Nanocomposites of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Synthetic Anatase Obtained by a Colloidal Route and Their Photooxidation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sensores eletroquímicos baseados em eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados pela adição de precursores de silicatos de bário dopados com Európio (III)

Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE

Propriedades térnicas de géis e xerogéis híbridos de sílica/orgânico à base de GPTS-TEOS com diferentes concentrações de GPTS

In the present work the thermal characteristics of gels and xerogels of Silica/organic hybrids derived from different concentrations of GPTS-TEOS were investigated by thermal analysis (TG, DTA, and DSC). The preparation of gels of the Silica/organic hybrid matrix was held through the sol-gel process, consisting by the hydrolysis of alkoxides GPTS and TEOS in proportion (1:1) and (1:2) that was promoted in acidic conditions under reflux and stirring at 80oC/2h, producing the matrix in the colloidal state (sol). Gels were prepared by addition of NH4OH to the sol, promoting gelation of sol in sealed plastics containers. Part of the gels samples was analyzed by TG, DTS and DSC techniques in order to characterize water loss and degradation of the polymeric “epoxy” groups present in the structure of the silica derived from the GPTS alkoxide. Another set of samples was dried at 80oC/48h to obtain xerogels (dried gels) and analyzed by the same techniques. We obtained the characteristics temperatures of the matrix by the techniques DTA, DSC and TG, under measurements of thermal analysis until 800oC and 600oC in case of DSC. By thermal analysis (TG, DTA, and DSC) the main endothermic events (loss of water, melting, pyrolysis) and exothermic events (burning of the polymer) of the GPTS-TEOS matrix were determined

The kinetic of mullite crystallization: Effect of water content

The kinetic of mullite crystallization from sol–gel method, with different water content, was investigated under non-isothermal conditions using DTA. The sols were obtained from Al(NO3)3.9H2O (ANN) and Si(OC2H5)4 (TEOS) mixtures by varying the water–alcohol content of the system. The crystalline phase changes were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). For a sample prepared using ethanol-based alkoxide solution (M0), only Al-poor mullite (p-mullite) crystallizes at 1000 °C; for the one synthesized with low water concentration (M6) Al-rich mullite (r-mullite) and spinel crystallize together; and for a sample prepared using a water-based alkoxide solution only spinel is formed. Thus, the variation of water contents during the synthesis caused great variations in the course of mullitization process. The average value of the apparent activation energy determined for p-mullite, r-mullite and spinel phase crystallization were found to be E = (899 ± 61) kJ mol−1, E = (1015 ± 272) kJ mol−1 and E = (980 ± 196) kJ mol−1, respectively. These results showed that sample M(0) was a monophasic gel, where aluminum and silicon atoms are mixed at a molecular level while sample M(100) was a diphasic gel, where silicon and aluminum atoms are distributed in a nanometric level. The fast reaction between TEOS and water molecules is responsible for this great difference in the sample's homogeneity. The kinetic model of the crystallization process was determined using Malek's procedure. It was established that the crystallization of p-mullite, r-mullite and spinel phase can be described by Šesták–Berggren autocatalytic model.

Materiais híbridos argila-poli(metil metacrilato) obtidos através do método grafting

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Preparação e caracterização óptica de filmes de ORMOSIL obtidos via processo sol-gel dopados com azocorantes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Enhanced Polymer Grafting from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes through Living Anionic Surface-Initiated Polymerization

