Translation and cultural adaptation of the Stigma-Devaluation scale for use among family caregivers of mentally ill relatives in Jordan

Background/significance. Mental illness stigma is a matter of great concern to family caregivers. Few research studies have been conducted in the Arab World on family caregivers' perception of stigma associated with caring for a mentally ill relative. Review of the literature on measurement of the concept of stigma related to caring for a mentally ill relative yielded no instrument appropriate for use in a Jordanian sample. Reliable and valid instruments to measure stigma perception among family caregivers are needed for research and practice, particularly in Arabic speaking populations. ^ Purpose. The purposes of this study were: (1) translate the Stigma-Devaluation scale (SDS) into Arabic, modifying it to accurately reflect the cultural parameters specific to Jordan, and (2) test the reliability, the content and construct validity of the Arabic version of the SDS for use among a sample of family members of mentally ill relatives in Jordan. ^ Design. Methodologic, cross-sectional. ^ Methods. The SDS was translated into Arabic language, modified and culturally adapted to the Jordanian culture by a translation model which incorporates a cultural adaptation process. The Arabic SDS was evaluated in a sample of 164 family caregivers in the outpatient mental health clinic in Irbid-Jordan. Cronbach's alpha estimation of internal consistency was used to assess the reliability of the SDS. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurements of content validity and reading level of the Arabic SDS were included. ^ Findings. Content Validity Index was determined to be 1.0. Reading level of the Arabic SDS was considered at a 6th grade or lower Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the modified Arabic SDS total scale was .87. Initial results of CFA did not fully support the proposed factor structures of the SDS or its subscales. After modifications, the indices indicated that the modified model of each subscale had satisfactory fit. ^ Conclusion. This study provided psychometric evidence that the modified Arabic SDS translated and culturally adapted instrument, is valid and conceptually consistent with the content of the original English SDS in measuring stigma perception among families of mentally ill relatives in Jordan. ^

El-Okyanus fî tercemeti'l-Kamus

[mütercimi Ahmet Asım].

Aksa'l-ereb fî tercemeti Mukaddimeti'l-edeb

[Maḥmūd ibn ʻUmar Zamakhsharī].

Hādhihi Taqrīrāt rāʼiqah wa-taḥqīqāt fāʼiqah

nammaqahā Muḥammad al-Azharī najl al-Ḥasan al-ʻAdawī al-Ḥamzāwī. Washshaḥa bihā ḥawāshī Muḥammad al-Ḥifnī ʻalá Sharḥ al-Risālah al-waḍʻīyah al-ʻAḍudīyah / li-Abī al-Qāsim al-Samarqandī wa-bi-hāmishihā al-ḥawāshī al-madhkūrah maʻa al-sharḥ al-madhkūr.

Aruz-i Endelusi şerhi

[ʻAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qayṣarī].

Ḥāshiyat al-Kaffawī ʻalá ʻIṣām al-waḍʻīyah

Muḥammad al-Kaffawī ibn al-Ḥājj Ḥumayd.

Tuhfe-yi Asım

[Ahmet Asım].

Kitāb Umnīyat al-almaʻī wa-manīyat al-muddaʻī: wa-huwa sharḥ al-Maqāmah al-Ḥuṣaybīyah lil-muʼallif nafsih

taṣnīf Rashīd al-Dīn Abī al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī ibn al-Zubayr al-Aswānī.

Kitāb Ḥusn al-tawassul ilá ṣināʻat al-tarassul

taʼlīf Shihāb al-Dīn Abī al-Thanāʼ Maḥmūd ibn Sulaymān al-Ḥalabī al-Ḥanafī.

Samīr al-Amīr: Ḥāshiyat ʻAbd al-Ḥakīm ibn Makhlūf al-Badawī al-Ḥanafī ʻalá Sharḥ al-Muḥaqqiq al-Amīr li-basmalat Sharḥ al-Mullawī al-Ṣaghīr ʻalá al-Samarqandīyah fī al-bayān

"Wa-qad ṭarraza al-muḥashshī nuskhatahu allatī ashkhaṣahā ilaynā lil-taṣḥīḥ ʻalayhā bi-ḥawāshin raqīqah wa-nafāʼis anīqah wa-ashāra bi-waḍʻihā maḍbūṭah bi-al-ʻadad qawlah baʻda qawlah fa-ajabnāhu ilá ṭalabihi kamā ajabnāhu ilá taṣdīr al-ṣaḥīfah bi-ʻibārat al-Amīr wa-irdāfihā bi-Samīrihi."

Hādhā kitāb Sirr al-layāl fī al-qalb wa-al-ibdāl

taʼlīf Aḥmad Fāris al-mulaqqab bi-al-Shidyāq.

Hādhā kitāb al-Fīrūzaj: Sharḥ al-Unmūdhaj

li-Muḥammad ʻĪsá ʻAskar.

Hādhā Sharḥ al-Faqīh al-ʻallāmah ... al-fahhāmah Sayyid Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Aqṣabī ʻalá Manẓūmat al-Shaykh al-Imām khātimat jahābidhat al-muḥaqqiqīn al-aʻlām Sayyid al-Ṭayyib Ibn Kīrān wa-bi-hāmishihi Sharḥ al-Shaykh al-ʻālim al-bāriʻ ... Sayyid al-Tihāmī al-Būrī ʻalá al-Manẓūmah al-madhkūrah ayḍan

Āqaṣbī's commentary of the Manẓūmah of Ibn Kīrān, with al-Tihāmī's commentary of the same Manẓūmah in the margin.