Reproductive dynamics of female spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in South Carolina

We describe reproductive dynamics of female spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in South Carolina (SC). Batch fecundity (BF), spawning frequency (SF), relative fecundity (RF), and annual fecundity (AF) for age classes 1−3 were estimated during the spawning seasons of 1998, 1999, and 2000. Based on histological evidence, spawning of spotted seatrout in SC was determined to take place from late April through early September. Size at first maturity was 248 mm total length (TL); 50% and 100% maturity occurred at 268 mm and 301 mm TL, respectively. Batch fecundity estimates from counts of oocytes in final maturation varied significantly among year classes. One-year-old spotted seatrout spawned an average of 145,452 oocytes per batch, whereas fish aged 2 and 3 had a mean BF of 291,123 and 529,976 oocytes, respectively. We determined monthly SF from the inverse of the proportion of ovaries with postovulatory follicles (POF) less than 24 hours old among mature and developing females. Overall, spotted seatrout spawned every 4.4 days, an average of 28 times during the season. A chronology of POF atresia for water temperature >25°C is presented. Length, weight (ovary-free), and age explained 67%, 65%, and 58% of the variability in BF, respectively. Neither RF (number of oocytes/g ovary-free weight) nor oocyte diameter varied significantly with age. However, RF was significantly greater and oocyte diameter was smaller at the end of the spawning season. Annual fecundity estimates were approximately 3.2, 9.5, and 17.6 million oocytes for each age class, respectively. Spotted seatrout ages 1−3 contributed an average of 29%, 39%, and 21% to the overall reproductive effort according to the relative abundance of each age class. Ages 4 and 5 contributed 7% and 4%, respectively, according to predicted AF values.

Seasonal egg production of whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) in the Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina-Uruguay

The reproductive biology of the whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) inhabiting the estuarine waters of the Río de la Plata (Argentina-Uruguay) was studied by using histological analysis of the ovaries. Samples were collected during the spawning peak and the end of two breeding seasons (November 1995–Feb-ruary 1996 and November 1997–March 1998). Micropogonias furnieri is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Spawning frequency, determined by using the percentage of females with postovulatory follicles, was about 31% in November 1995 and 25% in February 1996. At these frequencies, a female on average spawned a new batch of eggs every 3–4 days during the spawning season. Batch fecundity was fitted to a power function of length and a linear function of ovary-free female weight. The number of hydrated oocytes decreased at the end of the breeding season, coinciding with an increase of atresia. Annual egg production for a 40-cm-TL female was estimated to be between 3,300,000 and 7,300,000 eggs. In addition to the seasonal decrease in fecundity and spawning activity, a decline in egg size and weight toward the end of the breeding season was also observed.

Strategies for surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion according to the region of transverse maxillary deficiency

This study evaluated different techniques for surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) according to the type of transverse maxillary deficiency using computed tomography (CT). Six adult patients with bilateral transverse maxillary deficiencies underwent SARME. the patients were equally divided into three groups: Group I, maxillary atresia in both the anterior and posterior regions; Group II, greater maxillary atresia in the anterior region; and Group ill, increased maxillary atresia in the posterior region. in Group I, a subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy was used. in Group II, a subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy was used without pterygomaxillary suture disjunction. in Group III, a subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy was used with pterygomaxillary suture disjunction and fixation of the anterior nasal spine with steel wire. the midpalatal suture opening was evaluated preoperatively and immediately after the activation period using CT. for Group I, the opening occurred parallel to midpalatal suture; for Group II, the opening comprised a V-shape with a vertex on the posterior nasal spine; and for Group III, the opening comprised a V-shape with a vertex at the anterior nasal spine. the conclusion was that the SARME technique should be individualized according to the type of transverse maxillary deficiency.

