Motor Vehicle Accident Fatalities for the Week Ending, May 5, 2006

Record of the Fatalities for Motor Vehicle Accidents in Iowa per week.

Ammonia toxicity to the brain: effects on creatine metabolism and transport and protective roles of creatine.

Hyperammonemia can provoke irreversible damage to the developing brain, with the formation of cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement, demyelination or gray and white matter hypodensities. Among the various pathogenic mechanisms involved, alterations in cerebral energy have been demonstrated. In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8). On the other hand, it is known that creatine administration can exert protective effects in various neurodegenerative processes. We could also show that creatine co-treatment under ammonia exposure can protect developing brain cells from some of the deleterious effects of ammonia, in particular axonal growth impairment. This article focuses on the effects of ammonia exposure on creatine metabolism and transport in developing brain cells, and on the potential neuroprotective properties of creatine in the brain exposed to ammonium.

Ammonium alters creatine transport and synthesis in a 3D culture of developing brain cells, resulting in secondary cerebral creatine deficiency.

Hyperammonemic disorders in pediatric patients lead to poorly understood irreversible effects on the developing brain that may be life-threatening. We showed previously that some of these NH4+-induced irreversible effects might be due to impairment of axonal growth that can be protected under ammonium exposure by creatine co-treatment. The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure. Reaggregated brain cell three-dimensional cultures exposed to NH4Cl were used as an experimental model of hyperammonemia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). We show here that NH4+ exposure differentially alters AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 regulation, in terms of both gene expression and protein activity, in a cell type-specific manner. In particular, we demonstrate that NH4+ exposure decreases both creatine and its synthesis intermediate, guanidinoacetate, in brain cells, probably through the inhibition of AGAT enzymatic activity. Our work also suggests that oligodendrocytes are major actors in the brain in terms of creatine synthesis, trafficking and uptake, which might be affected by hyperammonemia. Finally, we show that NH4+ exposure induces SLC6A8 in astrocytes. This suggests that hyperammonemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability for creatine. This is normally limited due to the absence of SLC6A8 from the astrocyte feet lining microcapillary endothelial cells, and thus creatine supplementation may protect the developing CNS of hyperammonemic patients.

Viljan luovutusvelvollisuus

Puhe

Saúde e imigrantes: as representações e as práticas sobre a saúde e a doença na Comunidade Cabo-Verdiana em Lisboa

