The effect of a healthy lifestyle programme on 8-9 year olds from social disadvantage

Aims: This study assessed the efficacy of a school-based healthy lifestyle intervention (Sport for LIFE) for increasing physical activity, decreasing sedentary behaviour, reducing screen time behaviour, encouraging healthy attitudes and behaviour to nutrition, and reducing body mass index (BMI) in 8–9-year-old primary school children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds in Northern Ireland.

Methods: A non-randomised controlled trial of 416 children from 24 schools took part. Schools were randomly assigned to one of two groups, an intervention or control group with 12 schools in each group. The intervention group received a 12-week school-based programme based on social cognitive theory. At baseline and follow-up, groups completed questionnaires assessing physical activity, screen time behaviour and dietary patterns. On each occasion anthropometric assessments of height and weight were taken. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by accelerometry.

Results Significant effects were observed for vigorous, moderate and light activity for the intervention group at follow-up. Sedentary behaviour was significantly reduced for the intervention group but not for the control group. No significant effects of the intervention on BMI, screen time behaviour or attitudes to nutrition, with the exception of non-core foods, were shown.

Conclusions: The programme was effective in increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour, however no significant changes in screen time behaviour and attitude to nutrition, with the exception of non-core foods, were observed. Future research ideas are offered for tackling low levels of physical activity in children.

Energy expenditure during activity in the American lobster Homarus americanus:Correlations with body acceleration

How animals manage time and expend energy has implications for survivorship. Being able to measure key metabolic costs of animals under natural conditions is therefore an important tool in behavioral ecology. One method for estimating activity-specific metabolic rate is via derived measures of acceleration, often 'overall dynamic body acceleration' (ODBA), recorded by an instrumented acceleration logger. ODBA has been shown to correlate well with rate of oxygen consumption (V ?o) in a range of species during activity in the laboratory. This study devised a method for attaching acceleration loggers to decapod crustaceans and then correlated ODBA against concurrent respirometry readings to assess accelerometry as a proxy for activity-specific energy expenditure in a model species, the American lobster Homarus americanus. Where the instrumented animals exhibited a sufficient range of activity levels, positive linear relationships were found between V ?o and ODBA over 20min periods at a range of ambient temperatures (6, 13 and 20°C). Mixed effect linear models based on these data and morphometrics provided reasonably strong predictive power for estimating activity-specific V ?o from ODBA. These V ?o-ODBA calibrations demonstrate the potential of accelerometry as an effective predictor of behavior-specific metabolic rate of crustaceans in the wild during periods of activity. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Individual Characteristics Associated with Mismatches between Self-Reported and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity

Background: Accurate assessment tools are required for the surveillance of physical activity (PA) levels and the assessment of the effect of interventions. In addition, increasing awareness of PA is often used as the first step in pragmatic behavioural interventions, as discrepancies between the amount of activity an individual perceives they do and the amount actually undertaken may act as a barrier to change. Previous research has demonstrated differences in the amount of activity individuals report doing, compared to their level of physical activity when measured with an accelerometer. Understanding the characteristics of those whose PA level is ranked differently when measured with either self-report or accelerometry is important as it may inform the choice of instrument for future research. The aim of this project was to determine which individual characteristics are associated with differences between self-reported and accelerometer measured physical activity.

Methods: Participant data from the 2009 wave of the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study were used. Quartiles of self-reported and accelerometer measured PA were derived by ranking each measure from lowest to highest. These quartiles were compared to determine whether individuals’ physical activity was ranked higher by either method. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to investigate the individual characteristics associated with different categories of mismatch.

Results: Data from 486 participants (70% female) were included in the analysis. In adjusted analyses, the physical activity of overweight or obese individuals was significantly more likely to be ranked higher by self-report than by accelerometer than that of normal-weight individuals (OR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.28–3.34), particularly among women (OR = 3.97, 95%CI = 2.11–7.47).

Conclusions: There was a greater likelihood of mismatch between self-reported and accelerometer measured physical activity levels in overweight or obese adults. Future studies in overweight or obese adults should consider employing both methods of measurement.

