岷江中上游植被生态恢复过程中若干问题的探讨

　1．对四川省岷江上游地区（茂县）的锐齿槲栎（Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata）天然次生林进行研究，发现：(1) 坚果完好比例约在14% ~26%之间，完好坚果的发芽率和发芽势都比较高，但在天然状况下能够留存到翌年5月的坚果几乎没有。因此，实生幼苗的天然补充就受到了严重的限制。(2) 林缘的幼苗密度低于所有其它生境的 (P<0.05)，林中的幼苗密度最高，和林窗的比较有显著差异(P<0.05), 而和灌丛的比较则差异不显著（P>0.05）。在灌丛幼苗密度和林中以及林窗的比较都没有差异。动物对坚果的取食速度则是林中的最慢 (10.0%)，林窗和林缘的基本相同(分别为61.1%和66.5%)，取食速度都明显快于林中(P<0.01)。(3) 林中的幼苗在小于100 cm的各高度内都有大量分布，说明在林中树冠下幼苗是可以长期存在的，暗示在幼苗阶段的锐齿槲栎可能是耐荫的。(4) 在林中缺失幼树，在林缘则有包括幼树在内的完整的更新大小系列，表明林缘是更新的关键地点。(5) 在栎林的每一个大小级别上，萌生个体和实生个体都按各种比例伴生，说明导致萌生的干扰一直在发生，并可能在森林的更新中扮演重要角色;也说明该地区的锐齿槲栎林由萌生和实生起源的个体混合组成。 2．栎林是北半球温带森林的重要组成部分，因此栎林更新是全球森林更新研究的热点之一，而啮齿动物对栎林更新的影响则是关注的焦点。在2002~2003年，通过坚果标记研究了未被取食和遗弃坚果（即咬开后只有少部分被捕食后丢弃在林中的坚果）的健康比例，并定量测定了坚果的捕食、搬运、遗弃、丢弃、贮藏和留存等各种命运的比例和特点;对坚果也进行了各种人为的处理，以观测其命运和动物取食速度，发现：(1) 遗弃坚果中不健康坚果的比例比动物未取食的天然坚果中的比例有极显著的增加 (P>0.05)，暗示啮齿动物一般是通过咬开坚果来识别坚果健康与否并决定是否捕食。(2) 根据坚果命运和对照相比改变与否以及如何改变，各种人工处理坚果的命运可以分为 4 类：① 坚果命运没有任何显著改变;② 坚果被就地捕食的速度降低，搬运的速度不变，最终搬运坚果的比例增加而就地捕食坚果的比例降低，留存坚果的比例偶尔能增加至0.2%;③ 坚果就地捕食的速度几乎降至0，搬运的速度则在下降一段时间后又上升，并且搬运作用持续了相对长的时间，最终搬运坚果的比例大大增加，就地捕食坚果的比例很低，留存率为0;④ 坚果被搬运和就地捕食的速度和比例都降低，留存坚果的比例相应的大大增加，甚至可以达到50%。(3) 命运得到显著改变的②、③、④类坚果所承受的人工处理按照作用方式又可以分为主要作用于坚果化学状态（即气味浓度）的处理、主要作用于坚果物理状态（颜色、形态、有无附属物等）的处理以及使坚果处于不同颜色背景的处理;其中主要作用于坚果化学状态的处理对坚果命运具有最重大的改变，如胶带包裹处理和烧焦处理;其它各种主要作用于坚果的物理状态和所处背景的处理对其命运则也具有相对轻微的改变。这一试验结果可能证明：啮齿动物在对坚果进行识别和取食选择等活动时主要依赖于嗅觉来感知坚果的可食性，但是能感觉物理状态和所处背景的视觉也起一定程度的作用。(4) 啮齿动物对栎树坚果进行就地捕食、遗弃、搬运、异地捕食、丢弃、贮藏等作用，使各种命运的坚果都具有一定的数量比例和特点，也提供了动物影响栎林更新的多种可能途径。 3．人工干扰是任何退化生态系统中都始终存在的重大问题。除了明显的砍伐或者采摘外，人工践踏也是一种重要的干扰，特别是在茂县的山林普遍被牛马不断的放牧的情况下，这个干扰的后果就更加显著。为此研究了人脚踩踏的路上的白车轴草和未踩踏草坪上白车轴草在最大叶长、株高、芽高、构件数量、构件平均鲜重、死叶数量、根长等构型指标，根、茎、叶三者的生物量（干重）及比例等生物量指标，平均花序数量、花平均数量等繁殖指标方面的不同，发现踩踏使白车轴草植株：(1) 株高降低，芽高降低，最大叶长变小，平均每厘米的构件数量增加，构件平均鲜重降低，根长度减小，死叶数量增加。(2) 平均花序数量下降，每花序的花平均数量下降。(3) 但是在生物量的分配上，根和茎的生物量没有显著的下降，但是叶的生物量显著减低。因为白车轴草的茎可以不断克隆繁殖，所以踩踏对其存活可能没有太大的影响，只是造成了植株的矮化和密集化，根也变短;但是对种子繁殖有重大影响，反映在平均花序数量和每花序平均花数的显著下降上。在生物量的分配中，作为主要的同化器官，叶的生物量显著下降，而根茎比没有变化。这可能说明这样的克隆植物其物质流动是呈现网络化的特征，具有比较强的抗干扰能力。 4．连香树、油松、日本落叶松、华山松油松混合林是茂县地区的几种主要的已经营造的林型或者树种。为了了解其20年来的营林效果，运用样方调查的方法测量了这几种树种或者林型的胸径、持水量、凋落物现存量、密度等，评价了它们在生长、营业循环和水土保持等方面的差异。结果表明：日本落叶松具有生长缓慢，凋落物现存量大，涵养水分能力良好的树种，值得推广;油松生长迅速，凋落物现存量巨大，涵养水分能力一般的树种，也可以大力栽植;油松和华山松的混交林具有比较大的蓄积量和较好的涵养水分的能力，可以推广;而连香树则做为生长速度中等，成材率低，凋落物现存量小，涵养水分能力差的树种，不应该进一步推广。

