Fabrication d'une tradition montagnarde marocaine berbérophone : singularisation d'une fête dans le Haut Atlas marocain

Dans un village du Haut Atlas marocain, une fête abandonnée depuis plus de quinze ans a été renouvelée en 2010, attirant des journalistes, des anthropologues et des associatifs. L’étude du renouvellement de la tradition lors de cette fête, au niveau du discours, du contenu des performances et des interactions sociales, nous permet de réinterroger les modèles théoriques de la fabrication de tradition. Un processus sous-jacent apparaît comme la base de ce renouvellement, la singularisation, une forme particulière de résistance à la culture de l’État-nation ou à toute autre culture hégémonique. La singularisation est présente dans chaque élément de la fête. Elle définit un certain rapport au passé par lequel celui-ci est un miroir inversé du présent, mis en scène comme objet de perte. Elle définit également le choix culturel entre deux traditions musicales présentes dans la région. Ces mécanismes reposent sur une nouvelle logique spatiale qui résulte des récents changements économiques et politiques au Maroc. Dans cette nouvelle organisation spatiale où le pouvoir se situe en dehors du local, les femmes sont marginalisées et les figures intermédiaires deviennent le centre du renouvellement de la tradition. L’étude de la singularisation permet de mettre en lumière des processus de fabrication de l’identité, de dégager les conditions de survie culturelle d’un groupe, de caractériser le rapport entre un événement culturel et le changement social, et de préciser les modèles théoriques sur la tradition.

Préoccupations et attentes en réadaptation physique dans des contextes pluralistes : vers un cadre théorique interculturel

Cette thèse porte sur les dynamiques interculturelles et la réactivité des institutions dans les contextes pluralistes. Le contexte clinique, un exemple parmi tant d’autres, sert à saisir les enjeux des rencontres entre personnes d’origines différentes. Le milieu de la réadaptation physique apparaît particulièrement intéressant pour étudier les enjeux induits par les rencontres interculturelles, car les interventions y sont d’une durée relativement longue en comparaison avec les soins aigus, et ce type de pratique demande une grande collaboration de la part des clients. Cette recherche sollicite trois acteurs essentiels dans ce contexte : clients immigrants, intervenants et agents tiers payeurs (CSST) ont pris la parole lors de groupes de rencontre (focus group). La recherche d’un cadre théorique pertinent en anthropologie interculturelle revisite les courants moderniste et postmoderniste, à partir d’une approche critique, et propose une épistémologie interactionniste. Ces courants qui traversent l’anthropologie sont étudiés à la lumière de la clinique, ce qui engendre un dialogue entre les intervenants et les anthropologues. Le contexte ethnographique permet de cerner différents enjeux concernant les politiques de santé dans les contextes pluriethniques, ce qui permet de saisir, à partir de la gestion, des rapports d’emboitement entre le macro et le micro. Le fonctionnement de la réadaptation physique au Québec sert de toile de fond pour comprendre les discours des acteurs sollicités par cette recherche. L’ethnographie met en lumière les convergences et les divergences entre ces trois acteurs dans les contextes pluriethniques. Selon une méthode caractéristique des relations interculturelles, je présente d’abord l’intervention dans les institutions de réadaptation. Les clients immigrants sont mis en scène avec l’intervention dans les contextes pluriethniques. Les discours de tous ces acteurs mettent en lumière des barrières dites objectives et des facteurs liés à la culture. L’analyse s’intéresse à la communication et à la circulation de l’information dans les contextes pluriethniques; elle étudie les rapports entre l’information, la connaissance et les préjugés. L’analyse offre quelques pistes qui aident à comprendre l’imperméabilité du système de santé dans les contextes pluralistes. La conclusion propose une approche complémentariste pour établir un dialogue entre les modèles de discrimination et l’interculturel. Les anthropologues sont alors interpellés en vue de répondre aux nouveaux défis générés par le néolibéralisme.

Anthropologie de la parenté : la méconnaissance de la perspective évolutionniste et ses conséquences sur la théorisation.

