Biomonitoring of substrates containing sewage sludge: assessment of the feasibility in using the diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi.

Due to the constant release of potentially harmful substances in the environment, it is necessary the use of biomonitoring as a form to assess the impact of these substances on animals that inhabit this environment. Therefore, there is a better understanding of the possible effects that these exogenous substances may cause in the organisms present there. In the present study it was verified the feasibility of the use of the diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi as bioindicator of impacted soils by their exposition to substrates containing different concentrations of sewage sludge from different Sewage Treatment Stations (STSs). It was observed animals' behavior and the survival rate was analyzed by log-rank test (p=0,05). The analysis showed that the animals exposed to pure sewage sludge presented higher mortality index than the specimens exposed to different concentrations of the sludge mixed with soil. In general, the survival rate and the analysis of the behavior of the diplopod R. padbergi showed efficiency of this species in biomonitoring impacted soils.

Circadian time-dependent effects of fencamfamine on inhibition of dopamine uptake and release in rat striatal slices

Fencamfamine (FCF) is a central stimulant that facilitates central dopaminergic transmission through inhibition of dopamine uptake and enhanced release of the transmitter. We evaluated the changes in the inhibition of uptake and the release of striatal [ 3H]-dopamine at 9:00 and 21:00 h, times corresponding to maximal and minimal behavioral responses to FCF, respectively. Adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) maintained on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 h) were used. In the behavioral experiments the rats (N = 8 for each group) received FCF (3.5 mg/kg, ip) or saline at 9:00 or 21:00 h. Fifteen minutes after treatment the duration of activity (sniffing, rearing and locomotion) was recorded for 120 min. The basal motor activity was higher (28.6 ± 4.2 vs 8.4 ± 3.5 s) after saline administration at 21:00 h than at 9:00 h. FCF at a single dose significantly enhanced the basal motor activity (38.3 ± 4.5 vs 8.4 ± 3.5 s) and increased the duration of exploratory activity (38.3 ± 4.5 vs 32.1 ± 4.6 s) during the light, but not the dark phase. Two other groups of rats (N = 6 for each group) were decapitated at 9:00 and 21:00 h and striata were dissected for dopamine uptake and relase assays. The inhibition of uptake and release of [ 3H]-dopamine were higher at 9:00 than at 21:00 h, suggesting that uptake inhibition and the release properties of FCF undergo daily variation. These data suggest that the circadian time-dependent effects of FCF might be related to a higher susceptibility of dopamine presynaptic terminals to the action of FCF during the light phase which corresponds to the rats' resting period.

Developmental and behavioral effects of postnatal amitraz exposure in rats

The effects of postnatal amitraz exposure on physical and behavioral parameters were studied in Wistar rats, whose lactating dams received the pesticide (10 mg/Kg) orally on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19 of lactation; control dams received distilled water (1 ml/kg) on the same days. A total of 18 different litters (9 of them control and 9 experimental) born after a 21- day gestation were used. The results showed that the median effective time (ET50) for fur development, eye opening, testis descent and onset of the startle response were increased in rats postnatally exposed to amitraz (2.7, 15.1, 21.6 and 15.3 days, respectively) compared to those of the control pups (1.8, 14.0, 19.9 and 12.9 days, respectively). The ages of incisor eruption, total unfolding of the external ears, vaginal and ear opening and the time taken to perform the grasping hindlimb reflex were not affected by amitraz exposure. Pups from dams treated with amitraz during lactation took more time (in seconds) to perform the surface righting reflex on postnatal days (PND) 3 (25.0 ±2.0), 4 (12.3 ± 1.2) and 5 (8.7 ± 0.9) in relation to controls (10.6 ± 1.2; 4.5 ± 0.6 and 3.4 ± 0.4, respectively); the climbing response was not changed by amitraz. Postnatal amitraz exposure increased spontaneous motor activity of male and female pups in the open-field on PND 16 (140± 11)and 17(124± 12), and 16 (104±9), 17 (137 ± 9) and 18 (106 ± 8), respectively. Data on spontaneous motor activity of the control male and female pups were 59 ± 11 and 69 ± 10 for days 16 and 17 and 49 ± 9, 48 ± 7 and 56 ± 7 for days 16, 17 and 18, respectively. Some qualitative differences were also observed in spontaneous motor behavior; thus, raising the head, shoulder and pelvis matured one or two days later in the amitraz- treated offspring. Postnatal amitraz exposure did not change locomotion and rearing frequencies or immobility time in the open-field on PND 30, 60 and 90. The present findings indicate that postnatal exposure to amitraz caused transient developmental and behavioral changes in the exposed offspring and suggest that further investigation of the potential health risk of amitraz exposure to developing human and animal offsprings may be warranted.

Does magnesium chloride modify aldrin-induced neurotoxicity in rats?

