The avifauna of Louisiana, with an annotated list of the birds of the State

Cover-title.

Avifauna in guerra. Impressioni ornitologiche.

Bibliographical footnotes.

A late Pleistocene predator-accumulated avifauna from Kids Cave, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand

A fossil deposit excavated from the floor of Kids Cave, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand, is interpreted as having been primarily accumulated by New Zealand falcon Falco novaeseelandiae, with some contribution by Haast's eagle Harpagornis moorei. The fauna is rich: 3699 bones represented 41 bird species, two frog species, unspecified geckoes and skinks, and one bat species. Fossil deposition was mainly within the Last Glacial Maximum from about 22,000 cal yr bp to about 15,000 cal yr bp, with a marked change in sediment characteristics at the onset of the LGM's coldest period. Chronological control is given by three Uranium-series dates for a speleothem and radiocarbon AMS dating of four avian eggshell samples and one bone. The fauna is the first extensive predator accumulation of LGM age described from the West Coast of the South Island, and it indicates a palaeoenvironment of a mosaic of shrublands with forest patches. The onset of the coldest part of the LGM (Aurora 3 glacial advance, 19,500 - 19,000 cal yrs bp) saw marked climate cooling/drying affecting the site, but the avifauna indicates that although open-country taxa became more common in this period, some forest persisted nearby throughout the remainder of the LGM.

Comparación de la avifauna acuática de cuatro sitios en la Península San Juan del Gozo, Bahía de Jiquilisco, El Salvador

De Octubre a Febrero del 2011 se llevó a cabo una investigación en la que se realizaron observaciones de las aves acuáticas en el departamento de Usulután, en el sector sur occidente de la Bahía de Jiquilisco, Península de San Juan en los sitios: Cañón El Rico, Laguna San Juan del Gozo, Palacio de los Aves, Canal San Juancito. Se registraron un total de 31 especies de aves acuáticas, que pertenecen a Catorce familias, correspondientes a seis órdenes: Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes, Pelecaniformes, Anseriformes, Coraciiformes y Passeriformes. El mayor número de especies observadas se registró dentro de cuatro sitios de muestreo Canal San Juancito, seguido de Palacio de las Aves, Laguna de San Juan del Gozo y Cañón El Rico. En los cuatro sitios muestreados según la presencia o ausencia, de las especies observadas, se encontraron cinco especies en cuatro sitios, tres especies en tres sitios, doce especies en dos sitios y diez en un solo sitio. Del total de las especies observadas solamente cuatro de ellas se encuentran en peligro de extinción y amenazadas para nuestro país. Según los índices de biodiversidad de Shannon resulto mayor para Laguna San Juan del Gozo con ( H: 1.96), sin embargo el valor más alto de riqueza de Margalef se alcanza en el Canal San Juancito (2.89), seguido de Palacio de las Aves (1.93), Laguna San Juan del Gozo (1.90) y Cañón El Rico el valor más bajo (1.41). Los sitios muestreados son utilizadas para el descanso, alimentación y anidación de las aves residentes y migratorias. Todas las especies que se encontraron en los cuatros sitios son las más abundantes en el área de estudio como se ha determinado en los cuadros de cada una de las estaciones de cada sitio de muestreo como se muestra en los anexos. Lo que indica la preferencia que tienen estas especies a los diferentes tipos de hábitat que se encuentran en la zona

Diversidad alfa y beta de la avifauna diurna en la zona de amortiguamiento del Área Natural Protegida Colima, Cuscatlán

Las 189 áreas Naturales que se encuentran establecidas para el territorio Salvadoreño, se han convertido en los últimos albergues de unpotencial genético y ambiental para la biodiversidad. alrededor de estos espacios se encuentran zonas de donde se utilizan los recursos de diversas formas, estas áreas circundantes que no pertenecen al área naturales se conocen como zonas de amortiguamiento y las actividades que se desarrollam en éstas no deberian de representar una amenaza, son espacios de transición entre el área protegida y el entorno,que permiten aminorar el efecto directo del medio hacia adentro y hacia afuera. En El Salvador no hay estudios que determinen cuáles son las especies de avifauna que transitan en la zona de Colima, ni como éstas se comportan. Las aves se encuentran entre los grupos faunísticos vertebrados más diversos y abundantes por su ubicuidad, adapatación y grado de sensibilidad a las perturbaciones antrópicas, se encuentran especies que presentan una gran resiliencia o plasticidad de los cambios, entre ellos: territoriales, atmosféricos y poblacionales que ocurren en dichas zonas.

