An ecological analysis of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) assemblages in the North Pacific Ocean along broad-scale environmental gradients

Environmental variability affects the distributions of most marine fish species. In this analysis, assemblages of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) species were defined on the basis of similarities in their distributions along environmental gradients. Data from 14 bottom trawl surveys of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands (n=6767) were used. Five distinct assemblages of rockfish were defined by geographical position, depth, and temperature. The 180-m and 275-m depth contours were major divisions between assemblages inhabiting the shelf, shelf break, and lower continental slope. Another noticeable division was between species centered in southeastern Alaska and those found in the northern Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. The use of environmental variables to define the species composition of assemblages is different from the use of traditional methods based on clustering and nonparametric statistics and as such, environmentally based analyses should result in predictable assemblages of species that are useful for ecosystem-based management.

The relationships between fish assemblages and the amount of bottom horizontal beam exposed at California oil platforms: fish habitat preferences at man-made platforms and (by inference) at natural reefs

Between 1995 and 2002, we surveyed fish assemblages at seven oil platforms off southern and central California using the manned research submersible Delta. At each platform, there is a large horizontal beam situated at or near the sea floor. In some instances, shells and sediment have buried this beam and in other instances it is partially or completely exposed. We found that fish species responded in various ways to the amount of exposure of the beam. A few species, such as blackeye goby (Rhinogobiops nicholsii), greenstriped rockfish (Sebastes elongatus), and pink seaperch (Zalembius rosaceus) tended to avoid the beam. However, many species that typically associate with natural rocky outcrops, such as bocaccio (S. paucispinis), cowcod (S. levis), copper (S. caurinus), greenblotched (S. rosenblatti), pinkrose (S. simulator) and vermilion (S. miniatus) rockfishes, were found most often where the beam was exposed. In particular, a group of species (e.g., bocaccio, cowcod, blue (Sebastes mystinus), and vermilion rockfishes) called here the “sheltering habitat” guild, lived primarily where the beam was exposed and formed a crevice. This work demonstrates that the presence of sheltering sites is important in determining the species composition of man-made reefs and, likely, natural reefs. This research also indicates that adding structures that form sheltering sites in and around decommissioned platforms will likely lead to higher densities of many species typical of hard and complex structure.

Fish assemblages found in tidal-creek and seagrass habitats in the Suwannee River estuary

Fish assemblages were investigated in tidal-creek and seagrass habitats in the Suwannee River estuary, Florida. A total of 91,571 fish representing 43 families were collected in monthly seine samples from January 1997 to December 1999. Tidal creeks supported greater densities of fish (3.89 fish/m2; 83% of total) than did seagrass habitats (0.93 fish/m2). We identified three distinct fish assemblages in each habitat: winter−spring, summer, and fall. Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera), and syngnathids characterized seagrass assemblages, whereas spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), silversides (Menidia spp.), mojarras (Eucinostomus spp.), and fundulids characterized tidal-creek habitats. Important recreational and commercial species such as striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were found primarily in tidal creeks and were among the top 13 taxa in the fish assemblages found in the tidal-creek habitats. Tidal-creek and seagrass habitats in the Suwannee River estuary were found to support diverse fish assemblages. Seasonal patterns in occurrence, which were found to be associated with recruitment of early-life-history stages, were observed for many of the fish species.

Palaeoenvironmental analysis based on alluvial ostracod assemblages of the Cenicero section (lower Miocene, NW Ebro Basin)

In this work we perform for the first time a palaeoenvironmental and biostratigraphic analysis of the lower Miocene alluvial deposits of the Cenicero section (NW sector of the Ebro Basin; N Iberian Peninsula), based on the ostracod and micromammal assemblages. One of the main characteristics of this section is the unusual abundance on non-reworked ostracods present in the studied samples compared to other European sequences of similar age and sedimentary environment. This fact has allowed us to develop precise palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The variations of the identified ostracod assemblages, defined by species such as Cyclocypris laevis, Ilyocypris bradyi, Ilyocypris gibba, Limnocythere sp. or Pseudocandona parallela, record the development of small, ephemeral and shallow ponds in a distal alluvial and/or floodplain environment. Towards the upper part of the section the ponds appear to be less ephemeral, being the aquatic systems more stable for ostracods development. Variations in the water temperature and salinity have been observed along the section, which are related to changes in the local pluviometric regime. On the other hand, the presence of micromammals in one of the studied samples has allowed the precise dating of this section. Thus, the presence of Armantomys daamsi dates the Cenicero section as Agenian (lower Miocene), local zone Y2 (MN2).