丛枝菌根真菌对异质性环境中克隆植物的影响

克隆植物同一基株的相连克隆分株或克隆片段常常生长在资源条件不同的斑块中，分株间形成克隆整合和克隆可塑性以及克隆分工等有效地获取必需资源的生态适应对策，提高在异质性斑块生境中的适合度，适应环境的异质性变化。但在以往的克隆植物生态学的理论研究中，为了研究的简化和方便，往往忽略了土壤中微生物的作用。丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌是自然界中广泛存在的土壤微生物之一，可与大多数的高等植物形成共生菌根，影响植物的生长、发育及其在生态系统中的作用。 本文应用实验生态学方法，以蛇莓、狗牙根和白三叶为研究对象，在温室受控条件下，对异质养分斑块中的分株对接种AM真菌，探讨AM真菌对资源斑块中克隆植物的影响。 第一个实验设计单一磷养分斑块，以蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为研究对象，探讨丛枝AM真菌对克隆整合的影响。将蛇莓相连的两个分株，即分株对，分别种植在两个隔离的花盆中，各施以高磷和低磷营养液，保持或切断分株间匍匐茎连接，即间隔子，再将菌剂接种到低磷斑块中分株。结果发现间隔子状态和接菌处理都显著影响低磷斑块中蛇莓分株的根系生物量分配。对照处理中保持间隔子连接显著减少低磷斑块中分株生物量向根系的分配，接菌后这一差异显著减小。保持间隔子连接或接菌对高磷斑块中分株的根系生物量分配不显著。保持间隔子连接和接菌都显著增加低磷斑块分株的生物量在分株对生物量中所占比例，二者无显著交互作用。 第二个实验设计光照和养分斑块，以狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和摩西球囊霉为研究对象，探讨AM真菌对克隆植物非局域反应的影响。将狗牙根分株对的两个分株分别种植在两个花盆中，各施以光照强度与土壤养分交互斑块性环境条件，形成高养低光和高光低养斑块，保持或切断间隔子，再将菌剂接种到目标分株。结果发现对照处理中，间隔子状态显著影响分株的局域反应。高养斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的根长显著大于间隔子断裂的分株的根长，高光斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的根长显著小于间隔子断裂的分株的根长。高光斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的叶面积显著大于间隔子断裂的分株的叶面积，间隔子状态对低光高养斑块分株的叶面积无显著影响。在低光高养斑块中，相对于间隔子断裂的分株，间隔子连接的分株将更多的生物量分配到根系，而在高光斑块中的分株则相反。这些都说明，无AM真菌侵染的情况下，狗牙根分株对的两个分株在实验中各自形成的克隆部分的分株形态反应都受到了克隆整合的作用，表现为非局域反应。接种AM真菌后，高光斑块中分株的根长和高养斑块中分株的叶面积在间隔子连接和断裂处理之间的差异显著减小。生物量分配的差异不受接菌的影响。对照处理中，高养斑块中间隔子连接的分株生物量和分株数显著高于间隔子断裂的分株，但高光斑块中分株之间无显著差异。接种AM真菌显著降低高养斑块中分株的生物量和分株数，对高光斑块中分株无显著影响。 第三个实验设计光照和养分交互斑块，以白三叶(Trifolium repens)和多种AM真菌为研究对象，探讨AM真菌及其多样性对克隆分工的影响。将间隔子连接(整合)或断裂(无整合)的白三叶分株对种植于光照强度和土壤养分交互斑块性资源条件下(即，高光低养和低光高养)，向分株对接种灭菌处理、单种或五种AM真菌的菌剂。结果发现，对照处理中，间隔子连接的分株对在光养交互斑块中与间隔子断裂的分株对相比较表现出克隆分工，即高光低养斑块中的分株的根系生物量分配增加，低光高养斑块中的分株的根系生物量分配减少。单菌处理没有影响对照处理中间隔子状态对分株对生物量分配的改变；多菌处理显著减小对照中生物量分配的改变；与单菌处理比较，多菌处理能显著减小生物量分配的改变。在高光低养斑块中，多菌处理显著抑制间隔子断裂分株的根生物量分配的增加。在低光高养斑块中，多菌处理完全抑制在对照处理中间隔子连接的分株的根生物量分配的增加。在对照处理中，间隔子连接分株的单叶面积、总叶面积、叶柄长、根长都与生物量分配趋势一致，表现出对丰富资源的特化。接菌处理能显著抑制这些形态指标的改变。多菌处理显著抑制这些指标的特化，并且抑制效果显著强于单菌处理。间隔子状态和AM真菌处理显著增加高光低养、低光高养斑块中分株及整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数。多菌处理抑制间隔子连接的克隆片段生物量和分株数增加。克隆片段的生物量和分株数在对照和单菌处理间无显著差异，在多菌处理中显著高于在单菌处理中。 以上三个实验说明，(1)AM真菌对克隆植物生长的影响与非克隆植物一样，受到植物种类和环境资源水平的影响；(2)AM真菌对异质性资源环境中克隆植物的影响由于植物不同而产生不同的效应；(3)提高AM真菌的多样性可能增强菌根对克隆植物的作用。 这些研究结果揭示出AM真菌与异质性环境中克隆植物整合作用、非局域反应和克隆分工作用的交互影响，表明克隆生长在生态系统中的重要性可由生物和非生物因素共同决定。