Pendant plus de cent ans, les anthropologues ont étudié les phénomènes de parenté tels que le mariage et la famille dans une grande diversité de sociétés humaines. En dépit de ces efforts, il y a clairement un manque de consensus concernant les notions de bases impliquées et plusieurs anthropologues sont insatisfaits de l’état actuel des connaissances théoriques offertes par leur discipline. Nous nous sommes donc demandé si la perspective culturaliste, qui ne tient pas compte des fondements biologiques du comportement humain et qui a dominé les études de parenté depuis leurs débuts, serait responsable de cet état de fait. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons comparé deux corpus de connaissances portant sur les notions de base de la parenté humaine. Le premier s’appuie sur le contenu de sept manuels d’anthropologie ainsi que sur l’œuvre marquante de David M. Schneider « A Critique of the Study of Kinship » (1984). Le deuxième s’appuie sur des connaissances acquises dans une perspective évolutionniste portant sur les mêmes phénomènes. Les résultats de cette analyse comparative indiquent que les anthropologues méconnaissent l’influence de la biologie sur la parenté et que l’intégration des connaissances existantes à ce sujet dans les théories anthropologiques permettrait de résoudre les principaux problèmes identifiés.

Organisational alienation: A study with special reference to Kerala water authority

The term 'organisation' is used in different contexts. In this study, organisation is considered as a 'socio—technical system. Alienation, as a term and as a theme, are found in many writings from very early times. But the concept and emphasis differ. The writers who have explained alienation includes theologians, philosophers, anthropologists, economists, political scientists, historians, psychologists and sociologists

La cocina de los venenos. Aspectos de la criminalidad en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglos XVII-XVIII

Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII se presentaron varias querellas ante el Tribunal de Justicia Criminal del Nuevo Reino de Granada, en las que se denunciaba que había personas que ejercían los oficios médicos sin tener títulos que los acreditaran como facultativos en las artes curativas. Por ese entonces, se creía que quienes utilizaban yerbas y conjuros como métodos terapéuticos, por lo general mujeres, debían ser juzgadas como yerbateras-envenenadoras, porque no pretendían curar sino matar a quien consumiera sus preparados. El texto establece que los procesos criminales por envenenamiento constituyen un prisma en el que convergen diferentes problemáticas del periodo colonial neogranadino, relacionadas con la salud, los oficios médicos, las enfermedades, las creencias mágico-religiosas, el ideal de mujer en la época, la delincuencia, y las dinámicas de las instituciones españolas, entre otras. De esta manera, se estudió cómo fue la relación entre los aspectos jurídicos, las leyes criminales (dictadas por la Corona) y las conductas “desviadas” (relacionadas con el crimen por envenenamiento) de los habitantes del Nuevo Reino de Granada, entre los siglos XVII y XVIII. Para ello se revistaron desde diferentes perspectivas, varios temas del mundo colonial neogranadino, relacionados con los rumores, la comidilla, los chismes y la importancia de la comunicación hablada en el virreinato; el problema de la honra, como una de las virtudes más sobresalientes de la época y las creencias de la cultura popular con relación al envenenamiento y los diferentes métodos curativos.

Identitat, racisme i violència. Les relacions interètniques en un institut català

Aquesta tesi està basada en l'etnografia d'un institut d'educació secundària situat en una ciutat mitjana de Catalunya, amb un nivell socioeconòmic mig-baix i una important presència d'immigrants (de diferents zones de l'estat espanyol i d'Àfrica, sobretot marroquins i gambians). El treball inclou una recerca bibliogràfica i de clarificació teòrica amb la que es pretén situar els fenòmens que s'estudien (identitat, racisme i violència) en el moment històric i context social actual, per tal de poder explicar l'ascens o la importància d'aquests fenòmens, així com les relacions que es poden establir entre ells. La primera part de la tesi respon a la voluntat de contextualitzar teòricament la recerca etnogràfica i de situar les observacions d'aula en un marc social més ampli. A la segona part es presenten les aportacions que han realitzat els sociòlegs i els antropòlegs de l'educació a l'anàlisi del tractament de la diversitat ètnica, del racisme i de la violència en l'àmbit escolar. A la tercera part es desenvolupa el treball de recerca etnogràfica centrat en l'anàlisi de les relacions interètniques de l'alumnat.

