软体动物线粒体基因组学及分子系统发生研究

本研究以双壳纲、翼形亚纲、珍珠贝目、扇贝超科的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri )、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和牡蛎超科巨蛎属(Crassostrea)的长牡蛎(C. gigas)、葡萄牙牡蛎(C. angulata)、熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)、香港巨牡蛎(C. hongkongensis)和近江牡蛎(C. ariakensis)5种牡蛎及异齿亚纲、帘蛤目、帘蛤科的紫斑文蛤(Meretrix pethechialis)为研究对象，系统的研究了以上物种的线粒体基因组全序列的特点。并以线粒体12个蛋白质编码基因的序列，在氨基酸和核苷酸水平上构建了软体动物的分子系统发生树。本研究旨在为利用线粒体基因组全序列全面构建软体动物分子系统发生树，为软体动物的系统发生和进化研究提供一种新的思路和前期基础工作，本研究主要内容分为以下三个部分： 一、栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝线粒体基因组序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR技术扩增了栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝线粒体全基因组，利用步移法结合文库构建的测序策略获得了线粒体基因组的序列。海湾扇贝线粒体全基因组长度为16,211 bp，栉孔扇贝接近全序列长度为20,789 bp。两个基因组都编码35个基因，包括12个蛋白质编码基因，2个rRNA和21个tRNA。与典型的动物线粒体基因组相比，两个基因组都缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8和2个trnS, 在海湾扇贝基因组中有1个trnF的重复，而在栉孔扇贝基因组中有1个trnM的重复。基因排列比较显示，尽管海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和巨扇贝分类学上属于同一扇贝科，但是它们的线粒体基因排列非常不同。在四种扇贝中，虾夷扇贝与栉孔扇贝的基因排列顺序非常相似；即使排除tRNA的比较，栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝基因组仅仅共享三个小的基因块；而海湾扇贝与巨扇贝仅有一个相同的基因块。在所有的系统发生分析中，四种扇贝稳定的系统发生关系得到强有力的支持，海湾扇贝较其他三种扇贝较早的分化出来；栉孔扇贝比其他两种扇贝与虾夷扇贝亲缘关系更近。贝叶斯法和最大似然法分析都支持扇贝超科的单系发生。 二、巨蛎属牡蛎线粒体基因组全序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR扩增技术和步移法结合文库构建的技术策略获得了巨蛎属C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis 5种牡蛎线粒体全基因组序列，并于GenBank已公布的美洲牡蛎C.virginica序列进行比较研究。C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis线粒体全基因组长度分别为18,225 bp、18,225 bp、18,243 bp、18,622 bp和18,414 bp，都长于C. virginica基因组17,244 bp的长度。本研究的5种牡蛎线粒体基因组都编码39个基因，包括12个蛋白质编码基因，2个rRNA和25个tRNA。与典型的线粒体基因组相比，都缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8，有trnM、trnK和trnQ 3个tRNA基因的重复，更特别的是基因组中的rrnL分为两段，这在其它线粒体基因组中未见报道，有一个重复的rrnS；而C. virginica基因组编码37个基因，与其他牡蛎相比，没有trnK和trnQ重复，只有一个rrnS。基因排列比较显示，巨蛎属的5种牡蛎C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis基因排列完全一致，而与C. virginica的基因排列相比仍然有较大的差别，有多个tRNA发生易位。系统发生分析显示，C. gigas和C. angulata首先聚在一起，然后与C. sikamea聚为一支。C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis聚成一支。C. virginica为单独的一支。系统树清楚的显示出C. gigas和C. angulata以及C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis非常近的亲缘关系，这也是长期以来，牡蛎分类学上的经典问题，有学者认为C. gigas和C. angulata为同一物种，线粒体基因组的数据显示C. gigas和C. angulata可能达到不同物种的差异。传统分类上的“近江牡蛎”的“白蚝”和“赤蚝”，线粒体序列差别明显，完全支持两种牡蛎新种名的制定。 三、紫斑文蛤线粒体基因组全序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR扩增技术和步移法结合文库构建的技术策略获得了紫斑文蛤线粒体基因组全序列。该基因组全长19,567 bp，编码36个基因，包括12个蛋白质编码基因，2个rRNA和22个tRNA。与典型的线粒体基因组相比，缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8和1个trnS, 有1个trnQ基因的重复。基因排列比较显示，双壳类的基因排列在低的分类阶元时相对保守。在帘蛤科中，紫斑文蛤M. petechialis和菲律宾蛤仔V. philippinarum共享四个完全一致的基因块，两个大的基因块是cox1-L1-nad1-nad2-nad4L-I 和 cox2-P-cob-rrnL-nad4-H-E-S2-atp6-nad3-nad5，另两个小基因块只包括tRNA基因。在以氨基酸序列构建的分子系统树中，帘蛤科紫斑文蛤与菲律宾蛤仔首先聚在一起，然后，它们与A. tuberculata形成一个进化枝。这一枝与H. arctica结合起来，支持异齿亚纲单系发生。