东北茶藨属的分类研究

本文在前人工作的基础上，对薄弱茶藨属植物进行了植物形态分类、叶柄解剖结构及种子脂肪酸成分的综合研究。结果表明：1、刺李属应与茶藨属合并，作为茶藨属下的一个分类等级。２、东北茶藨属分为2亚属、8组，共有14种、2亚种、8变种。其中将R. pauciflorum Turcz. ex Ledeb.降为R. nigrum L.的亚种；将R. palczewskii A. Pojark和R. Liouanum Kitag。分别作为R. spicatum Robs的亚种和变种，将R. repens Bar降为R. triste Pall的变种。3、本属植物叶柄维管束类型为三隙维管束。其维管束形状可以作为划分亚属的依据。2、γ-亚麻酸是本属的特征性成分。本文还详细描述了每个种的形态分类学特征。地理分布和文献考证，并附有每个种的叶片外形图，叶柄横切面解剖图及照片，花部外形图及解剖图。以及分种检索表。

海洋微生物复合制剂对桉树人工林土壤质量的影响

土壤质量维持和改良是农林业生产面临的重要问题。利用海洋枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)3728、3512、海洋木霉(Trichoderma sp.)TF4和少量白三叶草(Trrifolium repens)制成海洋微生物复合制剂,对当年生桉树人工林进行了生物调控试验。结果表明:海洋微生物复合制剂对土壤微生物数量和群落结构具有调节作用;曲霉、木霉、毛霉等与纤维素分解相关的真菌数量增加,镰刀菌数量减少;细菌数量比对照增加1.0倍,其中枯草芽孢杆菌增加2.02倍,蜡样芽孢杆菌增加1.18倍;放线菌数量增加0.3倍;土壤有机质含量、铵态氮含量和速效磷含量增加,土壤中蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脲酶的活性显著提高;施用180d后测定桉树树高和胸径变化,树高净增加量比对照高12.6%,表明海洋微生物复合制剂作为生物调控剂对桉树生长具有一定促进作用。