Fetal Cardiac Effects of Maternal Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy

Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with increased teratogenesis, which can occur in pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cardiac defects and with neural tube defects are the most common malformations observed in fetuses of pregestational diabetic mothers. The exact mechanism by which diabetes exerts its teratogenic effects and induces embryonic malformations is unclear. Whereas the sequelae of maternal pregestational diabetes, such as modulating insulin levels, altered fat levels, and increased reactive oxygen species, may play a role in fetal damage during diabetic pregnancy, hyperglycemia is thought to be the primary teratogen, causing particularly adverse effects on cardiovascular development. Fetal cardiac defects are associated with raised maternal glycosylated hemoglobin levels and are up to five times more likely in infants of mothers with pregestational diabetes compared with those without diabetes. The resulting anomalies are varied and include transposition of the great arteries, mitral and pulmonary atresia, double outlet of the right ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, and fetal cardiomyopathy.

Seguimiento en cautiverio de la maduración gonadal y desove del lenguado Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner)

Se describe el método de observaciones in vivo de la madurez gonadal de Paralichthys adspersus. Las observaciones microscópicas de las gónadas se realizaron con muestras provenientes de las canulaciones intra-ováricas e intra-testiculares, se analizó y describió el desarrollo ovocitario y espermatogénico en individuos mantenidos en condiciones de laboratorio para determinar el estado de madurez gonadal y el momento adecuado para la inducción hormonal. Se interpreta el significado de la atresia ovocitaria en las gónadas de lenguado.

Étude de la fonction ovarienne chez les souris déficientes des enzymes hyaluronidases

Les mammifères femelles naissent avec un très grand nombre de follicules ovariens primordiaux (104-106); par contre, la grande majorité (99%) de ces follicules n’atteignent jamais la maturité et subissent l’atrésie, principalement par l’apoptose des cellules de la granulosa. Notre laboratoire a démontré que les hyaluronidases des mammifères induisent l’apoptose des cellules de la granulosa et sont impliquées dans l’atrésie des follicules mais que cet effet apoptotique ne serait pas dû à leur activité enzymatique. Notre modèle propose que les hyaluronidases aient un rôle dans les follicules non destinés à ovuler. Le but de la présente étude est d’évaluer la folliculogénèse et la fertilité des souris déficientes de ces enzymes. Les résultats montrent que la délétion de Hyal-3 ne semble pas affecter la fonction ovarienne des souris mais qu’il pourrait y avoir un effet compensatoire par Hyal-1 chez les souris déficientes de Hyal-3 étant donné que son expression est augmentée chez ces souris. La délétion de Hyal-1 a pour effet d’augmenter le nombre des follicules primordiaux, primaires et secondaires, particulièrement chez les souris de bas âge, et de diminuer le niveau d’apoptose des cellules de la granulosa. Afin d’évaluer la fonction de Hyal-1, -2 et -3 sans effet compensatoire entre elles, nous avons voulu créer une souris déficiente des ces 3 hyaluronidases spécifiquement dans les gonades en utilisant le système Cre/loxP. Un vecteur contenant la séquence Cre sous le contrôle du promoteur de Inhibin-α, qui conduit l’expression des gènes en aval chez les cellules somatiques des gonades, a été construit avec succès. En conclusion, cette étude nous révèle que Hyal-3 ne semble pas affecter la fonction ovarienne mais que la délétion de Hyal-1 augmente la folliculogénèse et diminue l’apoptose des cellules de la granulosa.

TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development

In recent years, exciting progress has been made towards unravelling the complex intraovarian control mechanisms that, in concert with systemic signals, coordinate the recruitment, selection and growth of follicles from the primordial stage through to ovulation and corpus luteum formation. A plethora of growth factors, many belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, are expressed by ovarian somatic cells and oocytes in a developmental, stage-related manner and function as intraovarian regulators of folliculogenesis. Two such factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, RMP-4 and BMP-7, are expressed by ovarian stromal cells and/or theca cells and have recently been implicated as positive regulators of the primordial-to-primary follicle transition. In contrast, evidence indicates a negative role for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH, also known as Mullerian-inhibiting substance) of pre-granulosa/granulosa cell origin in this key event and subsequent progression to the antral stage. Two other TGF-beta superfamily members, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and BMP-15 (also known as GDF-9B) are expressed in an oocyte-specific manner from a very early stage and play key roles in promoting follicle growth beyond the primary stage; mice with null mutations in the gdf-9 gene or ewes with inactivating mutations in gdf-9 or bmp-15 genes are infertile with follicle development arrested at the primary stage. Studies on later stages of follicle development indicate positive roles for granulosa cell-derived activin, BMP-2, -5 and -6, theca cell-derived BMP-2, -4 and -7 and oocyte-derived BMP-6 in promoting granulosa cell proliferation, follicle survival and prevention of premature luteinization and/or atresia. Concomitantly, activin, TGF-beta and several BMPs may exert paracrine actions on theca cells to attenuate LH-dependent androgen production in small to medium-size antral follicles. Dominant follicle selection in monovular species may depend on differential FSH sensitivity amongst a growing cohort of small antral follicles. Changes in intrafollicular activins, GDF-9, AMH and several BMPs may contribute to this selection process by modulating both FSH- and IGF-dependent signalling pathways in granulosa cells. Activin may also play a positive role in oocyte maturation and acquisition of developmental competence. in addition to its endocrine role to suppress FSH secretion, increased output of inhibin by the selected dominant follicle(s) may upregulate LH-induced androgen secretion that is required to sustain a high level of oestradiol secretion during the pre-ovulatory phase. Advances in our understanding of intraovarian regulatory mechanisms should facilitate the development of new approaches for monitoring and manipulating ovarian function and improving fertility in domesticated livestock, endangered species and man.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands and receptors in bovine ovarian follicle cells: actions of BMP-4,-6 and-7 on granulosa cells and differential modulation of Smad-1 phosphorylation by follistatin

Given the paucity of information on the potential roles of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the ruminant ovary we conducted immunolocalization and functional studies on cells isolated from bovine antral follicles. Immunocytochemistry revealed expression of BMP-4 and -7 in isolated theca cells whereas granulosa cells and oocytes selectively expressed RMP-6. All three cell types expressed a range of BMP-responsive type-I (BMPRIB, ActRI) and type-II (BMPRII, ActRII, ActRIIB) receptors supporting autocrine/paracrine roles within the follicle. This was reinforced by functional experiments on granulosa cells which showed that BMP-4, -6 and -7 promoted cellular accumulation of phosphorylated Smad-1 but not Smad-2 and enhanced 'basal' and IGF-stimulated secretion of oestradiol (E2), inhibin-A, activin-A and follistatin (FS). Concomitantly, each BMP suppressed 'basal' and IGF-stimulated progesterone secretion, consistent with an action to prevent or delay atresia and/or luteinization. BMPs also increased viable cell number under 'basal' (BMP-4 and -7) and IGF-stimulated (BMP-4, -6 and -7) conditions. Since FS, a product of bovine granulosa cells, has been shown to bind several BMPs, we used the Biacore technique to compare its binding affinities for activin-A (prototype FS ligand) and BMP-4, -6 and -7. Compared with activin-A (K-d 0.28 +/- 0.02 nM; 100%), the relative affinities of FS for BMP-4, -6 and -7 were 10, 5 and 1% respectively. Moreover, studies on granulosa cells showed that preincubation of ligand with excess FS abolished activin-A-induced phosphorylation of Smad-2 and BMP-4-induced phosphorylation of Smad-1. However, FS only partially reversed BMP-6-induced Smad-1 phosphorylation and had no inhibitory effect on BMP-7-induced Smad-1 phosphorylation. These findings support functional roles for BMP-4, -6 and -7 as paracrine/autocrine modulators of granulosa cell steroidogenesis, peptide secretion and proliferation in bovine antral follicles. The finding that FS can differentially modulate BMP-induced receptor activation and that this correlates with the relative binding affinity of FS for each BMP type implicates FS as a potential modulator of BMP action in the ovary.