种植青海大黄叶中矿物质元素研究

青海地道中药材“西宁大黄”，野生资源濒临枯竭，人工种植规模不断扩大。定期采集了青海西宁及邻近地区两年生种植大黄叶，分析测试了其矿物质元素，为西宁大黄资源的可持续开发和利用提供科学依据。研究表明，种植大黄叶中矿物质营养元素的协同性以及有效蓄积对大黄的生长具有重要意义。钠元素在大黄叶中的有效蓄积以及环境中水分的及时补给对种植大黄的生长具有重要作用。

零件加工刀具轨迹仿真

一般地说,用APT语言编写的描述数控机床的刀具及要加工的工件的有关数据经计算机专门程序处理后,产生的适用于指定的NC控制器的命令代码要被输送到纸带上,然后以此纸带上的信息去控制机床工作。但是,在实际情况中,先不能立即进行这最后一步。应先对带上的信息进行检验,以免由于编程人员的计算和编写程序上的错误所造成的刀具损伤或零件报废的现象发生。本文将给出利用仿真程序借助绘图仪画出刀具运动轨迹以验证其正确与否的方法。

Synthesis of NaA zeolite membranes from clear solution

NaA zeolite membranes were successfully synthesized on a porous alpha -Al2O3 support from clear solution. The synthesis parameters, such as surface seeding, synthesis time, synthesis stages, etc. were investigated. Surface seeding can not only accelerate the formation of NaA zeolite on the support surface, but can also inhibit the transformation of NaA zeolite into other types of zeolites. A continuous NaA zeolite membrane formed on the seeded support after 2 h of synthesis. Gas permeation results showed that a synthesis time of 3 h produced the best NaA zeolite membrane. When the synthesis time was longer than 4 h, the NaA zeolite on the support surface began to transform into other types of zeolites, and the quality of the NaA zeolite membrane decreased. The quality of the NaA zeolite membrane can be improved by employing the multi-stage synthesis method. The NaA zeolite membrane with a synthesis time of 2 h after a two-stage synthesis showed the best gas permeation performance. The permeances of H-2, O-2, N-2, and n-C4H10 decreased as the molecular kinetic diameter of the gases increased. which showed the molecular sieving effect of the NaA zeolite membrane. The permselectivities of H-2/n-C4H10 and O-2/N-2 were 19.1 and 1.8, respectively. These values are higher than the Knudsen diffusion ratios of 5.39 and 0.94. However, the permeation of n-C4H10 also indicated that the NaA zeolite membrane had certain defects with diameters larger than the pore size of NaA zeolite. A synthesis model was proposed to clarify the effect of surface seeding. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and perfection evaluation of NaA zeolite membrane

The synthesis of NaA zeolite membrane on a porous alpha -Al2O3 support from clear solution and the evaluation of the perfection of the as-synthesized membrane by gas permeation were investigated. When an unseeded support was used, the NaA zeolite began to transform into other types of zeolites before a continuous NaA zeolite membrane formed. When the support was coated with nucleation seeds, not only the formation of NaA zeolite on the support surface was accelerated, but also the transformation of NaA zeolite into other types of zeolites was inhibited. A continuous NaA zeolite membrane can be formed. Perfection evaluation indicated that the NaA zeolite membrane with the synthesis time of 3 h showed the best perfection after a one-stage synthesis. The perfection of NaA zeolite membrane can be improved by employing the multi-stage synthesis method. The NaA zeolite membrane with a synthesis time of 2 h after a two-stage synthesis showed the best gas permeation performance, The permselectivity of H-2/n-C4H10 and O-2/N-2 were 19.1 and 1.8, respectively, higher than those of the corresponding Knudsen diffusion selectivity of 5.39 and 0.94, which showed the molecular sieving effect of NaA zeolite. However, the permeation of n-C4H10 also indicated that the NaA zeolite membrane had certain defects, the diameter of which were larger than the NaA zeolite channels. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and properties of polyelectrolyte microgel particles