The impact of abandoned/disused marble quarries on avifauna in the anticline of Estremoz, Portugal: does quarrying add to landscape biodiversity?

Although the extractive operations of quarrying are often considered environmental threats, there is some evidence that abandoned quarries may have a significant positive impact on biodiversity by enhancing habitat quality for several species. In Estremoz Anticlinal, SE Portugal, many of the existing marble quarries have been inactive for decades and were abandoned without any restoration project in progress. The impact of quarry abandonment on avifauna diversity was assessed relative to reference conditions using adjacent rural fields as control areas. No significant differences were found in within-community diversity (alpha diversity) between abandoned quarries and reference sites. However, several dissimilarity indices showed a clear divergence in species composition between abandoned quarries and reference sites. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in species compositions were found between quarries abandoned for different periods. Over time, species composition becomes more similar to that observed in reference sites, reflecting ecological succession and landscape resilience to quarrying. Nevertheless, the studied quarrying landscape exhibited higher gamma and beta diversity than the former traditional landscape; thus, our results suggest that abandoned quarries, rather than damaging and destroying niches, can promote new ecological niches and significantly diversify rural landscapes.

The impact of abandoned/disused marble quarries on avifauna in the anticline of Estremoz, Portugal: does quarrying add to landscape biodiversity?

Although the extractive operations of quarrying are often considered environmental threats, there is some evidence that abandoned quarries may have a significant positive impact on biodiversity by enhancing habitat quality for several species. In Estremoz Anticlinal, SE Portugal, many of the existing marble quarries have been inactive for decades and were abandoned without any restoration project in progress. The impact of quarry abandonment on avifauna diversity was assessed relative to reference conditions using adjacent rural fields as control areas. No significant differences were found in within-community diversity (alpha diversity) between abandoned quarries and reference sites. However, several dissimilarity indices showed a clear divergence in species composition between abandoned quarries and reference sites. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in species compositions were found between quarries abandoned for different periods. Over time, species composition becomes more similar to that observed in reference sites, reflecting ecological succession and landscape resilience to quarrying. Nevertheless, the studied quarrying landscape exhibited higher gamma and beta diversity than the former traditional landscape; thus, our results suggest that abandoned quarries, rather than damaging and destroying niches, can promote new ecological niches and significantly diversify rural landscapes.

Paying the extinction debt: Woodland birds in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia

Approximately 90% of the original woodlands of the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia has been cleared, modified or fragmented, most severely in the last 60 years, and affecting the avifauna dependent on native vegetation. This study identifies which woodland-dependent species are still declining in two different habitats, Pink GumBlue Gum woodland and Stringybark woodland. We analyse the Mount Lofty Ranges Woodland Bird Long-Term Monitoring Dataset for 1999-2007, to look for changes in abundance of 59 species. We use logistic regression of prevalence on lists in a Bayesian framework, and List Length Analysis to control for variation in detectability. Compared with Reporting Rate Analysis, a more traditional approach, List Length Analysis provides tighter confidence intervals by accounting for changing detectability. Several common species were declining significantly. Increasers were generally large-bodied generalists. Many birds have already disappeared from this modified and naturally isolated woodland island, and our results suggest that more specialist insectivores are likely to follow. The Mount Lofty Ranges can be regarded as a 'canary landscape' for temperate woodlands elsewhere in Australia without immediate action their bird communities are likely to follow the trajectory of the Mount Lofty Ranges avifauna. Alternatively, with extensive habitat restoration and management, we could avoid paying the extinction debt. © Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union 2011.

Regional avian species declines estimated from volunteer-collected long-term data using List Length Analysis

Long-term systematic population monitoring data sets are rare but are essential in identifying changes in species abundance. In contrast, community groups and natural history organizations have collected many species lists. These represent a large, untapped source of information on changes in abundance but are generally considered of little value. The major problem with using species lists to detect population changes is that the amount of effort used to obtain the list is often uncontrolled and usually unknown. It has been suggested that using the number of species on the list, the "list length," can be a measure of effort. This paper significantly extends the utility of Franklin's approach using Bayesian logistic regression. We demonstrate the value of List Length Analysis to model changes in species prevalence (i.e., the proportion of lists on which the species occurs) using bird lists collected by a local bird club over 40 years around Brisbane, southeast Queensland, Australia. We estimate the magnitude and certainty of change for 269 bird species and calculate the probabilities that there have been declines and increases of given magnitudes. List Length Analysis confirmed suspected species declines and increases. This method is an important complement to systematically designed intensive monitoring schemes and provides a means of utilizing data that may otherwise be deemed useless. The results of List Length Analysis can be used for targeting species of conservation concern for listing purposes or for more intensive monitoring. While Bayesian methods are not essential for List Length Analysis, they can offer more flexibility in interrogating the data and are able to provide a range of parameters that are easy to interpret and can facilitate conservation listing and prioritization. © 2010 by the Ecological Society of America.