Local roles of TGF-beta superfamily members in the control of ovarian follicle development

Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily have wide-ranging influences on many tissue and organ systems including the ovary. Two recently discovered TGF-beta superfamily members, growth/differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15; also designated as GDF-9B) are expressed in an oocyte-specific manner from a very early stage and play a key role in promoting follicle growth beyond the primary stage. Follicle growth to the small antral stage does not require gonadotrophins but appears to be driven by local autocrine/paracrine signals from both somatic cell types (granulosa and theca) and from the oocyte. TGF-beta superfamily members expressed by follicular cells and implicated in this phase of follicle development include TGF-beta, activin, GDF-9/9B and several BMPs. Acquisition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responsiveness is a pre-requisite for growth beyond the small antral stage and evidence indicates an autocrine role for granulosa-derived activin in promoting granulosa cell proliferation, FSH receptor expression and aromatase activity. Indeed, some of the effects of FSH on granulosa cells may be mediated by endogenous activin. At the same time, activin may act on theca cells to attenuate luteinizing hormone (LH)-dependent androgen production in small to medium-size antral follicles. Dominant follicle selection appears to depend on differential FSH sensitivity amongst a growing cohort of small antral follicles. Activin may contribute to this selection process by sensitizing those follicles with the highest "activin tone" to FSH. Production of inhibin, like oestradiol, increases in selected dominant follicles, in an FSH- and insulin-like growth factor-dependent manner and may exert a paracrine action on theca cells to upregulate LH-induced secretion of androgen, an essential requirement for further oestradiol secretion by the pre-ovulatory follicle. Like activin, BMP-4 and -7 (mostly from theca), and BMP-6 (mostly from oocyte), can enhance oestradiol and inhibin secretion by bovine granulosa cells while suppressing progesterone secretion; this suggests a functional role in delaying follicle luteinization and/or atresia. Follistatin, on the other hand, may favor luteinization and/or atresia by bio-neutralizing intrafollicular activin and BMPs. Activin receptors are expressed by the oocyte and activin may have a further intrafollicular role in the terminal stages of follicle differentiation to promote oocyte maturation and developmental competence. In a reciprocal manner, oocyte-derived GDF-9/9B may act on the surrounding cumulus granulosa cells to attenuate oestradiol output and promote progesterone and hyaluronic acid production, mucification and cumulus expansion.(C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Intra-ovarian roles of activins and inhibins

Granulosa cells are the main ovarian source of inhibins, activins and activin-binding protein (follistatin) while germ (oogonia, oocytes) and somatic (theca, granulosa, luteal) cells express activin receptors, signaling components and inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan). Activins are implicated in various intra-ovarian roles including germ cell survival and primordial follicle assembly; follicle growth from preantral to mid-antral stages; suppression of thecal androgen production; promotion of granulosa cell proliferation, FSHR and CYP19A1 expression; enhancement of oocyte developmental competence; retardation of follicle luteinization and/or atresia and involvement in luteolysis. Inhibins (primarily inhibin A) are produced in greatest amounts by preovulatory follicles (and corpus luteum in primates) and suppress FSH secretion through endocrine negative feedback. Together with follistatin, inhibins act locally to oppose auto-/paracrine activin (and BMP) signaling thus modulating many of the above processes. The balance between activin-inhibin shifts during follicle development with activin signalling prevailing at earlier stages but declining as inhibin and betaglycan expression rise.

The global effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and tumour necrosis factor α on gene expression in cultured bovine ovarian granulosa cells

Background Oocytes mature in ovarian follicles surrounded by granulosa cells. During follicle growth, granulosa cells replicate and secrete hormones, particularly steroids close to ovulation. However, most follicles cease growing and undergo atresia or regression instead of ovulating. To investigate the effects of stimulatory (follicle-stimulating hormone; FSH) and inhibitory (tumour necrosis factor alpha; TNFα) factors on the granulosa cell transcriptome, bovine ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and pools of granulosa cells were cultured in vitro for six days under defined serum-free conditions with treatments present on days 3–6. Initially dose–response experiments (n = 4) were performed to determine the optimal concentrations of FSH (0.33 ng/ml) and TNFα (10 ng/ml) to be used for the microarray experiments. For array experiments cells were cultured under control conditions, with FSH, with TNFα, or with FSH plus TNFα (n = 4 per group) and RNA was harvested for microarray analyses. Results Statistical analysis showed primary clustering of the arrays into two groups, control/FSH and TNFα/TNFα plus FSH. The effect of TNFα on gene expression dominated that of FSH, with substantially more genes differentially regulated, and the pathways and genes regulated by TNFα being similar to those of FSH plus TNFα treatment. TNFα treatment reduced the endocrine activity of granulosa cells with reductions in expression of FST, INHA, INBA and AMH. The top-ranked canonical pathways and GO biological terms for the TNFα treatments included antigen presentation, inflammatory response and other pathways indicative of innate immune function and fibrosis. The two most significant networks also reflect this, containing molecules which are present in the canonical pathways of hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation and transforming growth factor β signalling, and these were up regulated. Upstream regulator analyses also predicted TNF, interferons γ and β1 and interleukin 1β. Conclusions In vitro, the transcriptome of granulosa cells responded minimally to FSH compared with the response to TNFα. The response to TNFα indicated an active process akin to tissue remodelling as would occur upon atresia. Additionally there was reduction in endocrine function and induction of an inflammatory response to TNFα that displays features similar to immune cells.

Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum: report of nine familial cases with evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance and review of the literature

Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS; OMIM 164210) is a complex condition characterized by defects of aural, oral, mandibular and vertebral development. The aetiology of this condition is likely to be heterogeneous; most cases are sporadic, however, familial cases suggesting autosomal recessive end autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. In this study, we describe the clinical aspects of nine familial cases with evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance and compare them with reports in the literature. Interfamilial and intrafamilial clinical variabilities were observed in this study (reinforcing the necessity of careful examination of familial members). We suggest that oculoauriculovertebral spectrum with autosomal dominant inheritance is characterized mainly by bilateral auricular involvement and rarely presents extracranial anomalies. Clin Dysmorphol 18:67-77 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Fatores de risco para óbito precoce em crianças e em adolescentes submetidos a tranplante hepático eletivo no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre

No próximo ano, completam-se 40 anos desde a primeira tentativa de transplante hepático (TxH) em seres humanos. Há quase 20 anos, o transplante (Tx) tornou-se uma opção terapêutica real para os pacientes portadores de doença hepática terminal. Atualmente, o TxH é o tratamento de escolha para diversas enfermidades hepáticas, agudas ou crônicas. Dos transplantes realizados na Europa ou nos EUA, em torno de 12% dos pacientes são crianças e adolescentes. No Brasil, 20,9% dos pacientes transplantados de fígado em 2001 tinham até 18 anos de idade e, destes, 60,7% tinham 5 anos ou menos. O objetivo do TxH é a manutenção da vida dos pacientes com doença hepática irreversível, e a principal forma de avaliação de sucesso é a sobrevida após o Tx. A primeira semana que se segue ao TxH, apesar dos excelentes progressos dos últimos anos, continua sendo o período mais crítico. A maioria dos óbitos ou das perdas do enxerto ocorrem nas primeiras semanas, em particular, nos primeiros 7 dias de TxH. Diversos fatores de risco para o resultado do TxH podem ser identificados na literatura, porém há poucos estudos específicos do Tx pediátrico. As crianças pequenas apresentam características particulares que os diferenciam do Tx nos adultos e nas crianças maiores. Com o objetivo de identificar fatores de risco para o óbito nos 7 primeiros dias após os transplantes hepáticos eletivos realizados em 45 crianças e adolescentes no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre março de 1995 e agosto de 2001, foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle. Entre os 6 casos (13,3%) e os 39 controles foram comparadas características relacionadas ao receptor, ao doador e ao procedimento cirúrgico e modelos prognósticos. Das variáveis relacionadas ao receptor, o gênero, o escore Z do peso e da estatura para a idade, a atresia de vias biliares, a cirurgia abdominal prévia, a cirurgia de Kasai, a história de ascite, de peritonite bacteriana espontânea, de hemorragia digestiva e de síndrome hepatopulmonar, a albuminemia, o INR, o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada e o fator V não foram associados com o óbito na primeira semana. A mortalidade inicial foi maior nas crianças com menor idade (p=0,0035), peso (p=0,0062) e estatura (p<0,0001), bilirrubinemia total (BT) (p=0,0083) e bilirrubinemia não conjugada (BNC) (p=0,0024) elevadas, e colesterolemia reduzida (p=0,0385). Os receptores menores de 3 anos tiveram um risco 25,5 vezes maior de óbito que as crianças maiores (IC 95%: 1,3–487,7). A chance de óbito após o Tx dos pacientes com BT superior a 20 mg/dL e BNC maior que 6 mg/dL foi 7,8 (IC95%: 1,2–50,1) e 12,7 (IC95%: 1,3–121,7) vezes maior que daqueles com níveis inferiores, respectivamente. Das características relacionadas ao doador e ao Tx, as variáveis gênero, doador de gênero e grupo sangüíneo ABO não idênticos ao do receptor, razão peso do doador/receptor, causa do óbito do doador, enxerto reduzido, tempo em lista de espera e experiência do Programa não foram associados com o óbito nos primeiros 7 dias. Transplantes com enxertos de doadores de idade até 3 anos, ou de peso até 12 Kg representaram risco para o óbito dos receptores 6,8 (IC95%: 1,1–43,5) e 19,3 (IC95%: 1,3–281,6) vezes maior, respectivamente. O tempo de isquemia total foi em média de 2 horas maior nos transplantes dos receptores não sobreviventes (p=0,0316). Os modelos prognósticos Child-Pugh, Rodeck e UNOS não foram preditivos do óbito. Os pacientes classificados como alto risco no modelo de Malatack apresentaram razão de chances para o óbito 18,0 (IC95%: 1,2–262,7) vezes maior que aqueles com baixo risco. A mortalidade na primeira semana foi associada a valores elevados do escore PELD. O risco de óbito foi de 11,3 (IC95%: 1,2–107,0) nas crianças com valor do PELD maior que 10. As crianças pequenas e com maior disfunção hepática apresentaram maior risco de óbito precoce. Doador de pequeno porte e prolongamento do tempo de isquemia também foram associados à mortalidade. Somente os modelos de Malatack e PELD foram preditivos da sobrevida.