Este trabalho de investigação constitui uma aproximação sociológica no âmbito da saúde internacional e no contexto da sociologia da saúde, em particular da saúde dos migrantes, relativamente às suas representações e práticas de saúde e de doença. O objecto de investigação centra-se na análise das questões sobre a saúde e a doença dos imigrantes a partir de uma perspectiva sociológica. O estudo teve como principal objectivo compreender – através de relatos pessoais – a forma como os indivíduos entendem a saúde e a doença no campo das representações sociais de saúde e analisar os seus comportamentos em termos das suas práticas de saúde e de doença. Pretendeu-se estabelecer uma análise comparativa dos dados de forma a fazer sobressair semelhanças e/ou divergências das representações e das práticas de saúde e de doença dos entrevistados. A nossa intenção era verificar se elas se deviam a factores socioeconómicos, a factores culturais e de identidade étnica, ou à combinação de ambos. No plano teórico, o trabalho aqui apresentado enquadra-se em várias áreas das Ciências Sociais, (sociologia da saúde, sociologia das migrações e antropologia da saúde). A hipótese geral centrava-se na ideia de que as representações e as práticas de saúde e de doença destes imigrantes se inscreviam num quadro particular onde apareciam interferências do carácter cultural e da pertença étnica. Estas dimensões podiam no entanto, variar consoante os contextos socioeconómicos. A hipótese pressupunha que os imigrantes apresentariam perfis distintos no que se refere à autoavaliação e percepção do estado de saúde, às representações, crenças e atitudes face à saúde e à doença, às experiências e comportamentos, aos estilos de vida e às práticas de saúde e percursos de doença. O estudo foi efectuado junto de uma amostra de 40 indivíduos cabo-verdianos da «primeira geração» em Portugal, mais precisamente os que residem na região de Lisboa, a qual para efeitos de análise foi dividida em diferentes grupos: grupo social (grupo popular e grupo de elite), geração (mais jovens e mais velhos) e género (homens e mulheres), (20 pessoas em cada grupo). Optámos por uma metodologia qualitativa através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas para recolha da informação. O tratamento dos dados consistiu na análise de conteúdo temática das entrevistas e na identificação de diferenças e semelhanças entre e intra cada um dos subgrupos. A análise dos resultados comprova a existência de diferenças entre os grupos sociais relativamente às representações e práticas de saúde e de doença. Elas foram determinadas mais pelos factores socioeconómicos do que pelos aspectos culturais e de etnicidade. Essas diferenças fizeram também sobressair dois tipos de visão: uma cosmopolita e outra existencial. Na primeira estamos perante uma visão mais articulada ao mundo e que se relaciona com as ideias expressas pelo grupo de elite e na segunda uma visão existencial, mais ligada às condições materiais de existência e que corresponde às representações feitas pelo grupo popular. Foi demonstrado que os indivíduos mais velhos do grupo popular encaravam a saúde e a doença de forma semelhante ao «modelo biomédico», enquanto os do grupo de elite iam mais ao encontro do «modelo biopsico- social». As representações de saúde e de doença traduziram-se em definições que foram desde o orgânico ao social. O primeiro correspondia ao discurso do grupo popular que restringia mais a saúde a aspectos fisiológicos e o segundo ao do grupo de elite, que encarava a saúde e a doença enquanto fenómenos mais globais e externos aos indivíduos. Também se evidenciou, quando da análise dos dados, ao nível dos subgrupos de género e geração no seio do mesmo grupo social, que as diferenças eram menos evidentes entre eles do que as que encontrámos quando comparámos os subgrupos separadamente por grupos sociais distintos. Quanto ao grupo estudado, apesar da heterogeneidade verificada entre os seus membros, particularmente no que se refere aos factores socioeconómicos, observou-se que existia um aspecto unificador decorrente das suas heranças culturais. Em geral, os indivíduos sobrevalorizaram a sua identidade étnica e a cultura de origem comum. A pertença a grupos sociais diferentes, mas a uma mesma cultura e identidade, dá origem a uma partilha do sentimento de pertença cultural, mas não a comportamentos e práticas idênticos. Pretende-se, por fim, contribuir para o conhecimento dos imigrantes enquanto cidadãos e indicar a necessidade de reajustar as estruturas de saúde às transformações multiculturais, que neste momento são vividas a rápidos ritmos de mudança.

Creatine and guanidinoacetate transport at blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers.

While it was thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, AGAT and GAMT are well expressed in CNS where brain cells synthesize creatine. While the creatine transporter SLC6A8 is expressed by microcapillary endothelial cells (MCEC) at blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is absent from their surrounding astrocytes. This raised the concept that BBB has a limited permeability for peripheral creatine, and that the brain supplies a part of its creatine by endogenous synthesis. This review brings together the latest data on creatine and guanidinoacetate transport through BBB and blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) with the clinical evidence of AGAT-, GAMT- and SLC6A8-deficient patients, in order to delineate a clearer view on the roles of BBB and BCSFB in the transport of creatine and guanidinoacetate between periphery and CNS, and on brain synthesis and transport of creatine. It shows that in physiological conditions, creatine is taken up by CNS from periphery through SLC6A8 at BBB, but in limited amounts, and that CNS also needs its own creatine synthesis. No uptake of guanidinoacetate from periphery occurs at BBB except under GAMT deficiency, but a net exit of guanidinoacetate seems to occur from CSF to blood at BCSFB, predominantly through the taurine transporter TauT.

Creatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brain.