Behaviour-time budget and functional habitat use of a free-ranging European badger (Meles meles)

Background: The European badger (Melesmeles) is involved in the maintenance of bovine tuberculosis infection and onward spread to cattle. However, little is known about how transmission occurs. One possible route could be through direct contact between infected badgers and cattle. It is also possible that indirect contact between cattle and infected badger excretory products such as faeces or urine may occur either on pasture or within and around farm buildings. A better understanding of behaviour patterns in wild badgers may help to develop biosecurity measures to minimise direct and indirect contact between badgers and cattle. However, monitoring the behaviour of free-ranging badgers can be logistically challenging and labour intensive due to their nocturnal and semi-fossorial nature.We trialled a GPS and tri-axial accelerometer-equipped collar on a free-ranging badger to assess its potential value to elucidate behaviour-time budgets and functional habitat use. Results: During the recording period between 16:00 and 08:00 on a single night, resting was the most commonly identified behaviour (67.4%) followed by walking (20.9%), snuffling (9.5%) and trotting (2.3%).When examining accelerometer data associated with each GPS fix and habitat type (occurring 2 min 30 s before and after), walking was themost common behaviour in woodland (40.3%) and arable habitats (53.8%), while snuffling was themost common behaviour in pasture (61.9%). Several nocturnal resting periods were also observed. The total distance travelled was 2.28 km. Conclusions: In the present report, we demonstrate proof of principle in the application of a combined GPS and accelerometer device to collect detailed quantitative data on wild badger behaviour. Behaviour-time budgets allow us to investigate how badgers allocate energy to different activities and how thismight change with disease status. Such information could be useful in the development of measures to reduce opportunities for onward transmission of bovine tuberculosis from badgers to cattle.

Atividade física e aptidão física funcional em pessoas idosas com défice cognitivo

Objetivo: Estudar os níveis de atividade física e a aptidão física funcional de pessoas idosas com défice cognitivo. Pretendemos também estudar a velocidade de processamento da informação deste grupo de pessoas. Método: Participaram no estudo 81 pessoas idosas (82.9  7.8 anos ) institucionalizadas, de ambos os sexos, sendo que 53 pessoas tinham défice cognitivo. Os dados da atividade física foram recolhidos através da acelerometria onde foi pedido a cada participante que usasse o aparelho durante 500 minutos diários, no mínimo 3 dias. Para avaliação da atividade física funcional foi utilizado a Berg Balance Scale, o Functional Reach Test e alguns testes do Senior Fitness Test. Foi ainda avaliado o tempo de reação simples. Resultados: Os participantes não cumprem com as recomendações diárias de atividade física e apresentam um comportamento sedentário muito elevado. As pessoas idosas sem défice cognitivo apresentam melhor velocidade de processamento da informação e melhores níveis de aptidão física funcional. A maioria das variáveis da aptidão física funcional correlaciona-se positivamente com a quantidade de atividade física realizada. Conclusões: Os níveis de atividade física e de aptidão física funcional, bem como a velocidade de processamento da informação são bastante baixos nas pessoas institucionalizadas com défice cognitivo; Physical activity and functional fitness in older adults with mild cognitive impairment Abstract: Objective: Study the physical activities levels and functional fitness in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. We also intend to study the processing speed from this group. Method: Eighty two nursing home residents (82.9  7.8 years), both genders, have participated in this study. Fifty three older adults had mild cognitive impairment. The data about physical activity were collected through accelerometer where it was established that each participant would have to use at least 500 minutes a day the unit for at least 3 days. Functional fitness was evaluated by Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach Test and some test of Senior Fitness Test. It was further evaluated simple reaction time Results: The sample of this study doesn’t accomplish the recommended standars for physical activity and they have a very high sedentary behavior. Older adults without mild cognitve impariment showed to have better results ininformation processing speed and functional fitness. Most variables of functional fitness is related positively with the amount of physical activity performed. Conclusions: The functional fitness, physical activity levels and information processing speed are too low in all nursing home residente with mild cognitive impairment.

Physical Education or Playtime: which is more effective at promoting physical activity in primary school children?

