The far West, or, A tour beyond the mountains : embracing outlines of western life and scenery ; sketches of the prairies, rivers, ancient mounds, early settlements of the French, etc.

Mode of access: Internet.

The New England gazetteer; containing descriptions of all the states, counties and towns in New England: also descriptions of the principal mountains, rivers, lakes, capes, bays, harbors, islands, and fashionable resorts within that territory.

Mode of access: Internet.

The New England gazetteer : containing descriptions of all the states, counties and towns in New England, also descriptions of the principal mountains, rivers, lakes, capes, bays, harbors, islands, and fashionable resorts within that territory alphabetically arranged /

Mode of access: Internet.

Darby's edition of Brooke's Universal gazetteer, or, A new geographical dictionary : containing a description of the empires, kingdoms, states, provinces, cities, towns, forts, seas, harbours, rivers, lakes, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world ... to which are added, the Constitution of the United States, and the constitutions of the respective states : illustrated by a neat coloured map of the United States.

Includes "Constitutional law : comprising the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States and the constitutions of the several states composing the Union": 139 p. at end.

Pollution of navigable waters : hearings before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, seventy-first Congress, second session on H.R. 10625, a bill to amend the Oil pollution act of 1924.

"Part 1, May 2, 3, and 26, 1930."

Enhanced analytical methodologies for environmental studies of metal pollution in rivers and estuaries.

280 p.

Phytoplankton ecology of subarctic lakes in Finnish Lapland

Climate is warming and it is especially seen in arctic areas, where the warming trend is expected to be greatest. Arctic freshwater ecosystems, which are a very characteristic feature of the arctic landscape, are especially sensitive to climate change. They could be used as early warning systems, but more information about the ecosystem functioning and responses are needed for proper interpretation of the observations. Phytoplankton species and assemblages could be especially suitable for climate-related studies, since they have short generation times and react rapidly to changes in the environment. In addition, phytoplankton provides a good tool for lake classifications, since different species have different requirements and tolerance ranges for various environmental factors. The use of biological indicators is especially useful in arctic areas, were many of the chemical factors commonly fall under the detection limit and therefore do not provide much information about the environment. This work brings new information about species distribution and dynamics of arctic freshwater phytoplankton in relation to environmental factors. The phytoplankton of lakes in Finnish Lapland and other European high-altitude or high-latitude areas were compared. Most lakes were oligotrophic and dominated by flagellated species belonging to chrysophytes, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates. In Finnish Lapland cryptophytes were of less importance, whereas desmids had high species richness in many of the lakes. In Pan-European scale, geographical and catchment-related factors were explaining most of the differences in species distributions between different districts, whereas lake water chemistry (especially conductivity, SiO2 and pH) was most important regionally. Seasonal and interannual variation of phytoplankton was studied in subarctic Lake Saanajärvi. Characteristic phytoplankton species in this oligotrophic, dimictic lake belonged mainly to chrysophytes and diatoms. The maximum phytoplankton biomass in Lake Saanajärvi occurs during autumn, while spring biomass is very low. During years with heavy snow cover the lake suffers from pH drop caused by melt waters, but the effects of this acid pulse are restricted to surface layers and last for a relatively short period. In addition to some chemical parameters (mainly Ca and nutrients), length of the mixing cycle and physical factors such as lake water temperature and thermal stability of water column had major impact on phytoplankton dynamics. During a year with long and strong thermal stability, the phytoplankton community developed towards an equilibrium state, with heavy dominance of only a few taxa for a longer period of time. During a year with higher windiness and less thermal stability, the species composition was more diverse and species with different functional strategies were able to occur simultaneously. The results of this work indicate that although arctic lakes in general share many common features concerning their catchment and water chemistry, large differences in biological features can be found even in a relatively small area. Most likely the lakes with very different algal flora do not respond in a similar way to differences in the environmental factors, and more information about specific arctic lake types is needed. The results also show considerable year to year differences in phytoplankton species distribution and dynamics, and these changes are most likely linked to climatic factors.