Anionic surface-initiated polymerization of ethylene oxide and styrene has been performed using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) functionalized with anionic initiators. The surface of MWNTs was modified via covalent attachment of precursor anions such as 4-hydroxyethyl benzocyclobutene (BCBEO) and 1-benzocyclobutene-1′-phenylethylene (BCB-PE) through Diels-Alder cycloaddition at 235 °C. Surface-functionalized MWNTs-g-(BCB-EO) n and MWNTs-g-(BCB-PE) n with 23 and 54 wt % precursor initiators, respectively, were used for the polymerizations. Alkoxide anion on the surface of MWNTs-g-(BCB-EO) n was generated through reaction with potassium triphenylmethane for the polymerization of ethylene oxide in tetrahydrofuran and phenyl substituted alkyllithium was generated from the surface of MWNTs-g-(BCB-PE) n using sec-butyllithium for the polymerization of styrene in benzene. In both cases, the initiation was found to be very slow because of the heterogeneous reaction medium. However, the MWNTs gradually dispersed in the reaction medium during the polymerization. A pale green color was noticed in the case of ethylene oxide polymerization and the color of initiator as well as the propagating anions was not discernible visually in styrene polymerization. Polymer grafted nanocomposites, MWNTs-g-(BCB-PEO) n and MWNTs-g-(BCB-PS) n containing a very high percentage of hairy polymer with a small fraction of MWNTs (<1 wt %) were obtained. The conversion of ethylene oxide and the weight percent of PEO on the surface of the MWNTs increased with increasing reaction time indicating a controlled polymerization. The polymer-grafted MWNTs were characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Size exclusion chromatography of the polymer grafted MWNTs revealed broad molecular weight distributions (1.3 < Mw/Mn < 1.8) indicating the presence of different sizes of polymer nanocomposites. The TEM images showed the presence of thick layers of polymer up to 30 nm around the MWNTs. The living nature of the growing polystyryllithium was used to produce diblock copolymer grafts using sequential polymerization of isoprene on the surface of MWNTs.

Transparent UV-absorbers thin films of zinc oxide: Ceria system synthesized via sol-gel process

Transparent nanostructure ZnO:CeO2 and ZnO thin films to use as solar protector were prepared by non-alkoxide sol-gel process and deposited on boronsilicate glass substrate by dip-coating technique and then heated at 300-500 degrees C. The films were characterized structurally, morphologically and optically by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis transmittance spectroscopy. The coatings presented high transparency in the visible region and excellent absorption in the UV. The band gap of the deposited films was estimated between 3.10 and 3.18 eV. Absorption of the films in the UV was increased by presence of cerium. The results suggest that the materials are promising candidates to use as coating solar protective. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hyperbranched polyether polyols as building blocks for complex macromolecular architectures

