heure d’enregistrement du RCF avant la poussée. Conclusions. La diminution de l'amplitude à l'EEG suggère un mécanisme d'arrêt adaptatif neuroprotecteur du cerveau et suggère que l'EEG fœtal puisse être un complément utile à la surveillance du RCF pendant le travail à haut risque chez la femme. La VRCf étant capable de détecter une hypoxie-acidémie aggravante tôt chez le fœtus à 1000Hz vs 4 Hz évoque qu’un mode d'acquisition d’ECG fœtal plus sensible pourrait constituer une solution. Des profils distinctifs de mesures de la VRCf, identifiés en corrélation avec les niveaux de l'inflammation, ouvre une nouvelle voie pour caractériser le profil inflammatoire de la réponse fœtale à l’infection. En clinique, un monitoring de chevet de prédiction du pH et EB à la naissance, à partir de mesures de VRCf permettrait des interprétations visuelles plus explicites pour des prises de décision plus exactes en obstétrique au cours du travail.

Biochemical effects of ethanol on oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)

The present study dealt with the haematological, biochemical and istopathological impacts of different sub lethal concentrations of ethanol on a euryhaline teleost Oreochromis In05.s‘ambicu.5' (Peters).Studies carried out using GC indicated an increase in blood ethanol oncentration of the fish which mainly arose due to fishes entering into a state of hypoxia which explains ethanol production as an ubiquitous “anaerobic” end product, which gets accumulated whenever metabolic demand exceeds the mitochondrial oxidative potential. The very low amount of ethanol detected in the control group ofO mossambicns was mainly due to the activity of microorganisms in the gut ofO. Nzossambicus.Oedcma observed in the present study, is a defense mechanism that reduces the branchial superficial area of the fish which comes in contact with the external milieu. These mechanisms also increase the diffusion barrier to the pollutant. Dilation of the blood vessels is due to increased permeability helping in the free passage of ethanol into the blood stream. Telangiectasis observed explains the state of asphyxia of the fish when subjected to ethanol toxicity indicating acute respiratory distress. Gill aneurysm observed indicates impaired respiratory function. This is related to the rupture of the pillar cells which results in an increased blood flow inside the lamellae, causing dilation of the blood vessel or even aneurysm of gill.The present findings warrant future studies to explore A'T'Pases as possible biomarkers of pollutant exposure in ecotoxicology. This study indicated that O. mossambicus when exposed for 7 and 21 days to ethanol was under tremendous stress and parameters employed in this study can be adapted for future investigations as biomarkers of damage caused by ethanol to aquatic organisms. The present study revealed that O. mossambicus is sensitive to sub lethal concentrations of ethanol.

Studies in the microbial tranformation of alkaloids strychnine and 2-nitrostrychnine

Strychnine is the major alkaloid present in the seeds of _Strychnos, nuxvomica tree which grow naturally in this area. Strychnine has a very complex chemical structure and is known to stimulate all portions of the central nervous system with preference to the spinal cord. However, it is a powerful convulsant and death results from asphyxia. Consequently strychnine has no therapeutic application in the western system of medicine at present. The objective of this work, therefore, was to convert strychnine by microbial transformation into a product having more desirable pharmacological properties so that this locally available natural product may find some use in the preparation of a therapeutic agent.