Background School physical education (PE) and playtime provide important opportunities for physical activity (PA). However, little research has assessed PA during primary school PE using accelerometry or compared PA during different lesson types. There is also a lack of research comparing PA during PE and playtime, despite suggestions that playtime promotes more PA. The primary aim of this study was to determine which types of PE lesson are most facilitative of PA. The secondary aim was to determine whether children are more active during PE or playtime. Methods Descriptive and fitness data were assessed in 20 children aged 8-9years from a single school. Over eight consecutive weeks PA was assessed during PE lessons, which were classified as either team games or movement activities. At the mid-week of data collection playtime PA was also assessed. PA was assessed using accelerometry and the percentage of time spent in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) calculated. Paired t-tests were used to compare MVPA during movement lessons and team games lessons and during PE and playtime. Results Children spent 9.5% of PE lessons in MVPA and engaged in significantly more MVPA during team games (P < 0.001). MVPA was also significantly higher during PE than playtime (P < 0.01). Conclusions Children do not engage in sufficient PA during PE, but are most active during team games lessons; whilst PA during playtime is lower than PE. Interventions to increase PA during both PE and playtime are therefore required. PE interventions should target games lessons as they dominate the curriculum, encourage most PA and present the greatest potential for change. Playtime interventions should encourage participation in active games through the provision of playground equipment and markings.

A biosignal embedded system for physiological computing

Thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Electronic and Telecomunications Engineering

Physical Activity, Obesity Status, and Blood Pressure in Preschool Children

Objective To examine the combined effects of physical activity and weight status on blood pressure (BP) in preschool-aged children. Study design The sample included 733 preschool-aged children (49% female). Physical activity was objectively assessed on 7 consecutive days by accelerometry. Children were categorized as sufficiently active if they met the recommendation of at least 60 minutes daily of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Body mass index was used to categorize children as nonoverweight or overweight/obese, according to the International Obesity Task Force benchmarks. BP was measured using an automated BP monitor and categorized as elevated or normal using BP percentile-based cut-points for age, sex, and height. Results The prevalence of elevated systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP was 7.7% and 3.0%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight/obese was 32%, and about 15% of children did not accomplish the recommended 60 minutes of daily MVPA. After controlling for age and sex, overweight/obese children who did not meet the daily MVPA recommendation were 3 times more likely (OR 3.8; CI 1.6-8.6) to have elevated SBP than nonoverweight children who met the daily MVPA recommendation. Conclusions Overweight or obese preschool-aged children with insufficient levels of MVPA are at significantly greater risk for elevated SBP than their non overweight and sufficiently active counterparts. (J Pediatr 2015;167:98-102).

The importance of physical education classes in pre-school children

The purpose of this study was to analyse differences between total physical activity (TPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) of pre-school children during daily school hours when they attended the physical education class (PED) and school days without PE class (NPED) and to assess the contribution of PE classes to TPA in school hours. The sample was composed of 193 pre-school healthy children (96 girls) aged from three to five years old and was conducted between February and December of 2008. Children wore accelerometers for at least four consecutive days during school hours. Data were analysed with specific software, age-specific counts-per-minute cut-off points and a 5 s epoch were used. Independent and general linear model repeated measures were used to assess differences between gender and differences between different days within each gender, respectively. Boys engaged more MVPA than girls (P < 0.05). During PED, pre-school children engaged significantly more in TPA and MVPA than during NPED (P < 0.05). PE class contributed, on average, 27.7% for the TPA and 32.8% of daily MVPA during PED in both gender. The results of this study suggest that structured PA such as a PE class increased the daily TPA and MVPA level of pre-school children.

Effectiveness of three different walking prescription durations on total physical activity in normal- and overweight women.