Creatine deficiency syndromes, due to deficiencies in AGAT, GAMT (creatine synthesis pathway) or SLC6A8 (creatine transporter), lead to complete absence or very strong decrease of creatine in CNS as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain is the main organ affected in creatine-deficient patients, who show severe neurodevelopmental delay and present neurological symptoms in early infancy. AGAT- and GAMT-deficient patients can be treated by oral creatine supplementation which improves their neurological status, while this treatment is inefficient on SLC6A8-deficient patients. While it has long been thought that most, if not all, of brain creatine was of peripheral origin, the past years have brought evidence that creatine can cross blood-brain barrier, however, only with poor efficiency, and that CNS must ensure parts of its creatine needs by its own endogenous synthesis. Moreover, we showed very recently that in many brain structures, including cortex and basal ganglia, AGAT and GAMT, while found in every brain cell types, are not co-expressed but are rather expressed in a dissociated way. This suggests that to allow creatine synthesis in these structures, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, most probably through SLC6A8. This new understanding of creatine metabolism and transport in CNS will not only allow a better comprehension of brain consequences of creatine deficiency syndromes, but will also contribute to better decipher creatine roles in CNS, not only in energy as ATP regeneration and buffering, but also in its recently suggested functions as neurotransmitter or osmolyte.

La significación de un medio innovador local dentro de la industria de fabricación de muebles de Galicia: A Estrada (Pontevedra)

En este trabajo intentamos comprobar, entre otros factores, la configuración de medios innovadores a escala local, donde se forma una red de empresas, se aplica un saber tradicional, una cultura y un capital social que se adapta perfectamente a los mercados internacionales más competitivos. Concretamente, el municipio objeto de estudio, A Estrada (Pontevedra), presenta un desarrollo económico apoyado en la fabricación de muebles.

Creatine deficiency syndomes : a new model of partial GAMT deficiency affecting brain cell development