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) has been proposed for the treatment of seizures of different etiologies. The present study investigated the effect of MgCl2 on aldrin-induced seizures. Initially, 50 male rats received 60 mg aldrin/kg po and the effects were classified as muscular twitches, clonic convulsions or tonic-clonic convulsions. Another group of 40 rats dosed with 60 mg aldrin/kg po received 0, 4, 8, or 12 mg MgCl2/kg im. The percentage of tonic-clonic convulsant rats that resulted from MgCl2 treatment were 90% at 0 mg/kg; 50% at 4 mg/kg, 40% at 8 mg/kg and 20% at 12 mg MgCl2/kg. The percentage of survivors in the group receiving 12 mg MgCl2/kg was 80% while the control group had 20% survival. The clonic convulsions were not modified by MgCl2 treatment. Blood and brain concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin (metabolite of aldrin) did not differ among groups. The MgCl2 administration decreased the neuroexcitability induced by aldrin and increased survivability.

Attack upon a bather by a swordfish: A case report

We report a case of a bather injured by a swordfish in shallow water off the coast of southern Brazil. The victim suffered multiple injuries from the fish's bill, including a puncture wound of his left knee and the tip of the bill remaining as a foreign body. The victim made a full recovery after field management and conservative care. The potential factors leading to this most unusual attack are discussed. © 2009 Wilderness Medical Society.

Is it all death feigning? Case in anurans

Anurans are known to feign death as a way to avoid or minimize the risk of predation. However, information on this defensive strategy is scattered and we believe that there is more than one behaviour type referred to as thanatosis. Here we review the literature, add original data, and propose definitions and new names that complement the present knowledge on the subject. We collected information on 334 individuals of 99 species in 16 families and grouped the recorded displays into two categories of tonic immobility: (1) thanatosis, death-feigning, or playing possum, and (2) shrinking or contracting. These two categories are treated as different behaviour types because of the display pattern (position of fore- and hindlimbs, eye opening), presence of skin toxins (shrinking is mostly displayed by toxic species, whereas thanatosis is mostly displayed by non-toxic species), social context (interaction with predators), and their putative or actual functions. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

Leitura de O boy da via láctea de Regina Chamlian: por uma 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Análise documental de textos literários infanto-juvenis: perspectivas metodológicas com vistas à identificação do tema

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Das utopias e distopias: uma leitura de O presidente negro de Monteiro Lobato

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Ruth Rocha, página a página: bibliografia de e sobre a autora

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

A travessia de Maria: uma experiência de leitura de Corda Bamba de Lygia Bojunga Nunes

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Monteiro Lobato e suas seis personagens em busca da nação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O ensino da literatura infantil em Compêndio de Literatura Infantil: para o 3º ano Normal (1959), de Bárbara Vasconcelos de Carvalho

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desempenho e comportamento de coelhos em crescimento em gaiolas enriquecidas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uma discussão dos usos do termo eventos privados na análise do comportamento à luz de proposições do pragmatismo

A Análise do Comportamento distingue-se de outras modalidades de behaviorismo por seu tratamento original para a subjetividade. O conceito de eventos privados tem sido trabalhado na literatura analítico-comportamental como central para a abordagem desse tema, permitindo ao cientista e profissional lidar com eventos inacessíveis à observação pública graças a um critério instrumental de verdade. Este trabalho discute o conceito de eventos privados a partir de questões levantadas pelo pragmatismo, filosofia com a qual a Análise do Comportamento tem sido consistentemente associada. A partir dos escritos de James e Rorty, são examinados os aspectos relevantes do(s) uso(s) do conceito de eventos privados, discutindo-se a validade do conceito para abordar os problemas relacionados à subjetividade a partir de três categorias de análise: 1) Implicações de um enfoque relacional verbal na análise dos conceitos relativos à subjetividade, 2) Ausência de visão consensual sobre coerência do conceito de eventos privados com sistema explicativo analítico-comportamental; e 3) Funções do conceito de eventos privados. Apontamos como é elaborada na literatura analítico-comportamental a importância da linguagem na definição do mundo privado, e a influência disso para um enfoque relacional da subjetividade. Argumentamos ainda que analistas do comportamento têm usado o termo eventos privados sob controle de fenômenos de natureza e complexidade variável, gerando uma falta de consenso sobre a coerência do conceito de eventos privados com o sistema explicativo analítico-comportamental e, quando há algum, a falta consenso sobre sua instrumentalidade. Com isso, a coerência e a instrumentalidade do uso do termo eventos privados é condicionada a que eventos o pesquisador ou profissional está se referindo, ao recorte de análise utilizado (molar ou molecular), e ao método empregado na pesquisa. Encontramos que, quando há concordância sobre a coerência e instrumentalidade do conceito, esta é encontrada entre os autores que trabalham principalmente com o contexto de aplicação clínica. Concluímos salientando que a idéia de que o conceito de eventos privados é útil à análise do comportamento não é completamente aceita por toda a área, refletindo que ainda são necessárias discussões sobre o conceito de eventos privados e sobre o tratamento analítico-comportamental da subjetividade.