Chaetopyranin, a benzaldehyde derivative, and other related metabolites from Chaetomium globosum, an endophytic fungus derived from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata

Cultivation of the endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum, which was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata, resulted in the isolation of chaetopyranin (1), a new benzaldehyde secondary metabolite. Ten known compounds were also isolated, including two benzaldehyde congeners, 2-(2 ',3-epoxy-1 ',3 '-heptadienyl)-6-hydroxy- 5-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) benzaldehyde (2) and isotetrahydroauroglaucin (3), two anthraquinone derivatives, erythroglaucin (4) and parietin (5), five asperentin derivatives including asperentin ( 6, also known as cladosporin), 5 '-hydroxy-asperentin-8-methylether (7), asperentin-8-methyl ether (8), 4 '-hydroxyasperentin (9), and 5 '-hydroxyasperentin (10), and the prenylated diketopiperazine congener neoechinulin A (11). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data analysis (H-1, C-13, H-1-H-1 COSY, HMQC, and HMBC NMR, as well as low- and high-resolution mass experiments). To our knowledge, compound 1 represents the first example of a 2H-benzopyran derivative of marine algal-derived fungi as well as of the fungal genus Chaetomium. Each isolate was tested for its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging property. Compounds 1-4 were found to have moderate activity. Chaetopyranin (1) also exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxic activity toward several tumor cell lines.

放牧强度对江河源区垂穗披碱草（Elymus natans）／星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）混播草地群落和高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）的影响

在江河源区披碱草（Elymus natans）／星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）混播人工草地上进行了两个放牧季（2003年6月29日～9月20日和2004年6月29日～9月20日）的牦牛放牧试验，研究了放牧强度对混播草地群落特征和高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）种群密度的影响。结果表明：在两个放牧季内，随着放牧强度的提高，草地群落的盖度、地上现存量和优势种植物（披碱草和星星草）的株高降低，且放牧强度与其呈极显著负相关关系；对照处理组群落的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数最低，中度放牧组最高，该结果支持“中度干扰理论”。随着放牧强度的提高，高原鼠兔的种群密度增加，且放牧强度与其呈极显著的正相关关系；不同放牧强度下群落的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数与高原鼠兔的种群密度之间存在着一定的相关关系。

Effect of annual weeds on the growth of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau, five perennial grass cultivars, Bromus inermis (B), Elymus nutans (E), Clinelymus nutans (C), Agropyron cristatum (A), and Poa crymophila (P) were combined into nine communities with different compositions and ratios, B+C, E+A, B+E+A, E+B+C,C+E+A,B+E+C+A,B+C+A+P,B+E+A+P and E+C+A+P. Each combination was sown in six 10 X 10 m plots with three hand-weeded plots and three natural-growing plots in a completely randomised design in 1998. A field experiment studied the performance of these perennial grass combinations under the competitive interference of annual weeds in 3 consecutive years from 1998 to 2000. The results showed that annual weeds occupied more space and suppressed the growth of the grasses due to earlier germination and quicker growth in the establishment year, but this pattern changed in the second and third years. Leaf area indexes (LAIs) of grasses were greatly decreased by the competitive interference of weeds, and the negative effect of weeds on LAIs of grasses declined and stabilised in the second and third years. E+B+C, B+E+C+A, and B+E+A+P possessed relatively higher LAIs (P < 0.05) among all grass combinations and their LAIs were close to five when the competitive interference of weeds was removed. Grasses were competitively inferior to weeds in the establishment year, although their competitive ability (aggressivities) increased throughout the growing season. In the second and third years, grasses were competitively superior to weeds, and their competitive ability decreased from May until August and increased in September. Dry matter (DM) yields of grasses were reduced by 29.8-74.1% in the establishment year, 11.0-64.9% in the second year, and 16.0-55.8% in the third year by the competitive interference of weeds. B+E+C+A and B+E+A+P can produce around 14 t/ha of DM yields, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the production of the other grass combinations in the second and third years after the competitive interference of weeds was removed. It was preliminarily concluded that removal of competitive interference of weeds increased the LAIs of all grass swards and improved the light interception of grasses, thus promoting the production of perennial grass pastures. The germination stage of the grasses in the establishment year was the critical period for weeding and suppression of weeds should occur at an early stage of plant growth. The grass combinations of B+E+C+A and B+E+A+P were productive and can be extensively established in the alpine regions of the Tibetan Plateau. Two or three growing seasons will be needed before determining success of establishment of grass mixtures under the alpine conditions of the Tibetan Plateau.