A series of cationic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/4-vinylpyridine) [poly(NIPAM/4-VP)] polyelectrolyte co-polymer microgels have been prepared by surfactant free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) with varying compositions of 4-VP and NIPAM. The compositions of 4-VP were 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 wt.% relative to NIPAM. The temperature and pH responsive swelling–deswelling properties of these microgels have been investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic mobility measurements. DLS results have shown that the particle diameter of the poly(NIPAM/4-VP) microgels decreases with increasing concentration (wt.%) of 4-VP over the 20–60 °C temperature range due to the increased amount of hydrophobic group. The particle size of all poly(NIPAM/4-VP) microgel series increases with decreasing pH, as the 4-VP units become more protonated at low pH below the pKa (5.39) of the monomer 4-VP. Electrophoretic mobility results have shown that electrophoretic mobility increases as the temperature/pH increases at a constant background ionic strength (1 × 10− 4 mol dm− 3 NaCl). These results are in good agreement with DLS results. The temperature/pH sensitivity of these microgels depends on the ratio of NIPAM/4-VP concentration in the co-polymer microgel systems. The combined temperature/pH responsiveness of these polyelectrolyte microgels can be used in applications where changes in particle size with small change in pH or temperature is of great consequence.

Two Arginine-Glutamate Ionic Locks Near the Extracellular Surface of FFAR1 Gate Receptor Activation

Activation of a number of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is thought to involve two molecular switches, a rotamer toggle switch within the transmembrane domain and an ionic lock at the cytoplasmic surface of the receptor; however, the mechanism by which agonist binding changes these molecular interactions is not understood. Importantly, 80% of GPCRs including free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) lack the complement of amino acid residues implicated in either or both of these two switches; the mechanism of activation of these GPCRs is therefore less clear. By homology modeling, we identified two Glu residues (Glu-145 and Glu-172) in the second extracellular loop of FFAR1 that form putative interactions individually with two transmembrane Arg residues (Arg-183(5.39) and Arg-258(7.35)) to create two ionic locks. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that binding of agonists to FFAR1 leads to breakage of these Glu-Arg interactions. In mutagenesis experiments, breakage of these two putative interactions by substituting Ala for Glu-145 and Glu-172 caused constitutive receptor activation. Our results therefore reveal a molecular switch for receptor activation present on the extracellular surface of FFAR1 that is broken by agonist binding. Similar ionic locks between the transmembrane domains and the extracellular loops may constitute a mechanism common to other class A GPCRs also.

Bidirectional, iterative approach to the structural delineation of the functional "Chemoprint" in GPR40 for agonist recognition

GPR40, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), is a member of the GPCR superfamily and a possible target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this work, we conducted a bidirectional iterative investigation, including computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, aimed at delineating amino acid residues forming the functional "chemoprint" of GPR40 for agonist recognition. The computational and experimental studies revolved around the recognition of the potent synthetic agonist GW9508. Our experimentally supported model suggested that H137(4.56), R183(5.39), N244(6.55), and R258(7.35) are directly involved in interactions with the ligand. We have proposed a polarized NH-pi interaction between H137(4.56) and GW9508 as one of the contributing forces leading to the high potency of GW9508. The modeling approach presented in this work provides a general strategy for the exploration of receptor-ligand interactions in G-protein coupled receptors beginning prior to acquisition of experimental data.

Common community-acquired infections and subsequent risk of multiple myeloma: a population-based study

The role of bacteria and viruses as aetiological agents in the pathogenesis of cancer has been well established for several sites, including a number of haematological malignancies. Less clear is the impact of such exposures on the subsequent development of multiple myeloma (MM). Using the population-based U.S. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare dataset, 15,318 elderly MM and 200,000 controls were identified to investigate the impact of 14 common community-acquired infections and risk of MM. Odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for sex, age and calendar year of selection. The 13-month period prior to diagnosis/selection was excluded. Risk of MM was increased by 5-39% following Medicare claims for eight of the investigated infections. Positive associations were observed for several infections including bronchitis (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.18), sinusitis (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.20) pneumonia (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.21-1.33), herpes zoster (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.29-1.49) and cystitis (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.14). Each of these infections remained significantly elevated following the exclusion of more than 6 years of claims data. Exposure to infectious antigens may therefore play a role in the development of MM. Alternatively, the observed associations may be a manifestation of an underlying immune disturbance present several years prior to MM diagnosis and thereby part of the natural history of disease progression.

Survey on current practices for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest.