Spatial and temporal determinants of Finnish farmland bird populations

During the past decades agricultural intensification has caused dramatic population declines in a wide range of taxa related to farmland habitats, including farmland birds. In this thesis, I studied how boreal farmland landscape characteristics and agricultural land use affect the abundance and diversity of farmland birds using extensive field data collected by territory mapping of breeding farmland birds in various parts of Finland. My results show that the area and openness of agricultural areas are key determinants of farmland bird abundance and distribution. A landscape composition with enough open farmland combined with key habitats such as farmyards and wetland is likely to provide essential prerequisites for the occurrence of a rich farmland avifauna. In Finland, the majority of large areas suitable for open habitat specialists are located in southern and western parts of the country. However, the diversity of the species with an unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPECs) had notable hotspot areas in northern and north-western agricultural areas. I found that in boreal agroecosystems farmland birds favour fields with springtime vegetative cover, especially agricultural grasslands and set-asides. Hence, in the spring cereal dominated Finnish agroecosystems it is the absence of field vegetation that may limit populations of many farmland bird species. It is likely that the decrease of crops providing vegetative cover in the spring, such as permanent grasslands, cultivated grass, and autumn-sown cereals, has greatly contributed to the declines of Finnish farmland birds. Grass crops have persistently declined in Finland as a consequence of specialization in crop production and the large-scale decline in livestock husbandry. Small-scale non-crop habitats, especially ditches and ditch margins, are also important for many bird species in the Finnish agroecosystems, but have dramatically declined during the last decades. A major problem for farmland bird conservation in Finland is the conflict between landscape structure and agricultural management. Areas with mixed and cattle farming are virtually absent from the large agricultural plains of southern and south-western Finland, where the landscape structure is more likely to be favourable for rich farmland bird assemblages. On the other hand, mixed and cattle farming is still rather frequent in northern and central parts of the country, where the landscape structure is not suitable for many farmland specialist birds requiring open landscapes. My results provide useful guidelines for farmland bird conservation, and imply that considerable attention needs to be paid to landscape factors when selecting areas for various conservational management actions, such as agri-environment schemes. Actions promoting the abundance of set-asides, grass crops, and ditches would markedly benefit Finnish farmland bird populations. Organic farming may benefit farmland birds, but it is not clear how general its beneficial effect is in boreal agroecosystems. The most urgent action aiming to preserve farmland biodiversity would be to support re-introducing and sustaining cattle farming by environmental subsidies. This would be especially beneficial in the southern parts of Finland, where the landscape characteristics and abundance of agricultural areas are most suitable for farmland birds and where cattle farming is currently rare.

Regional variation in the composition and structure of mixed-species bird flocks in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka

Mixed-species bird flocks are attractive models for the investigation of geographical variation in animal communities, as they represent a subset of the avifauna in most forested regions of the world. Yet studies of the regional variation in flock size and the composition of flocks are few, due to the predominance of studies carried out at single study site. Here, we review nine studies of mixed-species flocks conducted at 16 sites along the Western Ghats in India and in Sri Lanka. We find that flock size varies as much within this region as it does globally, with observation time being a confounding variable. Flock composition, however, is predictably related to elevation. Flocks at high elevations (>1200 m) in the Western Ghats strongly resemble flocks at high elevations in the mountain ranges of Sri Lanka in their composition, especially at the family level. We compare these flocks to flocks of other regions and make recommendations on study methodology that can facilitate comparisons across studies.

A landscape approach to conservation of birds

Landscape ecology as a discipline in science is rather young. However its principles appear promising in outlining conservation strategies including a wide range of organisms, particularly birds. Birds due to their mobility use a variety of environmental resources, especially habitats. However, currently these habitats are only available in patches over most of the tropical world. Further whatever is left is under constant human pressure. This paper, therefore, addresses this problem and suggests means of dealing with it using the landscape approach as outlined by landscape ecology. The landscape approach starts with the realization that patches of habitats are open and interact with one another. Corridors of trees along roads, hedgerows and canals in a landscape can aid in the movement of species. Hence the landscape approach considers patches of habitats as interacting elements in the large matrix of the landscape. The landscape approach also integrates concepts. It puts together often debated issues such as whether to preserve maximum species diversity, to maximize representativeness, or to preserve only the valuable species. Based on a case study of the Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, these oft-opposing views and complications can be dealt with practically and synthesized into a conservation strategy far the diverse avifauna of the Western Chats.

