Über die Kawi-sprache auf der insel Java, nebst einer einleitung über die verschiedenheit des menschlichen sprachbaues und ihren einfluss auf die geistige entwickelung des menschengeschlechts.

"Elf litographirte tafeln, die javanischen schriftzüge enthaltend, gesammelt und gezeichnet von Buschmann", at end of v. 2.

Hadriani Relandi Dissertationum miscellanearum.

The plates contain specimens of Oriental alphabets.

Debates and other proceedings of the Convention of Virginia, : convened at Richmond, on Monday the second day of June, 1788, for the purpose of deliberating on the Constitution recommended by the grand Federal Convention. : To which is prefixed the Federal Constitution. /

Second and third alphabets in collation signed in the form A2 and A3 rather than 2A or 3A.

Illuminated ornaments : selected from manuscripts and early printed books, from the sixth to the seventeenth centuries /

Half t.p.: Illuminated ornaments selected from manuscripts of the middle ages.

How to write signs, tickets, and posters : with numerous engravings and diagrams /

Includes index.

Grotesque alphabet of 1464; reproduced in facsimile from the original woodcuts in the British museum;

Mode of access: Internet.

Augusti Pfeiferi D. Critica sacra, : de sacri codicis partitione, editionibus variis, lingvis originalibus & illibatâ puritate fontium, interpretatione scripturae legitima, nec non ejusdem : Translatione in lingvas totius universi de Masora & Kabbala, Talmude deniq; & Alcorano. : Accessere, suisq locis inserti, Tractatus qvatuor, I. De antiqvis ritibus Ebraeorum. II. De natura, usu & subsidiis lingvarum orientalium omnium. III. De compendiaria ratione legendi scripta rabbinico-talmudica. IV. De accentuatione tàm prosaica qvàm metrica facilè discenda.

Includes index.

Beiträge zum schwäbischen Sprachschatz.

"Nachstehende Arbeit ist als kleiner Theil einer grösseren, sich über alle Buchstaben des Alphabets erstreckenden Sammlung derjenigen in Hohenzollern vorkommenden schwäbischen Ausdrücke anzusehen, welche der Schriftsprache nicht angehören. Der Buchstabe B ist gerade deshalb mitgetheilt, weil bei geeigneter Auswahl und vielen Kürzungen sein ungefährer Umfang die hier zur averfügung gestsllten wenigen Blätter ausfüllen konnte."

Monogrammes und Dekorationen : sieben durchgeführte Monogramm-Alphabete und zahlreich andere Monogramme, Embleme, Dekorationen, Kronen, Wappen und Studentenzirkel = Monogrammes et decorations = Monograms and decorations /

Includes index.

Statistical mechanics of low-density parity check error-correcting codes over Galois fields

A variation of low-density parity check (LDPC) error-correcting codes defined over Galois fields (GF(q)) is investigated using statistical physics. A code of this type is characterised by a sparse random parity check matrix composed of C non-zero elements per column. We examine the dependence of the code performance on the value of q, for finite and infinite C values, both in terms of the thermodynamical transition point and the practical decoding phase characterised by the existence of a unique (ferromagnetic) solution. We find different q-dependence in the cases of C = 2 and C ≥ 3; the analytical solutions are in agreement with simulation results, providing a quantitative measure to the improvement in performance obtained using non-binary alphabets.

On the utility of alternative amino acid scripts

In this work we propose the hypothesis that replacing the current system of representing the chemical entities known as amino acids using Latin letters with one of several possible alternative symbolic representations will bring significant benefits to the human construction, modification, and analysis of multiple protein sequence alignments. We propose ways in which this might be done without prescribing the choice of actual scripts used. Specifically we propose and explore three ways to encode amino acid texts using novel symbolic alphabets free from precedents. Primary orthographic encoding is the direct substitution of a new alphabet for the standard, Latin-based amino acid code. Secondary encoding imposes static residue groupings onto the orthography of the alphabet by manipulating the shape and/or orientation of amino acid symbols. Tertiary encoding renders each residue as a composite symbol; each such symbol thus representing several alternative amino acid groupings simultaneously. We also propose that the use of a new group-focussed alphabet will free the colouring of amino acid residues often used as a tool to facilitate the representation or construction of multiple alignments for other purposes, possibly to indicate dynamic properties of an alignment such as position-wise residue conservation.

Exact Probability Distribution versus Entropy

The problem addressed concerns the determination of the average numberof successive attempts of guessing a word of a certain length consisting of letters withgiven probabilities of occurrence. Both first- and second-order approximations to a naturallanguage are considered. The guessing strategy used is guessing words in decreasing orderof probability. When word and alphabet sizes are large, approximations are necessary inorder to estimate the number of guesses. Several kinds of approximations are discusseddemonstrating moderate requirements regarding both memory and central processing unit(CPU) time. When considering realistic sizes of alphabets and words (100), the numberof guesses can be estimated within minutes with reasonable accuracy (a few percent) andmay therefore constitute an alternative to, e.g., various entropy expressions. For manyprobability distributions, the density of the logarithm of probability products is close to anormal distribution. For those cases, it is possible to derive an analytical expression for theaverage number of guesses. The proportion of guesses needed on average compared to thetotal number decreases almost exponentially with the word length. The leading term in anasymptotic expansion can be used to estimate the number of guesses for large word lengths.Comparisons with analytical lower bounds and entropy expressions are also provided.

To be a woman here is to be invisible: in search of the dispossessed femininity in Middle-earth

In my thesis I examine J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (1954-55), the fantasy epic written on the basis of a fictional universe created by Tolkien, complete with elves, dwarves and other mystical creatures – with languages, alphabets and grammar created for all. While rich linguistically, Tolkien writes a decidedly male description of his world, often neglecting any acknowledgement of female existence. Tolkien’s monolithic stature amongst other fantasy authors made me conduct a feminist reading of The Lord of the Rings, with an eye for the way female experience is marginalized to the point of omission. Tolkien’s linguistic accomplishments have overshadowed the illogical aspects of his work, namely the omission of genders, societal classes and features of society necessary for the fictional universe to retain its cohesion. This cohesion suffers from a totally male experience in the novel which is willfully blind to these features I listed. My theoretical framework is built on ideas in Toril Moi’s Sex, Gender and the Body (2005) and bell hook’s Feminism is For Everybody (2000). Michel Foucault’s ideas of power and hidden histories assist in performing a close reading of the source text and interpreting the results. My thesis focuses on the transformation that the values associated with the concept of equality have undergone. This is best illustrated in the treatment of the few female characters in the novel – Galadriel, Éowyn and Arwen – as their beauty and existence interferes with the ordering of the male-dominated world.