OBJECTIVE: While there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity (PA) and health benefit, little is known about the effectiveness of different PA prescriptions on total daily PA. AIM: To test, under real-life conditions and using an objective, non-invasive measurement technique (accelerometry), the effect of prescribing additional physical activity (walking only) of different durations (30, 60 and 90 min/day) on compliance (to the activity prescribed) and compensation (to total daily PA). Participants in each group were prescribed 5 sessions of walking per week over 4 weeks. METHODS: 55 normal-weight and overweight women (mean BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m(2), height 165 ± 1 cm, weight 68 ± 2 kg and mean age 27 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned to 3 prescription groups: 30, 60 or 90 min/day PA. RESULTS: Walking duration resulted in an almost linear increase in the number of steps per day during the prescription period from an average of about 10,000 steps per day for the 30-min prescription to about 14,000 for the 90-min prescription. Compliance was excellent for the 30-min prescription but decreased significantly with 60-min and 90-min prescriptions. In parallel, degree of compensation subsequent to exercise increased progressively as length of prescription increased. CONCLUSION: A 30-min prescription of extra walking 5 times per week was well tolerated. However, in order to increase total PA further, much more than 60 min of walking may need to be prescribed in the majority of individuals. While total exercise 'volume' increased with prescriptions longer than 30 min, compliance to the prescription decreased and greater compensation was evident. © 2014 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.

Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial.

To assess the effectiveness of a school based physical activity programme during one school year on physical and psychological health in young schoolchildren. Cluster randomised controlled trial. 28 classes from 15 elementary schools in Switzerland randomly selected and assigned in a 4:3 ratio to an intervention (n=16) or control arm (n=12) after stratification for grade (first and fifth grade), from August 2005 to June 2006. 540 children, of whom 502 consented and presented at baseline. Children in the intervention arm (n=297) received a multi-component physical activity programme that included structuring the three existing physical education lessons each week and adding two additional lessons a week, daily short activity breaks, and physical activity homework. Children (n=205) and parents in the control group were not informed of an intervention group. For most outcome measures, the assessors were blinded. Primary outcome measures included body fat (sum of four skinfolds), aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), physical activity (accelerometry), and quality of life (questionnaires). Secondary outcome measures included body mass index and cardiovascular risk score (average z score of waist circumference, mean blood pressure, blood glucose, inverted high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides). 498 children completed the baseline and follow-up assessments (mean age 6.9 (SD 0.3) years for first grade, 11.1 (0.5) years for fifth grade). After adjustment for grade, sex, baseline values, and clustering within classes, children in the intervention arm compared with controls showed more negative changes in the z score of the sum of four skinfolds (-0.12, 95 % confidence interval -0.21 to -0.03; P=0.009). Likewise, their z scores for aerobic fitness increased more favourably (0.17, 0.01 to 0.32; P=0.04), as did those for moderate-vigorous physical activity in school (1.19, 0.78 to 1.60; P<0.001), all day moderate-vigorous physical activity (0.44, 0.05 to 0.82; P=0.03), and total physical activity in school (0.92, 0.35 to 1.50; P=0.003). Z scores for overall daily physical activity (0.21, -0.21 to 0.63) and physical quality of life (0.42, -1.23 to 2.06) as well as psychological quality of life (0.59, -0.85 to 2.03) did not change significantly. A school based multi-component physical activity intervention including compulsory elements improved physical activity and fitness and reduced adiposity in children. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15360785.

Influence of a lifestyle intervention in preschool children on physiological and psychological parameters (Ballabeina): study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Childhood obesity and physical inactivity are increasing dramatically worldwide. Children of low socioeconomic status and/or children of migrant background are especially at risk. In general, the overall effectiveness of school-based programs on health-related outcomes has been disappointing. A special gap exists for younger children and in high risk groups. This paper describes the rationale, design, curriculum, and evaluation of a multicenter preschool randomized intervention study conducted in areas with a high migrant population in two out of 26 Swiss cantons. Twenty preschool classes in the German (canton St. Gallen) and another 20 in the French (canton Vaud) part of Switzerland were separately selected and randomized to an intervention and a control arm by the use of opaque envelopes. The multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention aimed to increase physical activity and sleep duration, to reinforce healthy nutrition and eating behaviour, and to reduce media use. According to the ecological model, it included children, their parents and the teachers. The regular teachers performed the majority of the intervention and were supported by a local health promoter. The intervention included physical activity lessons, adaptation of the built infrastructure; promotion of regional extracurricular physical activity; playful lessons about nutrition, media use and sleep, funny homework cards and information materials for teachers and parents. It lasted one school year. Baseline and post-intervention evaluations were performed in both arms. Primary outcome measures included BMI and aerobic fitness (20 m shuttle run test). Secondary outcomes included total (skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance) and central (waist circumference) body fat, motor abilities (obstacle course, static and dynamic balance), physical activity and sleep duration (accelerometry and questionnaires), nutritional behaviour and food intake, media use, quality of life and signs of hyperactivity (questionnaires), attention and spatial working memory ability (two validated tests). Researchers were blinded to group allocation. The purpose of this paper is to outline the design of a school-based multicenter cluster randomized, controlled trial aiming to reduce body mass index and to increase aerobic fitness in preschool children in culturally different parts of Switzerland with a high migrant population. Trial Registration: (clinicaltrials.gov) NCT00674544.