Análisis de la contribución de los sistemas silvopastoriles a la conservación de la flora y fauna en tres comunidades de la reserva de biósfera Bosawás

El estudio se realizó en tres comunidades del Territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaika Kum, Reserva de Biósfera BOSAWAS (Shiminka, Boca de Plis y Esperanza), para describir la interacción entre especies de flora y avifauna y su influencia en la conservación de estas especies en las áreas de pastoreo, a partir de tres criterios: 1) cuantificar flora y avifauna, 2) prácticas de manejo tradicional, 3) estimar beneficios económico generado por sistemas de pastoreo. Se establecieron tres puntos de conteo dentro de transeptos para avifauna, se estableció parcelas para muestreo de la vegetación en cada comunidad, se seleccionó una comunidad beneficiada por subproyectos del Proyecto Corazón (MARENA) y dos áreas clasificadas como bosque secundario. Para evaluar el beneficio económi co se aplicó entrevistas abiertas y estructuradas dirigida a propietarios de ganado, para documentar los principales beneficios tangibles e intangibles que la población obtiene de estos agrosistemas. El análisis de resultados se determinó en base a índices de diversidad, dominancia, equidad y similitud; tomando en cuenta la riqueza, abundancia y densidad de especies. Se encontró que para flora Shiminka obtuvo los mayores valores de dominancia lo que indica que se encuentran especies de mayor importancia, Esperanza tiene mayor equidad y diversidad, en Shiminka y Esperanza se necesitan mayores estudios, el análisis de Clúster arrojó que aunque existe alguna concordancia entre Boca de Plis y Shiminka, las tres difieren entre sí y el mismo resultado se encontró para la avifauna; y para fauna mayor equidad en Shiminka y Esperanza, mientras la más diversa resultó Esperanza. La similitud establece que Boca de Plis y Esperanza necesitan mayor intensidad de muestreo.

Diversidad de aves en ocho comunidades del territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaisca Kum, Reserva de Biósfera Bosawás, Nicaragua

La introducción de ganado en las áreas tradicionalmente agrícolas en el territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum ha influido en una modificación en su orden territorial para dar cabida a éste nuevo rubro por parte de sus habitantes. Es comúnmente conocido que la ganadería es una de las actividades productivas más incompatiblescon el bosque y la conservación de los elementos dentro de éste último, pero la rotación de las áreas de cultivo y pastoreo, y el uso de sistemas silvopastoriles podría reducir el impacto hacia los ambientes naturales. Con este estudio se plantea determinar la diversidad biológica de avifauna en los sistemas silvopastoriles ubicados en las cercanías de ocho comunidades del territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum, con el fin de determinar su potencial para preservar aves, en especial, aves de importancia para la conservación nacional. Para lograr los objetivos se realizó conteos de aves mediante el uso de puntos de conteo por comunidad, en las áreas donde suele llevarse a pastorear al ganado. En el estudio se invirtieron tres días por comunidad y se realizaron al menos dos observaciones por día, una entre las 06:00-10:00 y otra entre las 16:00 – 18:00. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó diferentes parámetros de diversidad biológica. Como resultado se observó un total de 423 individuos los cuales están agrupados en 67 especies y 27 familias. Las especies de aves más abundantes fueron: Brotogeris jugularis,Ramphocelus passerinii y Amazona auropaliata. Las comunidades Amarrana,Shiminka y Yakalpanani son las que registraron los mayores valores de los parámetros de biodiversidad. Se determinaron 14 especies en algún grado de conservación según la lista de los apéndices de CITES para Nicaragua y las listas del Sistema Nacional de Vedas 2012, entre éstas se incluyen Brotogeris jugularis y Amazona aurapaliata,as cuales resultaron también abundantes. La comunidad que concentró la mayor cantidad de aves en algún estado de con servación fue Yakalpanani. Las especies de plantas asociadas con la mayor diversidad de aves fueron especies de estadíos tempranos de sucesión como:Cecropia peltata ,Inga sp, Guazuma ulmifolia y Muntingia calabura. Aunque Yakalpanani es una de las comunidades más grandes, comparado con Boca de Plis, la ubicación de su área de pastoreo entre masas boscosas conservadas ha garantizado que los parámetros de diversidad biológica hayan resultado significativamente mayores en ésta, dado a una conectividad hasta el momento poco irrumpida.