(Table T1) Radioelement concentration and radiogenic heat production of ODP Holes 173-1067A and 173-1068A

Mean values of radiogenic heat production are derived from measurements of radioelements on the following rock types: amphibolite (0.358 ± 0.118 µW/m**3) and tonalite gneiss (0.802 ± 0.039 µW/m**3) at Site 1067 and serpentinized peridotite (0.0108 ± 0.0003 µW/m**3) at Site 1068. The results for serpentinized peridotite and amphibolite are consistent with previous measurements on samples from Sites 897 and 900. These results suggest that the thin continental crust in this region would contribute very little to the conductive heat flow.

B7–CTLA4 interaction enhances both production of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes and resistance to tumor challenge

Expression of B7-family costimulatory molecules CD80 (B7–1) and CD86 (B7–2) on tumor cells enhances host immunity. However, the role of the two B7 receptors, CD28 and CTLA4 (CD152), on T cells in antitumor immune response has not been clearly elucidated. Based on the effects of anti-CD28 and anti-CTLA4 mAbs on T cell response, it was proposed that CD28-B7 interaction promotes antitumor immunity, whereas B7-CTLA4 interaction down-regulates it. A critical test for the hypothesis is whether selective engagement of CTLA4 receptors by their natural ligands CD80 and CD86 enhances or reduces antitumor immunity. Here we used tumors expressing wild-type and mutant CD80, as well as mice with targeted mutation of CD28, to address this issue. We report that in syngeneic wild-type mice, B7W (W88>A), a CD80 mutant that has lost binding to CD28 but retained binding to CTLA4, can enhance the induction of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL); B7Y (Y201>A), which binds neither CD28 nor CTLA4, fails to do so. Consistent with these observations, B7W-transfected J558 plasmocytoma and EL4 thymoma grow significantly more slowly than those transfected with either vector alone or with B7Y. Optimal tumor rejection requires wild-type CD80. Moreover, expression of a high level of CD80 on thymoma EL4 cells conveys immunity in mice with a targeted mutation of CD28 gene. Taken together, our results demonstrate that B7-CTLA4 interaction enhances production of antitumor CTL and resistance to tumor challenge and that optimal enhancement of antitumor immunity by CD80 requires its engagement of both CD28 and CTLA4.

Nuclear public information and rational public policy decisions [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, December 15, 1981.

"No. 72."

Oversight--the Nuclear Regulatory Commission research program [microform] : hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, May 18, 19; June 15, 1982.

"No. 128."

The future of the Department of Energy's multiprogram laboratories [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Development and Applications and the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, December 2, 1982.

"No. 154."

Impacts of budget uncertainties on Department of Energy's national laboratories [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Development and Applications and the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, June 2, 1982.

"No. 114."

Mining laws of 1872 and 1989 : hearing before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 1126 ... June 7, 1989.

"September 13, 1990".

Mining Law Reform Act of 1991 and the Minerals Policy Review Commission Act of 1991 : hearing before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on S. 433 ... S. 785 ... June 11, 1991.

Item 1040-A, 1040-B (MF).

Royalty Management Program : hearing before the Committee on Mineral Resources Development and Production of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ....

"July 12, 1988" -- pt.2.

Biomass, quality traits and methane production of extensive grassland: biodiversity effects and sensor approaches