Bone speed of sound in overweight and normal-weight girls and adolescents

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity in the general population has been steadily increasing. Obesity is a major issue in scientific research because it is associated with many health problems, one of which is bone quality. In adult females, adiposity is associated with increased bone mineral density, suggesting that there is a protective effect of fat on bone. However, the association between adiposity and bone strength during childhood is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare bone strength, as reflected by speed of sound (SOS), of overweight and obese girls and adolescents with normal-weight age-matched controls. Data from 75 females included normal-weight girls (G-NW; body fat:::; 25%; n = 21), overweight and obese girls (GOW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 19), normal-weight adolescents (A-NW, body fat:::; 25%; n = 13) and overweight and obese adolescents (A-OW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 22). Nutrition was assessed with a 24-hour recall questionnaire and habitual physical activity was measured for one week using accelerometry. Using quantitative ultrasound (QUS; Sunlight Omnisense™), bone SOS was measured at the distal radius and mid-tibia. No differences were found between groups in daily total energy, calcium or vitamin D intake. However, all groups were below the recommended daily calcium intake of 1300 mg (Osteoporosis Canada, 2008). Adolescents were significantly less active than girls (14.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6% active for G and A, respectively). OW accumulated significantly less minutes of moderate-to-very vigorous physical activity per day (MVPA) than NW in both age groups (114 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 5 min/day for NW and OW, i respectively). Girls had significantly lower radial SOS (3794 ± 87 vs. 3964 ± 64 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively), and tibial SOS (3678 ± 86 vs. 3878 ± 52 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively) than adolescents. Radial SOS was similar in the two adiposity groups within each age group. However, tibial SOS was lower in the two overweight groups (3601 ± 75 mls vs. 3739 ± 134 mls for G-OW and A-OW, respectively) compared with the age-matched normal-weight controls. Body fat percentage negatively correlated with tibial SOS in the study sample as a whole (r = -0.30). However, when split into groups, percent bo~y fat correlated with tibial SOS only in the A-OW group (r = -0.53). MVPA correlated with tibial SOS (r = 0.40), once age was partialed out. In conclusion, in contrast withthe higher bone strength characteristic of obese adult women, overweight and obese girls and adolescents are characterized by low tibial bone strength, as assessed with QUS. The differences between adiposity groups in tibial SOS may be at least partially due to the reduced weight-bearing physical activity levels in the overweight girls and adolescents. However, other factors, such as hormonal influences associated with high body fat may also playa role in reducing bone strength in overweight girls. Further research is required to reveal the mechanisms causing low bone strength in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Mesure de l’activité physique par accélérométrie : validation et précision de la mesure

