Humoral and B-cell memory responses in children five years after pertussis acellular vaccine priming.

The resurgence of pertussis suggests the need for greater efforts in understanding the long-lasting protective responses induced by vaccination. In this paper we dissect the persistence of humoral and B-cell memory responses induced by primary vaccination with two different acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, hexavalent Hexavac(®) vaccine (Hexavac) (Sanofi Pasteur MSD) and Infanrix hexa(®) (Infanrix) (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals). We evaluated the specific immune responses in the two groups of children, 5 years after primary vaccination by measuring the persistence of IgG and antibody secreting cells (ASC) specific for vaccine antigens. Part of the enrolled children received only primary vaccination, while others had the pre-school boost dose. A similar level of antigen-specific IgG and ASC was found in Infanrix and Hexavac vaccinated children. The mean IgG levels were significantly higher in children that received the pre-school boost as compared with children that did not receive the boost dose. A longer persistence after the pre-school boost of IgG-Pertussis Toxin (PT) and IgG-pertactin levels was observed in Infanrix primed children, but it was not statistically significant. More than 80% of children presented a positive ASC B memory response. Around 50% of children still presented protective IgG-PT levels which are reduced to 36% in no-boosted children. The pre-school booster dose restores the percentage of protected children above 50%. In conclusion our data underline the importance of giving a booster dose 5 years after primary vaccination and suggest the need for a new vaccine able to induce a long lasting protective response.

Differential T and B cell responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin in infected healthy individuals and patients with tuberculosis.

Because only 10% of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will eventually develop disease, antigens that are recognized differently by the immune systems of infected healthy and diseased subjects may constitute potential vaccine candidates. Here, the heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) is identified as such an antigen. Lymphocytes from 60% of healthy infected individuals (n=25) produced interferon (IFN)-gamma after stimulation with HBHA, compared with only 4% of patients with active tuberculosis (n=24). In the responders, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells secreted HBHA-specific IFN-gamma, and the antigen was presented by both major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. In contrast to the reduced ability of patients with tuberculosis to produce HBHA-specific IFN-gamma, most of them (82%) produced anti-HBHA antibodies, compared with 36% of the infected healthy subjects. These observations indicate that HBHA is recognized differently by the immune systems of patients with tuberculosis and infected healthy individuals and might provide a marker for protection against tuberculosis.

Homocysteine and B-group vitamins in renal transplant patients

Increased plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We have investigated homocysteine and B-group vitamin levels in renal transplant patients. Fasting blood was collected from 55 renal transplant recipients with good renal function and 32 age/sex matched control subjects. Total homocysteine was increased in transplant recipients in comparison to controls (10.9+/-1.5 vs. 6.7+/-1.3 micromol/l, P < 0.001). There was no difference in homocysteine between patients receiving cyclosporin (n = 39, homocysteine 11.0+/-1.5 micromol/l) and patients receiving prednisolone + azathioprine (n = 16, 10.8+/-1.6 micromol/l, mean+/-S.D.), although there was a significant correlation between homocysteine and serum cyclosporin concentration in the sub-group of patients receiving that immunosuppressive regimen (r = 0.42, P < 0.05). Levels of B-group vitamins were similar in patients and controls. Plasma homocysteine is increased in renal transplant recipients even in the presence of minor degrees of renal impairment and normal levels of B-group vitamins.

Geometric bonding effects in the X2Ab>1b>, A2∑+b>ub>, and B2IIb>g b>states of Lib>2b>F

Published ab-initio and pseudopotential calculations for the dialkali halide systems suggest that the preferred co-linear geometry is for the metal to approach the metal end of the alkali halide. Here, ab-initio calculations on the Li2F system reveal that the well depth on the halide side in this radical is much deeper and is a local saddle-point associated with the ionic non-linear global minima. Although many features of the pseudopotential surfaces are confirmed, significant differences are apparent including the existence of a linear excited state instead of a triangular one, a considerably deeper global minimum some 50% lower in energy and a close approach between the X2A1 and the states, with the minimum 87 kJ mol-1 below the ground state asymptote. All the results can be rationalised as the avoided crossings between a long range, covalent potential dominant within the LiLiF geometry and an ionic state that forms the global minimum. Calculations on the 3rd 2A' potential indicate that even for Li + LiF collisions at ultracold temperatures the collision dynamics could involve as many as three electronic states.

Nasal immunization with Burkholderia multivorans outer membrane proteins and the mucosal adjuvant adamantylamide dipeptide confers efficient protection against experimental lung infections with B. multivorans and B. cenocepacia

Chronic lung infection by opportunistic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of gram-negative bacteria are promising vaccine antigen candidates. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity, protection, and cross-protection conferred by intranasal vaccination of mice with OMPs from B. multivorans plus the mucosal adjuvant adamantylamide dipeptide (AdDP). Robust mucosal and systemic immune responses were stimulated by vaccination of naive animals with OMPs from B. multivorans and B. cenocepacia plus AdDP. Using a mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection, we observed enhanced clearance of B. multivorans from the lungs of vaccinated animals, which correlated with OMP-specific secretory immunoglobulin A responses. Furthermore, OMP-immunized mice showed rapid resolution of the pulmonary infection with virtually no lung pathology after bacterial challenge with B. multivorans. In addition, we demonstrated that administration of B. multivorans OMP vaccine conferred protection against B. cenocepacia challenge in this mouse infection model, suggesting that OMPs provide cross-protection against the B. cepacia complex. Therefore, we concluded that mucosal immunity to B. multivorans elicited by intranasal vaccination with OMPs plus AdDP could prevent early steps of colonization and infection with B. multivorans and also ameliorate lung tissue damage, while eliciting cross-protection against B. cenocepacia. These results support the notion that therapies leading to increased mucosal immunity in the airways may help patients with cystic fibrosis.