Nutrient dynamics and the eutrophication of shallow lakes Kasumigaura (Japan), Donghu (PR China), and Okeechobee (USA)

We compared the nutrient dynamics of three lakes that have been heavily influenced by point and non-point source pollution and other human activities. The lakes, located in Japan (Lake Kasumigaura), People's Republic of China (Lake Donghu), and the USA (Lake Okeechobee), all are relatively large(>30 km(2)), very shallow (<4 m mean depth), and eutrophic. In all three lakes we found strong interactions among the sediments, water column, and human activities. Important processes affecting nutrient dynamics included nitrogen fixation, light limitation due to resuspended sediments, and intense grazing on algae by cultured fish. As a result of these complex interactions, simple empirical models developed to predict in-lake responses of total phosphorus and algal biomass to external nutrient loads must be used with caution. While published models may provide 'good' results, in terms of model output matching actual data, this may not be due to accurate representation of lake processes in the models. The variable nutrient dynamics that we observed among the three study lakes appears to be typical for shallow lake systems. This indicates that a greater reliance on lake-specific research may be required for effective management, and a lesser role of inter-lake generalization than is possible for deeper, dimictic lake systems. Furthermore, accurate predictions of management impacts in shallow eutrophic lakes may require the use of relatively complex deterministic modeling tools. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determining the Reaeration Coefficient and Hydrodynamic Properties of Rivers Using Inert Gas Tracers

Various contaminants which can be aerobically degraded find their way directly or indirectly into surface water bodies. The reaeration coefficient (K2) characterises the rate at which oxygen can transfer from the atmosphere across the air-water interface following oxygen depletion in a water body. Other mechanisms (like advection, dispersion and transient storage) determine how quickly the contaminants can spread in the water, affecting their spatial and temporal concentrations. Tracer methods involving injection of a gas into the water body have traditionally been used for direct (in-situ) measurement of K2 in a given reach. This paper shows how additional modelling of tracer test results can be used to quantify also hydrodynamic mechanisms (e.g. dispersion and storage exchange coefficients, etc.). Data from three tracer tests conducted in the River Lagan (Northern Ireland) using an inert gas (krypton, Kr) are re-analysed using two solute transport models (ADM, TSM) and an inverse-modelling framework (OTIS-P). Results for K2 are consistent with previously published values for this reach (K2(20)~10-40 d-1). The storage area constituted 30-60% of the main cross-section area and the storage exchange rate was between 2.5×10-3-3.2×10-3s-1. The additional hydrodynamic parameters obtained give insight into transport and dispersion mechanisms within the reach.

Pollution and pollutant transport in the geosphere - An introduction to the symposium

Environmental research in earth sciences is focused on the geosphere, i.e. (1) waters and sediments of rivers, lakes and oceans, and (2) soils and underlying shallow rock formations,both water-unsaturated and -saturated. The subsurface is studied down to greater depths at sites where waste repositories or tunnels are planned and mining activities exist. In recent years, earth scientists have become more and more involved in pollution problems related to their classical field of interest, e.g. groundwater, ore deposits, or petroleum and non-metal natural deposits (gravel, clay, cement precursors). Major pollutants include chemical substances, radioactive isotopes and microorganisms. Mechanisms which govern the transport of pollutants are of physical, chemical (dissolution, precipitation, adsorption), or microbiological (transformation) nature. Land-use planning must reflect a sustainable development and sound scientific criteria. Today's environmental pollution requires working teams with an interdisciplinary background in earth sciences, hydrology, chemistry, biology, physics as well as engineering. This symposium brought together for the first time in Switzerland earth and soil scientists, physicists and chemists, to present and discuss environmental issues concerning the geosphere.

Alternativa productiva para el aprovechamiento del residuo cachaza

Este trabajo de investigación, busca ofrecer al sector panelero de Colombia nuevas estrategias eco-eficientes y amigables con el medio ambiente, en pro de fortalecer las buenas prácticas agrícolas, que contribuyan con la gestión óptima de los residuos que se crean alrededor de la cadena de producción de la panela. Teniendo en cuenta que la obtención de desechos tanto orgánicos como inorgánicos, genera un impacto medioambiental negativo, se pudo identificar una de estas fuentes de contaminación, a través de un proceso de observación. Ésta es conocida como la Cachaza, la cual se genera dentro de un procedimiento denominado Limpieza del Dulce de Caña. Inicialmente, la caña se muele a través de una trituradora que exprime dulce sin tratamiento, el cual pasa por un ducto hasta regarse sobre una primera paila, donde se le aplica balso. Por medio del calor que produce una hornilla sobre la que se coloca dicha paila, se realiza un proceso de separación, el residuo consolidado en una espuma espesa, comienza a flotar por encima del dulce, siendo extraída a medida que va saliendo y depositada en otros recipientes. Considerando constantes prácticas como el vertimiento de la Cachaza sobre algunas fuentes hídricas (ríos, lagunas, etc.) y cultivos de caña ya fermentados (que elaboran nutrientes negativos sobre los mismos); se profundizará sobre los diferentes impactos ambientales que se originan en éste proceso agroindustrial. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo de investigación, consiste en la implementación de un proyecto de logística inversa, formulando estrategias para el procesamiento de la Cachaza a implementar en un trapiche de la zona de Rio negro a fin de reutilizar este residuo generando subproductos que aporten a la mitigación del impacto ambiental, dando así un valor agregado a toda la cadena. Mediante un análisis costo beneficio se evaluará qué tan fácil o difícil resulta la implementación de dicho proyecto, el cual al incluir un proceso adicional a la cadena de producción de la panela generara un suplemento alimenticio para los equinos y aprovechara el 100% de sus residuos a muy bajo costo.