Productivity and persistence of perennial grass mixtures under competition from annual weeds in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau four indigenous perennial grass species Bromus inermis (BI), Elymus sibiricus (ES), Elymus nutans (EN) and Agropyron cristatum (AC) were cultivated as three mixtures with different compositions and seeding rates, BI + EN, BI + ES + AC and BI + ES + EN + AC. From 1998 to 2001 there were three different weeding treatments: never weeded (CK); weeded on three occasions in the first year (1-y) and weeded on three occasions in both the first and second year (2-y) and their effect of grass combination and interactions on sward productivity and persistence was measured. Intense competitive interference by weedy annuals reduced dry matter (DM) yield of the swards. Grass combination significantly affected sward DM yields, leaf area index (LAI) and foliar canopy cover and also species composition DM and LAI, and species plant cover. Interaction between weeding treatments and grass combination was significant for sward DM yield, LAI and canopy cover, but not on species composition for DM, LAI or species plant cover. Grass mixture BI + ES + EN + AC gave the highest sward DM yield and LAI for both weeding and non-weeding treatments. Species ES and EN were competitively superior to the others. Annual weedy forbs must be controlled to obtain productive and stable mixtures of perennial grasses, and germination/emergence is the most important time for removal. Weeding three times (late May, late June and mid-July) in the establishment year is enough to maintain the production and persistence of perennial grass mixtures in the following growing seasons. Extra weeding three times in the second growing year makes only a slight improvement in productivity.

Influence of grazing intensity on performance of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau

Effects of grazing intensity on leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn), specific leaf area (SLA), individual tiller density, sward leaf area index (LAI), harvested herbage DM, and species composition in grass mixtures (Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis, Elymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum and Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum) were studied in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau. Four grazing intensities (GI), expressed as feed utilisation rates (UR) by Tibetan lambs were imposed as follows: (1) no grazing; (2) 30% UR as light grazing; (3) 50% UR as medium grazing; and (4) 70% UR as high grazing. Leaf Pn rate and tiller density of grasses increased (P < 0.05), while sward LAI and harvested herbage DM declined (P < 0.05) with the increments of GI, although no effect of GI on SLA was observed. With increasing GI, Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans increased but Bromus inermis and Agropyron cristatum decreased in swards, LAI and DM contribution. Whether being grazed or not, Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum was the most productive sward among the grass mixtures. Thus, two well-performed grass species (Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans) and the most productive mixture of four species should be investigated further as the new feed resources in the alpine grazing system of the Tibetan Plateau. Light grazing intensity of 30% UR was recommended for these grass mixtures when swards, LAI, herbage DM harvested, and species compatibility were taken into account.

喀斯特山区先锋植物叶片解剖特征及其生态适应性评价——以贵州花江峡谷区为例

通过研究贵州西南部典型喀斯特植被退化区花江峡谷植被现状，选取具一定经济价值和推广价值的先锋植物，采用生物显微制片技术与数理统计方法相结合，报导了6科10种分属不同生活型的植物叶片的解剖结构特征，并进行了比较和解剖因子分析。结果表明研究区喀斯特先锋植物叶片在不同种类之间具有明显差异，这些差异除受遗传因子控制外，环境因子(主要为光照和水分)也有重要作用；生活型不同对先锋植物叶片特征有一定影响，但未表现出规律性。根据叶片适应特征的差异，10种先锋植物可分为3种类型，即旱生或阳生叶类型的构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)、火棘(pyracantha fortuneana)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)；偏中生叶类型(香椿的Toona sirensis)、顶坛花椒(Zanthaxylum pinum var．dingtanensis)、黔滇木蓝(In-digofera esquirolii)、忍冬(Lomicera japonica)、紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)；偏阴生叶类型的繁缕(Stellaria media)。

A potencialidade de Agropyron, espécie afim ao trigo cultivado, como fonte de introgressão de genes agronomicamente importantes.

2001

Manual de identificação de doenças e fungos em Arachis spp.