Overview and response to reviewers of The Singing Neanderthals

Why are humans musical? Why do people in all cultures sing or play instruments? Why do we appear to have specialized neurological apparatus for hearing and interpreting music as distinct from other sounds? And how does our musicality relate to language and to our evolutionary history? Anthropologists and archaeologists have paid little attention to the origin of music and musicality — far less than for either language or ‘art’. While art has been seen as an index of cognitive complexity and language as an essential tool of communication, music has suffered from our perception that it is an epiphenomenal ‘leisure activity’, and archaeologically inaccessible to boot. Nothing could be further from the truth, according to Steven Mithen; music is integral to human social life, he argues, and we can investigate its ancestry with the same rich range of analyses — neurological, physiological, ethnographic, linguistic, ethological and even archaeological — which have been deployed to study language. In The Singing Neanderthals Steven Mithen poses these questions and proposes a bold hypothesis to answer them. Mithen argues that musicality is a fundamental part of being human, that this capacity is of great antiquity, and that a holistic protolanguage of musical emotive expression predates language and was an essential precursor to it. This is an argument with implications which extend far beyond the mere origins of music itself into the very motives of human origins. Any argument of such range is bound to attract discussion and critique; we here present commentaries by archaeologists Clive Gamble and Iain Morley and linguists Alison Wray and Maggie Tallerman, along with Mithen's response to them. Whether right or wrong, Mithen has raised fascinating and important issues. And it adds a great deal of charm to the time-honoured, perhaps shopworn image of the Neanderthals shambling ineffectively through the pages of Pleistocene prehistory to imagine them humming, crooning or belting out a cappella harmonies as they went.

Features of the Atlantic diet and its healthiness: Theory and evidence from social science

In order to understand diets, why and how they change and can be influenced, it is important to understand how food choices are made. The has been the subject of, considerable study within many of the social science disciplines and the humanities. The paper draws on the theoretical and empirical work of psychologists, sociologists, economists, market researchers, anthropologists, geographers and historians to understand better the forces behind food choice, derive some general empirical messages from the literature, to shed light on food choice in a European context and to address the question of whether there is, or has been, a recognisably Atlantic diet. The paper proceeds to analyse the characteristics of the food consumption patterns in the Atlantic diet countries, examines whether their food consumption patterns are homogenous (i.e. similar across the countries of this group), whether they are specific (i.e. different from the ones in other country groups) and finally evaluates the nutritional composition of the Atlantic diet against the WHO/FAO recommendations for a healthy and wholesome diet.

Evolution of discrimination in populations at equilibrium between selfishness and altruism

Where there is genetically based variation in selfishness and altruism, as in man, altruists with an innate ability to recognise and thereby only help their altruistic relatives may evolve. Here we use diploid population genetic models to chart the evolution of genetically-based discrimination in populations initially in stable equilibrium between altruism and selfishness. The initial stable equilibria occur because help is assumed subject to diminishing returns. Similar results were obtained whether we used a model with two independently inherited loci, one controlling altruism the other discrimination, or a one locus model with three alleles. The latter is the opposite extreme to the first model, and can be thought of as involving complete linkage between two loci on the same chromosome. The introduction of discrimination reduced the benefits obtained by selfish individuals, more so as the number of discriminators increased, and selfishness was eventually eliminated in some cases. In others selfishness persisted and the evolutionary outcome was a stable equilibrium involving selfish individuals and both discriminating and non-discriminating altruists. Heritable variation in selfishness, altruism and discrimination is predicted to be particularly evident among full sibs. The suggested coexistence of these three genetic dispositions could explain widespread interest within human social groups as to who will and who will not help others. These predictions merit experimental and observational investigation by primatologists, anthropologists and psychologists. Keywords: Population genetics, Diploid, Heritability, Prosocial, Behaviour genetics

New animals, new landscapes and new worldviews: the Iron Age to Roman transition at Fishbourne