The a-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in Australia

Green vegetable consumption has long been considered to have health benefits mainly due to the vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients (such as vitamin C, folate, antioxidants etc) contained in a vegetable-rich diet. Additionally, green vegetables are known to contain a relatively high proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). However, there are no data available on the fatty acid composition and concentration of green vegetables commonly consumed in Australia. The present study determined the fatty acid content of 11 green vegetables that are commonly available in Australia. The total fatty acid concentrations of the vegetables under study ranged from 44 mg/100 g wet weight in Chinese cabbage to 372 mg/100 g in watercress. There were three PUFAs in all vegetables analyzed; these were 16:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 fatty acids. Sample vegetables contained significant quantities of 16:3n-3 and 18:3n-3, ranging from 23 to 225 mg/100 g. Watercress and mint contained the highest amounts of 16:3n-3 and 18:3n-3, and parsley had the highest amount of 18:2n-6 in both percentage composition and concentration. Mint had the highest concentration of 18:3n-3 with a value of 195 mg/100 g, while watercress contained the highest concentration of 16:3n-3 at 45 mg/100 g. All 11 green vegetables contained a high proportion of PUFAs, ranging from 59 to 72% of total fatty acids. The omega-3 PUFA composition ranged from 40 to 62% of total fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acid composition was less than 6% of total fatty acids. The proportion of saturated fatty acids ranged from 21% in watercress and mint to 32% of total fatty acids in Brussels sprouts. No eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were detected in any of the samples. Consumption of green vegetables could contribute to 18:3n-3 PUFA intake, especially for vegetarian populations.

Potential Role of Adenosine Signaling in Acetic Acid Activation of Murine Sensory Neurons

Chronic respiratory illnesses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and acute changes in respiratory function often lead to hospitalization. Air pollution is known to exacerbate asthma, but the molecular mechanisms of this are poorly understood. The current studies were aimed at clarifying the roles of nerve subtypes and purinergic receptors in respiratory reflex responses following exposure to irritants. In C57Bl/6J female mice, inspired adenosine produced sensory irritation, shown to be mediated mostly by A-delta fibers. Secondly, the response to inhaled acetic acid was discovered to be dually influenced by C and A-delta fibers, as indicated by the observed effects of capsaicin pretreatment, which selectively destroys TRPV1-expressing fibers (mostly C fibers) and pretreatment with theophylline, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. The responses to both adenosine and acetic acid were enhanced in the ovalbumin-allergic airway disease model, although the particular pathway altered is still unknown.

Fluoro-sensing applied to detection and identification of hydrocarbons in inland waters. Study of the impact of different UV light sources

This paper presents the detection and identification of hydrocarbons through flu oro-sensing by developing a simple and inexpensive detector for inland water, in contrast to current systems, designed to be used for marine waters at large distances and being extremely costly. To validate the proposed system, three test-benches have been mounted, with various UV-Iight sources. Main application of this system would be detect hydrocarbons pollution in rivers, lakes or dams, which in fact, is of growing interest by administrations.

Organic carbon and amino acid concentration of Karelian shungite rocks from the lake Onego area, Russia

The study of amino acids in the Precambrian shungite rocks of Karelia showed that their contents vary within 25-89 µg/g depending on proportions between shungite and mineral components. It was established that the amino acids exhibit an excess of L-enantiomers. In the shungite rocks, they form organomineral complexes with silica and aluminosilicates, being built in the globular structure of shungite matter. There are several sources of amino acids in shungites: secondary synthesis, microbial pollution, and original amino acids of organic matter in shungite rocks.