Avaliação radiográfica e histológica do efeito de osso alógeno liofilizado enxertado em área dentada em crescimento : estudo experimental em ratos

Proposição: avaliar radiograficamente e histologicamente o comportamento do incisivo inferior de rato frente à realização de uma solução de continuidade em sua porção radicular mediana quanto ao seu trajeto de erupção e vitalidade pulpar; a capacidade do espaço alveolar como leito ósseo para estudo de enxertias; o comportamento do enxerto ósseo liofilizado quanto à integração e cicatrização em relação ao processo físico de compressão provocado por uma força dinâmica resultante da erupção dentária. Materiais e Métodos: estudo experimental in vivo, com amostragem selecionada de forma aleatória, randomizada, com um grupo experimento e outro controle. Constou de 21 ratos, da espécie Rattus novergicus albinus, cepa Wistar, machos, subdivididos em três grupos, correspondendo aos tempos de sete, 14 e 45 dias. Em cada grupo cinco animais foram experimento e dois animais foram controle. Em cada animal foi removido, cirurgicamente, o segmento medial do incisivo inferior direito. Entretanto, nos animais experimento foram realizados enxertos de osso alógeno liofilizado nos 2,0mm distais do total da cavidade alveolar cirurgicamente obtida. Resultados: aos sete dias observou-se a continuada erupção do segmento proximal e início da atresia do conduto radicular, em ambos os grupos avaliados e início da integração do enxerto ósseo no grupo experimento. Aos 14 dias seguem as mesmas observações descritas aos sete dias com progressão da incorporação do enxerto ósseo e atresia radicular. Aos 45 dias o segmento dentário distal ultrapassou a área do enxerto sendo desviado por este para vestibular enquanto no grupo controle o elemento dentário segue o seu trajeto eruptivo obedecendo à anatomia do corpo mandibular. A atresia pulpar é observada quase na totalidade do conduto radicular. . Conclusão: Após a remoção do segmento medial da raiz do incisivo inferior do rato concluímos que: o incisivo inferior do rato, mesmo submetido à odontossecção em seu segmento dentário proximal segue um processo de crescimento e erupção; o tecido pulpar, contido no segmento proximal mantém sua vitalidade, reagindo na forma de cicatrização dentinária compatível com o dente humano; o enxerto ósseo alógeno liofilizado evolui favoravelmente no processo de incorporação a partir de um leito receptor criado no alvéolo dentário e a dinâmica da erupção dentária pode criar força em padrão fisiológico para testar a resistência e estabilidade do enxerto ósseo cicatrizado.