PURPOSE: To investigate current practices and timing of neurological prognostication in comatose cardiac arrest patients. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to the 8000 members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine during September and October 2012. The survey had 27 questions divided into three categories: background data, clinical data, decision-making and consequences. RESULTS: A total of 1025 respondents (13%) answered the survey with complete forms in more than 90%. Twenty per cent of respondents practiced outside of Europe. Overall, 22% answered that they had national recommendations, with the highest percentage in the Netherlands (>80%). Eighty-nine per cent used induced hypothermia (32-34 °C) for comatose cardiac arrest patients, while 11% did not. Twenty per cent had separate prognostication protocols for hypothermia patients. Seventy-nine per cent recognized that neurological examination alone is not enough to predict outcome and a similar number (76%) used additional methods. Intermittent electroencephalography (EEG), brain computed tomography (CT) scan and evoked potentials (EP) were considered most useful. Poor prognosis was defined as cerebral performance category (CPC) 3-5 (58%) or CPC 4-5 (39%) or other (3%). When prognosis was considered poor, 73% would actively withdraw intensive care while 20% would not and 7% were uncertain. CONCLUSION: National recommendations for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest are uncommon and only one physician out of five uses a separate protocol for hypothermia treated patients. A neurological examination alone was considered insufficient to predict outcome in comatose patients and most respondents advocated a multimodal approach: EEG, brain CT and EP were considered most useful. Uncertainty regarding neurological prognostication and decisions on level of care was substantial.

Giovanni Boccaccio, Il Decameron .

F. Iv : titre du XVIe siècle : « Italien Le decameron de Brocasse les cent nouvelles de Bocasse ».F. 1-5 : table des matières.F. 1-182 : "Inchomincia ilibro chiamato Dechameron principe ghaleotto nel quale si chontengono ciento novelle dette da sette donne e tre giovani uomini ...-... Qui finisce la decima e ultima giornata del decameron, cognominato principe galeotto chompiltato e fatto per messer Giovanni Boccacci da Ciertaldo. Amen. Amen".F. 182 : indication biffée à l'encre brune d'une écriture cursive (ex libris) : "Questo libro e di simbaldo ... di filipo di simone ..."

La santé orale compromise comme facteur de risque potentiel pour le cancer colorectal sporadique (COLDENT) : une étude de faisabilité

Introduction: Le cancer colorectal (CCR) demeure un véritable fardeau de santé publique au Canada. Malgré les énormes avancés scientifiques, l’étiologie du CCR n’est pas encore clairement définie. La prévention du CCR nécessite l’identification de nouveaux facteurs de risque. Durant ces dernières années, des études épidémiologiques ont rapporté l’association entre la santé buccodentaire et le cancer colorectal. Cependant, aucune étude n’a été conçue spécifiquement pour vérifier cette association. Objectifs : L’objectif principal de l’étude était de tester la faisabilité d’une grande étude épidémiologique ultérieure, conçue pour vérifier l’association entre la santé buccodentaire compromise et le risque de CCR. Les objectifs secondaires étaient de standardiser les procédures de l’étude, d’évaluer le taux de participation et le succès des approches proposées pour le recrutement, d’évaluer la faisabilité et la validité des méthodes de la collecte des données sur la santé buccodentaire et de produire des données préliminaires concernant l’association entre la santé buccodentaire compromise et le risque de CCR. Méthodologie: Il s’agit d’une étude de faisabilité, de devis cas-témoins à base populationnelle. Les participants dans le groupe de cas (n=30) ont été recrutés dans deux hôpitaux de Montréal. Les témoins (n=39) ont été recrutés dans la population générale de Montréal. Les données sur la santé buccodentaire ont été collectées aussi bien par un questionnaire sur la santé buccodentaire que par un examen clinique. Les données sur plusieurs facteurs de risque du CCR ont été collectées par des questionnaires validés. Résultats: L’étude de faisabilité a rencontré un taux de participation de 73% (30) chez les cas et de 32,5% (39) chez les témoins. Seulement 26% (7) des participants dans le groupe des cas et 79% (26) des participants dans le groupe de témoins ont complété l’examen dentaire. La santé buccodentaire compromise était associée au risque de CCR chez les participants plus âgés que 59 ans (OR=8,4 ; IC à 95% : 0,94 – 389,4; p=0,036). Les mesures de santé buccodentaire auto-rapportées par les participants par l’utilisation du questionnaire ont montré une bonne validité par rapport aux mesures de l’examen clinique. Conclusion: L’étude épidémiologique ultérieure est jugée faisable en apportant des modifications. Les résultats préliminaires plaident pour une association possible entre la santé buccodentaire compromise par la maladie parodontale et/ou l’édentement et le risque du CCR.