Anthropologists and cultural geographers have long accepted that animals play an important role in the creation of human cultures. However, such beliefs are yet to be embraced by archaeologists, who seldom give zooarchaeological data much consideration beyond the occasional economic or environmental reconstruction. In an attempt to highlight animal remains as a source of cultural information, this paper examines the evidence for the changing relationship between people and wild animals in Iron Age and Roman southern England. Special attention is given to ‘exotic’ species — in particular fallow deer, domestic fowl and the hare — whose management increased around AD 43. In Iron Age Britain the concept of wild game reserves was seemingly absent, but the post-Conquest appearance of new landscape features such as vivaria, leporaria and piscinae indicates a change in worldview from a situation where people seemingly negotiated with the ‘wilderness’ and ‘wild things’ to one where people felt they had the right or the responsibility to bring them to order. Using Fishbourne Roman Palace as a case study, we argue that wild and exotic animals represented far more than gastronomic treats or symbols of Roman identity, instead influencing the way in which people engaged with, traversed and experienced their surroundings.

Past mobilities: archaeological approaches to movement and mobility

The new mobilities paradigm has yet to have the same impact on archaeology as it has in other disciplines in the social sciences – on geography, sociology and anthropology in particular – yet mobility is fundamental to archaeology: all people move. Moving away from archaeology’s traditional focus upon place or location, this volume treats mobility as a central theme in archaeology. The chapters are wide-ranging and methodological as well as theoretical, focusing on the flows of people, ideas, objects and information in the past; it also focuses on archaeology’s distinctiveness. Drawing on a wealth of archaeological evidence for movement, from paths, monuments, rock art and boats, to skeletal and DNA evidence, Past Mobilities presents research from a range of examples from around the world to explore the relationship between archaeology and movement, thus adding an archaeological voice to the broader mobilities discussion. As such, they will be of interest not only to archaeologists and historians, but also to sociologists, geographers and anthropologists.

Climate change and energy use : The role for anthropological research

The expression 'global climate change' no longer designates merely a discourse on possible future risks; today it us used as a shorthand for specific ongoing events that are having a serious impact on the lives of people around the world. In the light of this change and consequent efforts to limit carbon dioxide emissions, contributions from social scientists are increasingly in demand within the study of energy use. My concern here is not whether intervention is a proper role for anthropologists, but rather how we may position ourselves within energy- and climate-related research.

Made which to measure? Nineteenth century science and sporting bodies

The modification of bodies to enhance performance for competitive sporting purposes originated in the mid eighteenth century. Since then, ‘science’ has informed the discourses of sports training practices, but its influence has changed significantly, now being directive rather than merely being addressed in the ethos of training. Today, sports training practices often are associated with scientific research focussed on understanding the biological processes underpinning physical achievements. However, in the first two centuries of modern sport, science, rather than directing practice, was used as a legitimating, justifying discourse that served to empower training practices.

This paper, an exercise in historical anthropology, replaces conventional ethnographic data with the texts of sports training manuals, sports periodicals and medical journals to examine how these discourses represented the influence of science on the preparation of the body for competition. The focus on the nineteenth century is instructive because, first, physiological models at the century’s start were influenced by Galenic theory, but were underpinned by modern empirical science at its end. Second, from the 1860s, amateurism inspired a major rethinking of training; the ensuing contrast with the preparation of professional athletes illustrates how science was deployed in the making of nineteenth century sporting bodies.

Voices from the margins? Women at the footy.

Based on focus group and single person interviews with women Australian rules football (AFL) supporters this paper explores the issue of how women articulate their support of a male dominated sport. We demonstrate that women supporters (widely overlooked in studies of sports) express their support of AFL with as much power and passion as is credited to male supporters. Moreover, women have formed about a half of AFL at-ground spectators for over a century with the historical record suggesting that the passion of their support was no less then than now. Yet to what extent have women supporters emerged from the metaphorical margins of AFL to appropriate distinctive spaces in their consumption of this sport? Using their voices and accounts of their at-ground actions, we argue that women fans perform an appropriation of supporting practice that is clearly gendered - in being a feminine discourse of support constructed by women - while giving the appearance of being genderless through their appropriation of discursive frames to legitimate their support of a male dominated sport. We conclude that in consuming football women fans perform doxic actions that reproduce, in leisure spaces, wider processes of gender inequality while, in a contradictory manner, contesting them through the appropriation of their own places in these spaces.