Plantas do gênero Arachis são conhecidas da humanidade há cerca de 8 mil anos. O termo amendoim é originário de mãdu?bi, da língua tupi. As espécies forrageiras são comumente chamadas de amendoim forrageiro ou até grama amendoim no Brasil. A espécie Arachis pintoi Krapovickas & Gregory, exclusivamente forrageira, vem sendo cada vez mais usada para pastejo de animais devido à quantidade de proteínas e biomassa produzida, além do uso na jardinagem e paisagismo em áreas urbanas e rurais. Essa preferência pela espécie baseia-se em longo histórico de sucesso em outros países para a finalidade a que se destina. Outras espécies encontradas nesse gênero e utilizadas em programas de melhoramento genético de amendoim forrageiro para a produção de proteína a baixo custo são Arachis repens Handro, Arachis glabrata Benth., Arachis valsii Miotto, Arachis appressipila Krapov & W. C. Greg. e Arachis helodes Mart. ex Krapov. & Rigoni. Algumas doenças fúngicas afetam A. pintoi quando este se encontra estabelecido no campo ou em viveiro, casas de vegetação ou telado. No entanto, fungos que ocorrem nas sementes têm importante papel na disseminação de doença a longa distância e no estabelecimento de plantas de amendoim forrageiro no campo seja para multiplicação ou para uso definitivo. O conhecimento da diversidade de fungos fitopatogênicos e saprófitas que ocorrem em Arachis spp. é de fundamental relevância para os trabalhos de diagnósticos, para a emissão de certificados fitossanitários de origem, certificados fitossanitários, ações de defesa vegetal, segurança no trabalho e para o controle de doenças. Desse modo, foi elaborado este Manual que, além de ser um guia ilustrado para a identificação de doenças, também traz informações de como isolar e caracterizar taxonomicamente os fungos associados ao amendoim forrageiro. Esta publicação é destinada aos produtores, estudantes, professores, pesquisadores, técnicos e todos aqueles que se interessam pela cultura do amendoim forrageiro nos campos e nas cidades, em atividades produtivas, educacionais e de extensão.

Determinación de la producción de forraje y la calidad nutricional de diferentes secuencias de cultivos anuales invernales

El contexto actual que enfrentan los productores lecheros, caracterizado por un incremento de los costos de producción y una fuerte presión de la agricultura sobre la actividad tambo, hace que deban incrementar la productividad para poder mantener la rentabilidad de sus explotaciones. Aumentos en la productividad pueden lograrse mediante el incremento de la cantidad de forraje producido y utilizado por hectárea, por ejemplo implementando rotaciones forrajeras complementarias (CFR). Los objetivos del siguiente trabajo fueron comparar la oferta forrajera y la calidad nutricional de los cultivos anuales invernales que componen las CFR, frente a otros de mayor tradicion en la pampa húmeda. Se evaluó la cantidad de materia seca producida por hectárea (tn MS ha-1) de tres tratamientos: colza forrajera (Brassica rapa) - trebol persa (Trifolium repesinatum), avena (Avena sativa) y raigras anual (Lolium multiflorum). Se tomaron muestras de cada cultivo para la determinacion de la calidad nutricional: proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA) y se estimó la digestibilidad de la materia seca (DMS). El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos aleatorizados con tres repeticiones. Los cultivos se sembraron a fines de marzo, se realizaron tres cortes con destino a pastoreo y un cuarto con destino a silaje para la avena y el raigras anual. En el caso de la colza forrajera, solo fue factible realizar dos cosechas debido a un pobre segundo rebrote posiblemente atribuído a la falta de precipitaciones durante ese período. Asimismo, el trébol persa intersembrado luego de la segunda cosecha de la colza, no logró germinar debido a las mismas condiciones expuestas anteriormente. Los tratamientos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y cuando correspondió, se realizó una prueba de comparaciones multiples (Tukey p . 0,05) para determinar las diferencias entre las medias. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo demostraron que la oferta forrajera total del tratamiento colza forrajera fue significativamente menor a los tratamientos avena y raigras anual (p . 0,05) debido principalmente al deficit hídrico que generó la pérdida de la tercer cosecha de colza forrajera y la falla en la siembra del trebol persa. En cuanto a la calidad forrajera, se observaron menores valores de FDN, FDA y consecuentemente mayor DMS para el tratamiento colza forrajera, sin embargo para PC no se hallaron resultados consistentes como para los casos anteriores. Los resultados han sido promisorios considerando que la oferta forrajera y calidad nutricional de los dos primeros cortes del tratamiento colza forrajera igualaron a la avena y raigras. Serán necesarias nuevas experiencias en secano y también bajo riego con el fin de generar mas informacion sobre estas especies.