The present thesis deals with the development of new branched polymer architectures containing hyperbranched polyglycerol. Materials investigated include hyperbranched oligomers, hyperbranched polyglycerols containing functional initiator-cores at the focal point, well-defined linear-hyperbranched block copolymers and also negatively charged hyperbranched polyelectrolytes.rnHyperbranched oligoglycerols (DPn = 7 and 14) have been synthesized for the first time. The materials show narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn ca. 1.45) and a very low content in cyclic homopolymers. 13C NMR evidences the dendritic structure of the oligomers and the DB could be calculated (44% and 52%). These new oligoglycerols were compared with the industrial products obtained by polycondensation which exhibit narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn<1.3) butrnmultimodal distribution in SEC. Detailed 13C NMR and Maldi-ToF studies reveal the presence of branched units and cyclic compounds. In comparison, the hyperbranched oligoglycerols comprise a very low proportion of cyclic homopolymer which render them very interesting materials for biomedical applications for example.rnThe site isolation of the core moiety in dendritic structure offers intriguing potential with respect to peculiar electro-optical properties. Various initiator-cores (n-alkyl amines, UVabsorbing amines and benzophenone) for the ROMBP of glycidol have been tested. The bisglycidolized amine initiator-cores show the best control over the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution. The photochemical analyses of the naphthalene containingrnhyperbranched polyglycerols show a slight red shift, a pronounced hypochromic effect (decrease of the intensity of the band) compared with the parent model compound and the formation of a relative compact structure. The benzophenone containing polymers adopt an open structure in polar solvents. The fluorescence measurements show a clear “dendritic effect” on the fluorescence intensities and the quantum yield of the encapsulated benzophenone.rnA convenient 3-step strategy has been developed for the preparation of well-defined amphiphilic, linear-hyperbranched block copolymers via hypergrafting. The procedure represents a combination of carbanionic polymerization with the alkoxide-based, controlled ring-opening multibranching polymerization of glycidol. Materials consisting of a polystyrene linear block and a hyperbranched polyglycerol block exhibit narrow polydispersity (1.01-1.02rnfor 5.4% to 27% wt. PG and 1.74 for 52% wt. PG) with a high grafting efficiency. The strategy was also extended to materials with a linear polyisoprene block.rnDetailed investigations of the solution properties of the block copolymers with linear polystyrene blocks show that block copolymer micelles are stabilized by the highly branched block. The morphology of the aggregates is depending on the solvent: in chloroform monodisperse spherical shape aggregates and in toluene ellipsoidal aggregates are formed. On graphite these aggregates show interesting features, giving promising potential applications with respect to the presence of a very dense, functional and stable hyperbranched block.rnThe bulk morphology of the linear-hyperbranched block copolymers has been investigated. The materials with a linear polyisoprene block only behave like complex liquids due to the low Tg and the disordered nature of both components. For the materials with polystyrene, only the sample with 27% wt. hyperbranched polyglycerol forms some domains showing lamellae.rnThe preparation of hyperbranched polyelectrolytes was achieved by post-modification of the hydroxyl groups via Michael addition of acrylonitrile, followed by hydrolysis. In aqueous solution materials form large aggregates with size depending on the pH value. After deposition on mica the structures observed by AFM show the coexistence of aggregates andrnunimers. For the low molecular weight sample (PG 520 g·mol-1) extended and highly ordered terrace structures were observed. Materials were also successfully employed for the fabrication of composite organic-inorganic multilayer thin films, using electrostatic layer-bylayer self-assembly coupled with chemical vapor deposition.

Investigation of the lithium ion mobility in cyclic model compounds and their ion conducting properties

Efficient energy storage and conversion is playing a key role in overcoming the present and future challenges in energy supply. Batteries provide portable, electrochemical storage of green energy sources and potentially allow for a reduction of the dependence on fossil fuels, which is of great importance with respect to the issue of global warming. In view of both, energy density and energy drain, rechargeable lithium ion batteries outperform other present accumulator systems. However, despite great efforts over the last decades, the ideal electrolyte in terms of key characteristics such as capacity, cycle life, and most important reliable safety, has not yet been identified. rnrnSteps ahead in lithium ion battery technology require a fundamental understanding of lithium ion transport, salt association, and ion solvation within the electrolyte. Indeed, well-defined model compounds allow for systematic studies of molecular ion transport. Thus, in the present work, based on the concept of ‘immobilizing’ ion solvents, three main series with a cyclotriphosphazene (CTP), hexaphenylbenzene (HBP), and tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMS) scaffold were prepared. Lithium ion solvents, among others ethylene carbonate (EC), which has proven to fulfill together with pro-pylene carbonate safety and market concerns in commercial lithium ion batteries, were attached to the different cores via alkyl spacers of variable length.rnrnAll model compounds were fully characterized, pure and thermally stable up to at least 235 °C, covering the requested broad range of glass transition temperatures from -78.1 °C up to +6.2 °C. While the CTP models tend to rearrange at elevated temperatures over time, which questions the general stability of alkoxide related (poly)phosphazenes, both, the HPB and CTP based models show no evidence of core stacking. In particular the CTP derivatives represent good solvents for various lithium salts, exhibiting no significant differences in the ionic conductivity σ_dc and thus indicating comparable salt dissociation and rather independent motion of cations and ions.rnrnIn general, temperature-dependent bulk ionic conductivities investigated via impedance spectroscopy follow a William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) type behavior. Modifications of the alkyl spacer length were shown to influence ionic conductivities only in combination to changes in glass transition temperatures. Though the glass transition temperatures of the blends are low, their conductivities are only in the range of typical polymer electrolytes. The highest σ_dc obtained at ambient temperatures was 6.0 x 10-6 S•cm-1, strongly suggesting a rather tight coordination of the lithium ions to the solvating 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane moieties, supported by the increased σ_dc values for the oligo(ethylene oxide) based analogues.rnrnFurther insights into the mechanism of lithium ion dynamics were derived from 7Li and 13C Solid- State NMR investigations. While localized ion motion was probed by i.e. 7Li spin-lattice relaxation measurements with apparent activation energies E_a of 20 to 40 kJ/mol, long-range macroscopic transport was monitored by Pulsed-Field Gradient (PFG) NMR, providing an E_a of 61 kJ/mol. The latter is in good agreement with the values determined from bulk conductivity data, indicating the major contribution of ion transport was only detected by PFG NMR. However, the μm-diffusion is rather slow, emphasizing the strong lithium coordination to the carbonyl oxygens, which hampers sufficient ion conductivities and suggests exploring ‘softer’ solvating moieties in future electrolytes.rn