Energy policies around the world are mandating for a progressive increase in renewable energy production. Extensive grassland areas with low productivity and land use limitations have become target areas for sustainable energy production to avoid competition with food production on the limited available arable land resources and minimize further conversion of grassland into intensively managed energy cropping systems or abandonment. However, the high spatio-temporal variability in botanical composition and biochemical parameters is detrimental to reliable assessment of biomass yield and quality regarding anaerobic digestion. In an approach to assess the performance for predicting biomass using a multi-sensor combination including NIRS, ultra-sonic distance measurements and LAI-2000, biweekly sensor measurements were taken on a pure stand of reed canary grass (Phalaris aruninacea), a legume grass mixture and a diversity mixture with thirty-six species in an experimental extensive two cut management system. Different combinations of the sensor response values were used in multiple regression analysis to improve biomass predictions compared to exclusive sensors. Wavelength bands for sensor specific NDVI-type vegetation indices were selected from the hyperspectral data and evaluated for the biomass prediction as exclusive indices and in combination with LAI and ultra-sonic distance measurements. Ultrasonic sward height was the best to predict biomass in single sensor approaches (R² 0.73 – 0.76). The addition of LAI-2000 improved the prediction performance by up to 30% while NIRS barely improved the prediction performance. In an approach to evaluate broad based prediction of biochemical parameters relevant for anaerobic digestion using hyperspectral NIRS, spectroscopic measurements were taken on biomass from the Jena-Experiment plots in 2008 and 2009. Measurements were conducted on different conditions of the biomass including standing sward, hay and silage and different spectroscopic devices to simulate different preparation and measurement conditions along the process chain for biogas production. Best prediction results were acquired for all constituents at laboratory measurement conditions with dried and ground samples on a bench-top NIRS system (RPD > 3) with a coefficient of determination R2 < 0.9. The same biomass was further used in batch fermentation to analyse the impact of species richness and functional group composition on methane yields using whole crop digestion and pressfluid derived by the Integrated generation of solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) procedure. Although species richness and functional group composition were largely insignificant, the presence of grasses and legumes in the mixtures were most determining factors influencing methane yields in whole crop digestion. High lignocellulose content and a high C/N ratio in grasses may have reduced the digestibility in the first cut material, excess nitrogen may have inhibited methane production in second cut legumes, while batch experiments proved superior specific methane yields of IFBB press fluids and showed that detrimental effects of the parent material were reduced by the technical treatment

Production of activated carbons from single and mixtures of synthetic polymers

The production of activated carbons (ACs) involves two main steps: the carbonization of the carbonaceous of raw materials at temperatures below 1073 K in the absence of oxygen and the activation had realized at the temperature up to 1173 but the most useful temperature at 1073 K. In our study we used the most common industrial and consumer solid waste, namely PET, alone or blended with other synthetic polymer PAN. By mixing the two polymers in different ratios, an improvement of the yield of the AC production was found and some textural properties were enhanced by comparison with the AC prepared using each polymer separately. When all the samples were exposed through the carbonization process with a pyrolysis the mixture of PAN-PET (1:1w/w) yield around 31.9%, between that obtained with PET (16.9%) or PAN (42.6%) separately. The combine activation, with CO2 at 1073 K, allow ACs with a lower burn-off degree isothermally, when compared with those attained with PET or PAN alone, but with similarly chemicals or textural properties. The resultant ACs are microporous in their nature, as the activation time increase, the PET-PAN mixture AC are characterized by a better developed porous structure, when associated with the AC prepared from PAN. The AC prepared from PET-PAN mixture are characterized by basic surface characteristics, with a pHpzc around 10.5, which is an important characteristic for future applications on acidic pollutants removals from liquid or gaseous phase. In this study we had used the FTIR methods to determine the main functional groups in the surface of the activated carbons. The adsorbents prepared from PAN fibres presents an IR spectrum with similar characteristics to those obtained with PET wastes, but with fewer peaks and bands with less intensity, in particular for the PAN-8240 sample. This can be reflected by the stretching and deformation modes of NH bond in the range 3100 – 3300 cm-1 and 1520 – 1650 cm-1, respectively. Also, stretching mode associated to C–N, C=N, can contributed to the profile of IR spectrum around 1170 cm-1, 1585 – 1770 cm-1. And the TGA methods was used to study the loses of the precursors mass according to the excessive of the temperature. The results showed that, there were different decreasing of the mass of each precursors. PAN degradation started at almost 573 K and at 1073 K, PAN preserve more than 40% of the initial mass. PET degradation started at 650 K, but at 1073 K, it has lost 80% of the initial mass. However, the mixture of PET-PAN (1:1w/w) showed a thermogravimetric profile between the two polymers tested individually, with a final mass slightly less than 30%. From a chemical point of view, the carbonisation of PET mainly occurs in one step between 650 and 775 K.