Les syndromes de déficiences cérébrales en créatine (CCDS) sont dus à des mutations dans les gènes GATM et G AMT (codant pour les enzymes AGAT et G AMT de la voie de synthèse de créatine) ainsi que SLC6A8 (transporteur de créatine), et génèrent une absence ou une très forte baisse de créatine (Cr) dans le cerveau, mesurée par spectroscopic de résonance magnétique. Les patients CCDS développent des handicaps neurologiques sévères. Les patients AGAT et GAMT peuvent être traités avec des doses importantes de Cr, mais gardent dans la plupart des cas des séquelles neurologiques irréversibles. Aucun traitement efficace n'existe à ce jour pour la déficience en SLC6A8. Bien que de nombreux modèles aient été développés pour comprendre la Cr cérébrale en conditions physiologiques, les pathomécanismes des CCDS ne sont pas encore compris. Des souris transgéniques pour les gènes Gatm, Gamt et Slc6a8 ont été générées, mais elles ne miment que partiellement la pathologie humaine. Parmi les CCDS, la déficience en GAMT est la plus sévère, en raison de l'accumulation cérébrale de l'intermédiaire guanidinoacétate (GAA). Alors que la toxicité cérébrale du GAA a été étudiée par exposition directe au GAA d'animaux adultes sains, les mécanismes de la toxicité du GAA en condition de déficience en GAMT dans le cerveau en développement sont encore inconnus. Le but de ce projet était donc de développer un modèle de déficience en GAMT dans des cultures 3D primaires de cellules nerveuses de rat en agrégats par knock-down du gène GAMT, en utilisant un virus adéno-associé (AAV) induisant le mécanisme d'interférence à l'ARN (RNAi). Le virus scAAV2, à la multiplicité d'infection de 1000, s'est révélé le plus efficace pour transduire tous les types de cellules nerveuses des cultures (neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes), et générer un knock-down maximal de la protéine GAMT de 85% (jour in vitro 18). Cette déficience partielle en GAMT s'est révélée insuffisante pour générer une déficience en Cr, mais a causé l'accumulation attendue de GAA, à des doses comparables aux niveaux observés dans le LCR des patients GAMT. Le GAA a induit une croissance axonale anarchique accompagnée d'une baisse de l'apoptose naturelle, suivis par une induction tardive de mort cellulaire non-apoptotique. Le co-traitement par la Cr a prévenu tous les effets toxiques du GAA. Ce travail montre que l'accumulation de GAA en absence de déficience en Cr est suffisante pour affecter le développement du tissu nerveux, et suggère que des formes de déficiences en GAMT supplémentaires, ne présentant pas de déficiences en Cr, pourraient être découvertes par mesure du GAA, en particulier à travers les programmes récemment proposés de dépistage néonatal de la déficience en GAMT. -- Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDS) are caused by mutations in the genes GATM and GAMT (respectively coding for the two enzymes of the creatine synthetic pathway, AGAT and GAMT) as well as SLC6A8 (creatine transporter), and lead to the absence or very strong decrease of creatine (Cr) in the brain when measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Affected patients show severe neurological impairments. While AGAT and GAMT deficient patients can be treated with high dosages of Cr, most remain with irreversible brain sequelae. No treatment has been successful so far for SLC6A8 deficiency. While many models have helped understanding the cerebral Cr pathways in physiological conditions, the pathomechanisms underlying CCDS are yet to be elucidated. Transgenic mice carrying mutations in the Gatm, Gamt and Slc6a8 genes have been developed, but only partially mimic the human pathology. Among CCDS, GAMT deficiency is the most severe, due to the CNS accumulation of the guanidinoacetate (GAA) intermediate. While brain toxicity of GAA has been explored through direct GAA exposure of adult healthy animals, the mechanisms underlying GAA toxicity in GAMT deficiency conditions on the developing CNS are yet unknown. The aim of this project was thus to develop and characterize a GAMT deficiency model in developing brain cells by gene knockdown, by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-driven RNA interference (RNAi) in rat 3D organotypic primary brain cell cultures in aggregates. scAAV2 with a multiplicity of infection of 1000 was shown as the most efficient serotype, was able to transduce all brain cell types (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) and to induce a maximal GAMT protein knockdown of 85% (day in vitro 18). Metabolite analysis showed that partial GAMT knockdown was insufficient to induce Cr deficiency but generated the awaited GAA accumulation at concentrations comparable to the levels observed in cerebrospinal fluid of GAMT-deficient patients. Accumulated GAA induced axonal hypersprouting paralleled with inhibition of natural apoptosis, followed by a later induction in non-apoptotic cell death. Cr supplementation led to the prevention of all GAA-induced toxic effects. This work shows that GAA accumulation without Cr deficiency is sufficient to affect CNS development, and suggests that additional partial GAMT deficiencies, which may not show the classical brain Cr deficiency, may be discovered through GAA measurement including by recently proposed neonatal screening programs for GAMT deficiency.

Socio-Cultural Transformation and the Promotion of Learning

The main premise of Vygotsky’s cultural-historical theory is that to promotelearning, and thus development, educators must intervene in, and change, the students’ socio-cultural context. Vygotsky’s theory, however, has been misinterpreted and the opposite approach has been accepted: the teaching is adapted, according to the context. The result is widespread failure in schools. This article reclaims the true transformative meaning of Vygotskian theory and shows how successful schools in several countries implement various actions to transform their social and cultural environment. Data is presented from six casestudies of successful schools conducted in five European countries. The analysis showsthat these actions improve instrumental learning and, consequently, cognitive development. All these efforts focus on teaching methods that aim to increase the amount that students learn

Ristiriitainen lapsilukija : suhtautuminen lasten lukemisharrastukseen 1940–50 -lukujen Kirjastolehdissä

Abstrakti

L'Univers

1877/08/23 (Numéro 3606).

Anthologium epigrammatum Graecorum 1:2

Painovuosi nimekkeestä.

L'Écho de Paris

1894/04/10 (Numéro 3606).