Theoretical investigation of the [1,2]-sigmatropic hydrogen migration in the mechanism of oxidation of 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA by 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA monooxygenase/reductase

The flavin hydroperoxide at the active site of the mixed-function oxidase 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA monooxygenase/reductase (Azoarcus evansii) transfers an oxygen to the 5-position of the 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA substrate to provide the alkoxide intermediate II−. Hydrogen migration from C5 to C6 follows this monooxygenation. The nature of the monooxygenation intermediate and plausible competing reactions leading to hydrogen migration have been considered. Ab initio molecular orbital theory has been used to calculate structures and electron distributions in intermediate and transition state structures. Electrostatic potential surface calculations establish that the transition state and product, associated with the C5 to C6 hydrogen transfer, are stabilized by electron distribution to the benzoyl-CoA thioester carbonyl oxygen. This is not so for the transition state and product associated with hydrogen transfer from C5 to C4. The activation energy for the 5,6-shift is 2.5 kcal/mol lower than that for the 5,4-shift. In addition, the product of the hydrogen 5,6-shift is more stable than is the product of the hydrogen 5,4-shift, by ≈6 kcal/mol. These results explain why only the shift of hydrogen from C5 to C6 is observed experimentally. Oxygen transfer and hydrogen migration almost coincide in the gas phase (activation energy of ≈0.6 kcal/mol, equivalent to a single bond vibration). Enzymatic formation of alkoxide II− requires its stabilization; thus, the rate constant for its breakdown would be slower than in the gas phase.

Desenvolvimento de materiais nanoestruturados à base de SiO2-Nb2O5 preparados por uma nova rota sol-gel com aplicações em fotônica