Situaci??n pedag??gica de la Universidad de Oviedo

Averiguar cu??les son las actitudes y opiniones de profesores y alumnos ante los problemas universitarios propios de su Facultad o Escuela, los objetivos de la Ense??anza Universitaria y sus problemas espec??ficos a la hora de ense??ar o aprender. 1448 alumnos que suponen el 5,39 por ciento de la poblaci??n, lo que posibilita trabajar a un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento con un error muestral de 2,62; la muestra se seleccion?? por afijaci??n proporcional en facultades o escuelas y dentro de ??stas, por cursos. La muestra de profesores es de 148 sujetos, un 12,33 por ciento de la poblaci??n, lo que posibilita que a un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento se trabaje con un error muestral de 7,98; la selecci??n de la muestra se realiz?? por departamentos y dentro de ellos se eligieron al azar los profesores. Se consideran las siguientes variables: -Contextuales: tipo de centro, ciudad, carrera, experiencia docente. -Personales: sexo, edad, suspensos, beca. -Actitudes hacia: evaluaci??n, organizaci??n y planificaci??n, alumnos, planes de estudio, ense??anza, recursos, instalaciones. -Opiniones sobre: la Universidad, el profesorado, los alumnos, la ense??anza. Problemas espec??ficos de profesores y alumnos en el ejercicio de su tarea. Desde la perspectiva de los profesores el objetivo primordial de la Universidad el formar profesionales, se??alando en segundo lugar la funci??n de elevar el nivel cultural; los estudiantes invierten el orden de estas funciones. Los profesores se??alan como uno de los mayores problemas la falta de recursos y la mala planificaci??n; los alumnos invierten nuevamente este orden. Los profesores proponen una elevaci??n de recursos y los alumnos vincular m??s los contenidos de las ense??anzas con las demandas actuales en el campo laboral. Los alumnos achacan sus principales dificultades a la falta de preparaci??n del profesor y los profesores a la falta de medios. Respecto a las metodolog??as los profesores prefieren la realizaci??n de actividades en peque??os grupos y los alumnos se inclinan por los trabajos de tipo pr??ctico. Se proponen actuaciones a tres niveles: Universidad: creaci??n de equipos de trabajo mixtos en los que se discutan los datos de esta investigaci??n para dise??ar estrategias de cambio. Cada centro: el mismo proceso. Organismos como el COIE y el ICE: actuaciones como las de orientaci??n a los alumnos o Formaci??n Pedag??gica del profesorado para paliar alguno de los problemas que plantean.

Efectividad del tratamiento con neurofeedback en trastornos del estado del ánimo, ansiedad y fibromialgia: una revisión de literatura

El neurofeedback es una técnica no invasiva en la que se pretende corregir, mediante condicionamiento operante, ondas cerebrales que se encuentren alteradas en el electroencefalograma. Desde 1967, se han conducido numerosas investigaciones relacionadas con los efectos de la técnica en el tratamiento de alteraciones psicológicas. Sin embargo, a la fecha no existen revisiones sistemáticas que reúnan los temas que serán aquí tratados. El aporte de este trabajo es la revisión de 56 artículos, publicados entre los años 1995 y 2013 y la evaluación metodológica de 29 estudios incluidos en la revisión. La búsqueda fue acotada a la efectividad del neurofeedback en el tratamiento de depresión, ansiedad, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC), ira y fibromialgia. Los hallazgos demuestran que el neurofeedback ha tenido resultados positivos en el tratamiento de estos trastornos, sin embargo, es una técnica que aún está en desarrollo, con unas bases teóricas no muy bien establecidas y cuyos resultados necesitan de diseños metodológicamente más sólidos que ratifiquen su validez.

Genotipificación de HLA-B en pacientes colombianos afectados por el síndrome Stevens-Johnson y la Necrólisis Epidérmica Tóxica

Las reacciones alérgicas a medicamentos cutáneas severas (RAM) como el Síndrome Stevens Johnson (SJS) y la Necrólisis Epidérmica Tóxica (NET),caracterizadas por exantema, erosión de la piel y las membranas mucosas, flictenas, desprendimiento de la piel secundario a la muerte de queratinocitos y compromiso ocular. Son infrecuentes en la población pero con elevada morbi-mortalidad, se presentan luego de la administración de diferentes fármacos. En Asia se ha asociado el alelo HLA-B*15:02 como marcador genético para SJS. En Colombia no hay datos de la incidencia de estas RAM, ni de la relación con medicamentos específicos o potenciales y tampoco estudios de aproximación genómica de genes de susceptibilidad.