Avaliação de zinco plasmático em crianças e adolescentes com cirrose

OBJETIVO: Estudos já confirmaram a importância do zinco como um elemento-traço essencial no metabolismo humano. A deficiência de zinco predispõe, por exemplo, ao retardo do crescimento, a deficits neurosensoriais, desordens no metabolismo de diversos hormônios e enzimas, dificuldade de cicatrização, lesões na pele, demora da maturação sexual e imunodeficiência. Poucos estudos na literatura avaliaram e compararam a concentração de zinco plasmático em crianças e adolescentes com e sem cirrose. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a concentração de zinco plasmático em pacientes pediátricos com cirrose e investigar a associação entre estes resultados e dados antropométricos, ingestão de zinco e gravidade da doença hepática. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo exposto-controle, em que foram avaliadas 57 crianças e adolescentes: 30 com cirrose (105,0 ± 60,0 meses, 22 do sexo feminino), atendidos regularmente na Unidade de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica do Serviço de Pediatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), e 27 hígidas e sem doença hepática (122,33 ± 47,38 meses, 14 do sexo feminino). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo exposto-controle, em que foram avaliadas 57 crianças e adolescentes: 30 com cirrose (105,0 ± 60,0 meses, 22 do sexo feminino), atendidos regularmente na Unidade de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica do Serviço de Pediatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), e 27 hígidas e sem doença hepática (122,33 ± 47,38 meses, 14 do sexo feminino). Os fatores etiológicos da cirrose foram: atresia das vias biliares (10), doenças auto-imunes (9), histiocitose (1) e deficiência de alfa 1–antitripsina (1). Em 9 pacientes não foi identificada a causa da cirrose. O comprometimento hepático foi determinado pelos critérios de Child-Pugh, PELD e MELD. Por Child-Pugh, 15 pacientes foram classificados como A, 10 como B, e 5 como C; pelo PELD, 15 pacientes apresentaram escores abaixo de 15 e 5 acima; e pelo MELD, 9 pacientes tiveram escores abaixo de 15 e 1 acima. Os pacientes foram avaliados por antropometria, onde foram verificados peso, altura, circunferência braquial (CB), espessura de prega cutânea tricipital (PCT) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB). Os índices antropométricos, peso para idade e estatura para idade (P/I e E/I), foram calculados utilizando-se o escore Z. CB, PCT e CMB foram calculados de acordo com as fórmulas de Frisancho (1974) e comparados com os valores de referência das tabelas de Frisancho (1981). O zinco plasmático foi avaliado por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e os valores normais considerados foram 70 – 150 μg/dL, sem relação com idade e gênero. Os fatores etiológicos da cirrose foram: atresia das vias biliares (10), doenças auto-imunes (9), histiocitose (1) e deficiência de alfa 1–antitripsina (1). Em 9 pacientes não foi identificada a causa da cirrose. O comprometimento hepático foi determinado pelos critérios de Child-Pugh, PELD e MELD. Por Child-Pugh, 15 pacientes foram classificados como A, 10 como B, e 5 como C; pelo PELD, 15 pacientes apresentaram escores abaixo de 15 e 5 acima; e pelo MELD, 9 pacientes tiveram escores abaixo de 15 e 1 acima. Os pacientes foram avaliados por antropometria, onde foram verificados peso, altura, circunferência braquial (CB), espessura de prega cutânea tricipital (PCT) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB). Os índices antropométricos, peso para idade e estatura para idade (P/I e E/I), foram calculados utilizando-se o escore Z. CB, PCT e CMB foram calculados de acordo com as fórmulas de Frisancho (1974) e comparados com os valores de referência das tabelas de Frisancho (1981). O zinco plasmático foi avaliado por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e os valores normais considerados foram 70 – 150 μg/dL, sem relação com idade e gênero .