Este trabalho concentra-se na preparação e caracterizações estrutural e espectroscópica de materiais nanoestruturados à base de SiO2-Nb2O5 dopados e codopados com íons Er3+, Yb3+ e Eu3+ na forma de pós e guias de onda planares. Os nanocompósitos foram preparados através de uma nova rota sol-gel utilizando óxido de nióbio como precursor em substituição ao alcóxido de nióbio. A correlação estrutura propriedades luminescentes foi estudada por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, espectroscopia vibracional de absorção no infravermelho, espectroscopia vibracional de espalhamento Raman, análise térmica, reflectância difusa e especular, espectroscopia de fotoluminescência e acoplamento M-line. Inicialmente foi avaliado a influência da concentração de nióbio nas propriedades estruturais e luminescentes de nanocompósitos (100-x)Si-xNb dopados e codopados com íons Er3+, Yb3+ e Eu3+ tratados termicamente a 900 °C por 3h. A cristalização do Nb2O5 foi dependente da concentração de Nb na matriz, com a distribuição dos íons lantanídeos preferencialmente no Nb2O5, afetando as propriedades luminescentes. Para os nanocompósitos codopados com íons Er3+ e Yb3+ foram obtidos valores de largura de banda a meia altura (FWHM) da ordem de 70 nm na região de 1550 nm e tempos de vida de até 5,2 ms. A emissão na região do visível, decorrente de processos de conversão ascendente, revelou-se dependente da concentração de nióbio. Foi verificada emissão preferencial na região do verde para menores concentrações de Nb. Enquanto que, para as maiores concentrações, processos de relaxação cruzada levaram a um aumento relativo na intensidade de emissão na região do vermelho. A eficiência quântica de emissão dos nanocompósitos (100-x)Si-xNb dopados com Eu3+ variou com o comprimento de onda de excitação, refletindo os diferentes sítios de simetria ocupados por este íons nesta estrutura complexa. A influência da temperatura de tratamento térmico no processo de cristalização do Nb2O5 em nanocompósitos 70Si:30Nb codopados com íons Er3+ e Yb3+ foi avaliada. Material amorfo foi obtido a 700 °C enquanto que a 900 e 1100 °C foram identificas as fases ortorrômbica (fase T) e monoclínica (fase M) do Nb2O5. Intensa emissão na região de 1550 nm com valores de FWHM de 52 e 67 nm e tempos de vida de 5,6 e 5,4 ms foram verificados a 700 e 900 °C sob excitação em 977 nm, respectivamente. Por fim, foram obtidos guias de onda planares com excelentes propriedades ópticas e com grande potencial de aplicação em dispositivos de amplificação óptica. Especificamente, materiais fotônicos com banda larga de emissão na região do infravermelho foram preparados, indicando fortemente a potencialidade para a aplicação em telecomunicações envolvendo não somente a banda C como também as bandas L e S em materiais contendo somente íons Er3+ como centros emissores.

Organotitanias: a versatile approach for band gap reduction in titania based materials

The reduction of the band gap of titania is critically important to fully utilize its photocatalytic properties. Two main strategies, i.e. doping and partial reduction of Ti(IV), are the main alternatives available to date. Herein, we report a new synthesis strategy based on one-pot co-condensation of in situ prepared polymetallic titanium-alkoxide complexes with titanium tetrabutoxide. Using this direct reaction, it is possible to introduce organic compounds in the anatase phase, causing site distortions in the crystalline structure of the network. By using this strategy, a yellow and a black titania have been produced, with the latter showing a remarkable photocatalytic activity under visible-light.

Mesoporous Metal Complex–Silica Aerogels for Environmentally Friendly Amination of Allylic Alcohols

Two series of mesoporous hybrid iron(III) complex–silica aerogels were prepared in one-pot synthesis by using the sol–gel coordination chemistry approach. The use of the ligands 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane and 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyltriethoxysilane, both with terminal triethoxysilyl groups, were used to incorporate metal complexes in situ into the framework of silica, through their co-condensation with a silicon alkoxide during the aerogel formation. This methodology yielded optically translucent hybrid mesoporous gels with homogeneous metal incorporation and excellent textural properties. The catalytic performance of these materials was tested in the direct amination of allylic alcohols in water as a target reaction, with activities comparable or even higher than those corresponding to the homogeneous iron(III) complex. Furthermore, these catalysts were stable and maintained their catalytic activity after six reaction cycles.

Magnetically separable mesoporous Fe3O4/silica catalysts with very low Fe3O4 content

Two magnetically separable Fe3O4/SiO2 (aerogel and MSU-X) composites with very low Fe3O4 content (<1 wt%) have been successfully prepared at room temperature by co-condensation of MPTES-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with a silicon alkoxide. This procedure yields a homogeneous incorporation of the Fe3O4 NPs on silica supports, leading to magnetic composites that can be easily recovered using an external magnetic field, despite their very low Fe3O4 NPs content (ca. 1 wt%). These novel hybrid Fe3O4/SiO2 materials have been tested for the oxidation reaction of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) with hydrogen peroxide showing an enhancement of the stability of the NPs in the Fe3O4/silica aerogel as compared to the Fe3O4 NPs alone, even after five catalytic cycles, no leaching or agglomeration of the Fe3O4/SiO2 systems.