Cross-shelf and seasonal variation in larval fish assemblages on the southeast United States continental shelf off the coast of Georgia

Seasonal and cross-shelf patterns were investigated in larval fish assemblages on the continental shelf off the coast of Georgia. The influence of environmental factors on larval distributions also was examined, and larval transport processes on the shelf were considered. Ichthyoplankton and environmental data were collected approximately every other month from spring 2000 to winter 2002. Ten stations were repeatedly sampled along a 110-km cross-shelf transect, including four stations in the vicinity of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Correspondence analysis (CA) on untransformed community data identified two seasonal (warm weather [spring, summer, and fall] and winter) and three cross-shelf larval assemblages (inner-, mid-, and outer-shelf ). Five environmental factors (temperature, salinity, density, depth of the water column, and stratification) were related to larval cross-shelf distribution. Specifically, increased water column stratification was associated with the outer-shelf assemblage in spring, summer, and fall. The inner shelf assemblage was associated with generally lower temperatures and lower salinities in the spring and summer and higher salinities in the winter. The three cross-shelf regions indicated by the three assemblages coincided with the location of three primary water masses on the shelf. However, taxa occurring together within an assemblage were transported to different parts of the shelf; thus, transport across the continental shelf off the coast of Georgia cannot be explained solely by twodimensional physical factors.

Distribuição das assembleias de girinos associadas a riachos da Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Cachoeiras de Macacú, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Os girinos são organismos diversos e abundantes nos pequenos riachos de cabeceira de florestas tropicais e constituem importantes componentes da diversidade biológica, da trófica e funcional dos sistemas aquáticos. Diferentes características estruturais e limnológicas dos ambientes aquáticos influenciam a organização das assembleias de girinos. Embora o estágio larvar dos anuros seja o mais vulnerável de seu ciclo de vida, sujeito a elevadas taxas de mortalidade, as pesquisas sobre girinos na região neotropical ainda são pouco representativas diante da elevada diversidade de anfíbios desta região e ferramentas que permitam a sua identificação ainda são escassas. Nesta tese, dividida em três capítulos, apresento uma compilação das informações relacionadas aos principais fatores que afetam as assembleias de girinos na região tropical (Capítulo 1), a caracterização morfológica dos girinos encontrados nos riachos durante o estudo e uma proposta de chave dicotômica de identificação (Capítulo 2) e avalio a importância relativa da posição geográfica e da variação temporal de fatores ambientais locais sobre as assembleias de girinos, assim como a correlação entre as espécies de girinos e as variáveis ambientais de 10 riachos, ao longo de 15 meses, nas florestas da REGUA (Capítulo 3). Há pelo menos oito tendências relacionadas à distribuição das assembleias de girinos: (1) o tamanho dos riachos e a diversidade de microhabitats são importantes características abióticas influenciando a riqueza e a composição de espécies; (2) em poças, o gradiente de permanência (e.g., hidroperíodo) e a heterogeneidade do habitat são os principais fatores moldando as assembleias de girinos; (3) a composição de espécies parece ser um parâmetro das assembleias mais relevante do que a riqueza de espécies e deve ser primeiramente considerado durante o planejamento de ações conservacionistas de anuros associados a poças e riachos; (4) a predação parece ser a interação biótica mais importante na estruturação das assembleias de girinos, com predadores vertebrados (e.g. peixes) sendo mais vorazes em habitats permanentes e predadores invertebrados (e.g. larvas de odonata) sendo mais vorazes em ambientes temporários; (5) os girinos podem exercer um efeito regulatório, predando ovos e girinos recém eclodidos; (6) o uso do microhabitat varia em função da escolha do habitat reprodutivo pelos adultos, presença de predadores, filogenia, estágio de desenvolvimento e heterogeneidade do habitat; (7) os fatores históricos restringem os habitats reprodutivos que uma espécie utiliza, impondo restrições comportamentais e fisiológicas; (8) a variação temporal nos fatores bióticos (e.g., fatores de risco), abióticos (e.g., distribuição de chuvas), e no padrão de reprodução das espécies pode interferir na estrutura das assembleias de girinos tropicais. A variação temporal na heterogeneidade ambiental dos riachos da REGUA resultou na previsibilidade das assembleias locais de girinos, sendo que os parâmetros ambientais explicaram 23% da variação na sua composição. Os parâmetros espaciais explicaram uma porção menor da variação nas assembleias (16%), enquanto uma porção relativamente elevada da variação temporal da heterogeneidade ambiental foi espacialmente estruturada (18%). As variáveis abióticas que apresentaram as maiores correlação com a composição das assembleias de girinos foram a proporção de folhiço e de rochas no fundo do riacho, e secundariamente a profundidade, a condutividade e a temperatura. O gradiente gerado pela proporção de folhiço e de rochas representou a transição entre riachos permanentes e intermitentes. Este gradiente proporcionou o turnover de espécies, o qual também seguiu um gradiente de condutividade, temperatura, profundidade, e em menor extensão, de hidroperíodo e largura, que estiveram fortemente associado ao grau de permanência dos riachos. Estes resultados corroboram tanto a hipótese do controle ambiental, como do controle biótico de comunidades e indicam que a variação temporal da heterogeneidade ambiental e a variação na posição geográfica são importantes para a estruturação local de assembleias de girinos da REGUA. Os resultados também permitiram distinguir entre assembleias de girinos exclusivas de riachos permanentes, exclusivas de riachos intermitentes e aquelas registradas nos dois tipos de riachos. Os resultados deste capítulo são relevantes para compreender em que extensão os efeitos da variação temporal na heterogeneidade ambiental e de processos espaciais afetam localmente a estruturação de assembleias de girinos.