Advances in self-engagement research method : the case of disadvantaged female migrant entrepreneurs in Auckland, New Zealand

The “self-engagement research method” is a set of research procedures, which aims to search latent (hidden) attitudes within a given group of individuals, such as disadvantaged women. This method also examines the research participants practises through an intensive involvement in the process of research. Research on self-regulation has also tended to emphasize having personal control over an event as the primary determinant of whether individuals can effectively monitor and alter their behaviour to attain a desired end state (W. Britt, 1999, 699).

The “self-engagement procedure” originated from fieldwork of social research, especially from the present author’s experiences as a researcher and practitioner on women’s empowerment under the micro-finance programme in Women’s Empowerment Foundation, Auckland and in Grameen Bank Micro-finance programme (Nobel prize winner Professor Mohammed Yunus on poverty reduction through micro-finance).

This technique is based on the oft-cited phenomenon of discrepancies between what research Participants say what they often believe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observation). This follows on Gabriel (1991:123-126) namely that participant observation is a useful technique for gaining insight into facts and is also useful for the rural poor or marginal groups, who are unable to communicate their problems. The problem is that since the 1980s, some anthropologists and the social scientists have questioned the degree to which participant observation can give truthful insight into the minds of other people (Geertz, Clifford,1984 & Rosaldo, Renato, 1986).

This paper discusses the difficulties found in using participant observation to discover discrepancies between what participants say and what they really believe. It also discusses self-engagement research procedures which the author has developed through the long-term research experiences with disadvantaged groups of women in Auckland. These procedures discover the discrepancies between what participants say and what is in their mind.

These self-engagement procedures were used from the beginning of the fieldwork to locate research areas and get access to the study settings. It was found there are gaps in this method. For example, there are no systematic processes in which researchers can gain access into the community or be welcomed by research participants. It was also difficult to discover the insight into the facts that cause disempowerment and how micro-finance impacts everyday life on research participants. McCracken (1988 cited in Mertens, 1998:321) argued that researchers collect data directly through observation, but it is not possible to imitate, repeat involvement in the experiences of research participants.

This research draws on and extends the long traditional of participant observation in social research. In field research practises, participant observation was used in different ways for gaining insight into different aspects. A good example is the use and mis-use of the “field journal” in this type of research. The journal typically explained and analysed experiences and understanding of participant observation, in-depth interviews and group discussions on the impact of micro-finance on women’s lives. However, researchers later realised that there were gaps in collected knowledge that needed to be filled. This led to “self-engagement procedures” which developed greater confidence that collected data could truly give insight into patterns of behaviour.

This paper addresses sensitive issues of women’s empowerment under the micro finance programmes and makes a contribution to the literature. The “self-engagement method” detects the “silent facts” of women’s lives. In research conducted amongst disadvantaged women in Auckland, New Zealand and Grameen Bank micro-finance programme in Bangladesh. The method of self-engagement led to better data when participants (both research and subjects) clearly perceived the purpose of the research, when participants have control over providing personal information, and when subjects can build trust with researchers. One overall lesson of this research is that research data and findings are more generalisaable and valid when the participants in the research process understand the relevancy to his/her disadvantaged position and the causes of this, and when participants perceive that it is an opportunity to voice his/her disadvantages and causes.

The “self-engagement research method” involves a variety of behavioural activities. This paper also attempts to discuss in detail, these activities. This paper attempts to discuss the process of the “self-engagement method” in a systematic way. This has been addressed in the research process, in which research participants and researchers become self-engaged to detect the reality of the impact of micro finance to empower the disadvantaged. The stages of self-engagement procedures were developed and followed throughout field research into entrepreneurial behaviour of disadvantaged women in Auckland.

Research on self-regulation has also tended to emphasize having personal control over an event as the primary determinant of whether individuals can effectively monitor and alter their behaviour to attain a desired end state (W. Britt, 1999, 699).

A suitable research method could identify the empowerment/disempowerment of a disadvantaged group of individuals. The self-engagement procedures create a process, in which research participants and researchers become ‘self-engaged’ and gain insight into facts.