Killer immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) haplogroups A and B track with Natural Killer Cells and Cytokine Profile in Aged Subjects: Observations from Octo/Nonagenarians in the Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Aging STudy (BELFAST)

Background: Natural Killer Cells (NK) play an important role in detection and elimination of virus-infected, damaged or cancer cells. NK cell function is guided by expression of Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) and contributed to by the cytokine milieu. KIR molecules are grouped on NK cells into stimulatory and inhibitory KIR haplotypes A and B, through which NKs sense and tolerate HLA self-antigens or up-regulate the NK-cytotoxic response to cells with altered HLA self-antigens, damaged by viruses or tumours. We have previously described increased numbers of NK and NK-related subsets in association with sIL-2R cytokine serum levels in BELFAST octo/nonagenarians. We hypothesised that changes in KIR A and B haplotype gene frequencies could explain the increased cytokine profiles and NK compartments previously described in Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Aging STudy (BELFAST) octo/nonagenarians, who show evidence of ageing well.<br/><br/>Results: In the BELFAST study, 24% of octo/nonagenarians carried the KIR A haplotype and 76% KIR B haplotype with no differences for KIR A haplogroup frequency between male or female subjects (23% v 24%; p=0.88) or for KIR B haplogroup (77% v 76%; p=0.99). Octo/nonagenarian KIR A haplotype carriers showed increased NK numbers and percentage compared to Group B KIR subjects (p=0.003; p=0.016 respectively). There were no KIR A/ B haplogroup-associated changes for related CD57+CD8 (high or low) subsets. Using logistic regression, KIR B carriers were predicted to have higher IL-12 cytokine levels compared to KIR A carriers by about 3% (OR 1.03, confidence limits CI 0.99–1.09; p=0.027) and 14% higher levels for TGF-ß (active), a cytokine with an anti-inflammatory role, (OR 1.14, confidence limits CI 0.99–1.09; p=0.002).<br/><br/>Conclusion: In this observational study, BELFAST octo/nonagenarians carrying KIR A haplotype showed higher NK cell numbers and percentage compared to KIR B carriers. Conversely, KIR B haplotype carriers, with genes encoding for activating KIRs, showed a tendency for higher serum pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to KIR A carriers. While the findings in this study should be considered exploratory they may serve to stimulate debate about the immune signatures of those who appear to age slowly and who represent a model for good quality survivor-hood.© 2013 Rea et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Involvement of mitochondrial and B-RAF/ERK signaling pathways in berberine-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells

The natural isoquinoline alkaloid berberine exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities including antitumor activity, but its mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that berberine induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells, through a process that involved mitochondria and caspase activation. Berberine-induced activation of a number of caspases, including caspases 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9. Pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, and caspase-8 and caspase-9 inhibitors prevented apoptosis. Berberine also led to the generation of the p20 cleavage fragment of BAP31, involved in directing proapoptotic signals between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Treatment of SK-MEL-2 melanoma cells with berberine induced disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from the mitochondria to the cytosol, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a decreased ATP/ADP ratio. Overexpression of bcl-xL by gene transfer prevented berberine-induced cell death, mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss, and cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release, but not ROS generation. N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibited the production of ROS, but did not abrogate the berberine-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, by using the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059, and reduction of B-RAF levels by silencing RNA induced cell death of SK-MEL-2 cells, and diminished the berberine concentration required to promote apoptosis. These data show that berberine-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells involves mitochondria and caspase activation, but ROS generation was not essential. Our results indicate that inhibition of B-RAF/ERK survival signaling facilitates the cell death response triggered by berberine. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.

Serum apolipoprotein AI and B are stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids

OBJECTIVE - To describe and compare the associations of serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with diabetic retinopathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - This was a cross-sectional study of 224 diabetic patients (85 type 1 and 139 type 2) froma diabetes clinic. Diabetic retinopathy was graded from fundus photographs according to the Airlie House Classification system and categorized into mild, moderate, and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR). Serum traditional lipids (total, LDL, non-HDL, and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides) and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and the apoB-to-apoAI ratio were assessed. RESULTS - Diabetic retinopathy was present in 133 (59.4%) individuals. After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, A1C, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes medications, the HDL cholesterol level was inversely associated with diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio 0.39 [95% CI 0.16-0.94], highest versus lowest quartile; P = 0.017). The ApoAI level was inversely associated with diabetic retinopathy (per SD increase, 0.76 [95% CI 0.59-0.98]), whereas apoB (per SD increase, 1.31 [1.02-1.68]) and the apoB-to-apoAI ratio (per SD increase, 1.48 [1.13-1.95]) were positively associated with diabetic retinopathy. Results were similar for mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy and VTDR. Traditional lipid levels improved the area under the receiver operating curve by 1.8%, whereas apolipoproteins improved the area by 8.2%. CONCLUSIONS - ApoAI and apoB and the apoB-to-apoAI ratio were significantly and independently associated with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy severity and improved the ability to discriminate diabetic retinopathy by 8%. Serum apolipoprotein levels may therefore be stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipid measures. © 2011 by the American Diabetes Association.

Notch signaling in T- and B-cell development.

The Notch family of evolutionarily conserved proteins regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate decisions and differentiation processes during fetal and post-natal development. The best characterized role of Notch signaling during mammalian hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis is the essential function of the Notch1 receptor in T-cell lineage commitment. More recent studies have addressed the roles of other Notch receptors and ligands, as well as their downstream targets, revealing additional novel functions of Notch signaling in intra-thymic T-cell development, B-cell development and peripheral T-cell function.