Introduction : Les accéléromètres sont actuellement les appareils les plus utilisés pour mesurer le niveau d’activité physique, et ce, parce qu'ils évaluent les niveaux d'activité physique de façon objective. Toutefois, les mouvements humains sont difficiles à mesurer, et de nombreuses limitations doivent être prises en considération pour la bonne utilisation des accéléromètres. Les études présentées s’intéressent donc à la validité de la fonction podomètre des accéléromètres ainsi qu’à la validation de la composante accéléromètre d’un nouvel appareil multicapteur (SenseDoc). Méthode : Les sujets ayant participé à la première étude, qui consistait en la validation de la fonction podomètre des accéléromètres, ont marché sur un tapis roulant à trois vitesses différentes (2,5 km/h, 3,5 km/h et 4,8 km/h) pendant 5 minutes par palier. Un accéléromètre (ActiGraph GT3X) porté à la ceinture a enregistré le nombre de pas tandis qu'une caméra a enregistré la marche des participants. Pour la seconde étude, les participants portaient un accéléromètre Actigraph et un SenseDoc à la hanche. Les données brutes des accéléromètres et la mesure de la consommation d’oxygène par calorimétrie indirecte ont été mesurées lors de 14 activités réalisées en laboratoire allant de sédentaires à vigoureuses. Résultats : La première étude indique que les accéléromètres ont détecté seulement 53 % des pas à 2,5 km/h, 82 % à 3,5 km/h et 91 % à 4,8 km/h pour les personnes non obèses. Pour les personnes obèses, l'accéléromètre a détecté 47 % des pas à 2.5 km/h, 67 % à 3.5 km/h et 100 % à 4.8 km/h, des résultats significativement différents des personnes non obèses. La seconde étude confirme pour sa part que le SenseDoc est un outil valide de mesure du niveau d’activité physique. Les accéléromètres possèdent une bonne capacité prédictive de la dépense énergétique avec des valeurs de R carré de 0,84 et 0,80 respectivement pour l'Actigraph et le SenseDoc. Conclusion : À vitesse de marche lente, les accéléromètres sous-estiment le nombre de pas, et ce, dans une plus large mesure chez les personnes obèses que chez les personnes non obèses. Également, une méthode valide et transparente de transformation de données brutes d’accélérométrie a été divulguée dans l’étude avec le SenseDoc. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire visent à améliorer l’utilisation en milieu clinique et en recherche des accéléromètres et ouvrent la voie à une plus grande uniformité entre les études utilisant différents types d’accéléromètres.

Evaluación de la variabilidad del tiempo de duración de la relajación neuromuscular del cisatracurium vs rocuronio en pacientes ancianos

Objetivo: Comparar la variabilidad en el tiempo de acción clínicamente efectivo (definido como el tiempo de aparición del T125% al estímulo por tren de cuatro) y la recuperación de la función neuromuscular luego de la administración de un bolo de 3 ED95 de cisatracurio o 2 ED95 de rocuronio en pacientes mayores de 65 años sometidos a cirugía. Materiales y Métodos: se incluyeron para este estudio pacientes mayores de 65 años de ambos sexos programados para cirugía electiva que requirieran de anestesia general, quienes durante la valoración preanestésica se incluyeran dentro de la clasificación de ASA 1, 2 o 3. Los pacientes requieren de haber firmado el consentimiento anestésicos, y no presentar alteración de la función renal, antecedente de disfunción hepática, enfermedad cardiovascular no compensada, enfermedad neurológica o neuromuscular, desequilibrio acido-base o estar bajo tratamiento con medicamentos que interactúen con los relajantes. Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados mediante un método de bloques permutados en dos grupos: GRUPO 1: Relajación muscular con cisatracurio 0.15 mg/kg IV y GRUPO 2: Relajación muscular con rocuronio 0.6 mg/kg IV. Se incluyeron 68 pacientes a los cuales se le cuantificaron mediante la utilización del dispositivo TOF-Watch SX los siguientes tiempos: T0, T125%, T4/T1=80% y T4/T1=90%. Con base en estas mediciones se obtuvieron las medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, posteriormente se realizó un análisis de varianza y /o pruebas no paramétricas dependiendo de la distribución para determinar la variabilidad entre los tiempos obtenidos en cada grupo. Resultados: los grupos eran comparables desde el punto de vista de edad, sexo, número de pacientes (p>0.05). Se obtuvo como resultado final que el cisatracurio es menos variable que el rocuronio para cada una de las variables T0, T125%, T4/T1=80% y T4/T1=90% (p<0.01) en pacientes ancianos llevados a cirugía mayor de 90 minutos que requiera relajación neuromuscular. Conclusión: el cisatracurio es menos variable que el rocuronio cuando se utiliza en pacientes ancianos sometidos a cirugía mayor de 90 minutos que requiera relajación neuromuscular, pudiendo ser el cisatracurio un medicamento mas predecible en su tiempo de acción, con lo cual la probabilidad de asociarse a efectos por relajación neuromuscular residual es menor.