4D-aikataulutuksen mahdollisuudet voimalaitosprojekteissa

4D-aikataulutus yhdistää aikataulun ja 3D-mallin animaatioelokuvaksi, jossa projektin rakentuminen esitetään ajan funktiona. Tässä työssä on perehdytty 4D-aikataulutukseen voimalaitosprojektien kannalta. Lisäksi työssä on perehdytty projektijohtamiseen, ja sitä kautta aikataulun merkitykseen projekteille. Työn lopuksi on esitetty 4D-aikataulutuksen käyttöönottoa ja siinä huomioon otettavia seikkoja. 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla projektin asennussuunnittelua voidaan toteutusvaiheessa tehostaa, sillä 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla asennusten törmäysten tarkastelua voidaan tehdä hyvissä ajoin suunnitteluvaiheessa. Lisäksi vaihtoehtoisten asennusmallien tekeminen on mahdollista, ja niitä voidaan keskenäään vertailla. Projektit voivat 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla analysoida myös aikatauluviiveitä, sekä esittää vaihtoehtoisia toteutustapoja projektille. 4D-aikataulutus mahdollistaa myös projektivaiheiden jälkeisen käytön. Projektin jälkeen projektin suunnitteltua ja toteutunutta aikataulua voidaan analysoida keskenään ja siten saada toisiin projekteihin vertailukelpoista tietoa. Lisäksi seisokkitöiden suunnittelussa on 4D-aikataulun avulla mahdollista suunnitella töiden järjestäminen tehokkaasti sekä ottaa myös turvallisuusnäkökohdat huomioon.

Modélisation MHD tridimensionnelle de tubes de flux coronaux utilisant l'assimilation des donnés 4D-VAR

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

2D, 3D and 4D active compound delivery in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown that controlling cells microenvironment during growth is a key element to the development of successful therapeutic system. To achieve such control, researchers have first proposed the use of polymeric scaffolds that were able to support cellular growth and, to a certain extent, favor cell organization and tissue structure. With nowadays availability of a large pool of stem cell lines, such approach has appeared to be rather limited since it does not offer the fine control of the cell micro-environment in space and time (4D). Therefore, researchers are currently focusing their efforts on developing strategies that include active compound delivery systems in order to add a fourth dimension to the design of 3D scaffolds. This review will focus on recent concepts and applications of 2D and 3D techniques that have been used to control the load and release of active compounds used to promote cell differentiation and proliferation in or out of a scaffold. We will first present recent advances in the design of 2D polymeric scaffolds and the different techniques that have been used to deposit molecular cues and cells in a controlled fashion. We will continue presenting the recent advances made in the design of 3D scaffolds based on hydrogels as well as polymeric fibers and we will finish by presenting some of the research avenues that are still to be explored.

Replicated nil associations of digit ratio (2D:4D) and absolute finger lengths with implicit and explicit measures of aggression. 'Replicaci??n de asociaciones nulas del ratio del segundo y cuarto dedo (2D:4D) y la longitud absoluta de los dedos con medidas de agresi??n impl??citas y expl??citas'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Estudi Qsar d'una família de Quinolones utilitzant índex de semblança i índex topològics de semblança i índexs topològics de semblanç

En aquest treball es presenta un exemple d'aplicació de la semblança molecular quàntica en l'àmbit de la determinació de relacions entre l'estructura i les propietats o activitats biològiques de molècules. La família estudiada està formada per un conjunt de divuit quinolones de les quals es coneixen dues propietats relacionades amb l'activitat biològica: la concentració mínima inhibitòria de la reproducció en E. Coli i I'escissió de l'ADN per la girasa, també en E. Coli. L'estudi s'ha realitzat emprant dues metodologies diferents, fonamentades ambdues en el desenvolupament de la semblança molecular quàntica. Aquestes dues metodologies es basen, respectivament, en el càlcul i l'aplicació dels índexs de semblança i dels índexs topològics de semblança

Molecular quantum similarity in QSAR: applications in computer-aided molecular design

La present tesi està centrada en l'ús de la Teoria de Semblança Quàntica per a calcular descriptors moleculars. Aquests descriptors s'utilitzen com a paràmetres estructurals per a derivar correlacions entre l'estructura i la funció o activitat experimental per a un conjunt de compostos. Els estudis de Relacions Quantitatives Estructura-Activitat són d'especial interès per al disseny racional de molècules assistit per ordinador i, en particular, per al disseny de fàrmacs. Aquesta memòria consta de quatre parts diferenciades. En els dos primers blocs es revisen els fonaments de la teoria de semblança quàntica, així com l'aproximació topològica basada en la teoria de grafs. Ambdues teories es fan servir per a calcular els descriptors moleculars. En el segon bloc, s'ha de remarcar la programació i implementació de programari per a calcular els anomenats índexs topològics de semblança quàntica. La tercera secció detalla les bases de les Relacions Quantitatives Estructura-Activitat i, finalment, el darrer apartat recull els resultats d'aplicació obtinguts per a diferents sistemes biològics.

Thermal expansion of deuterated hopeite, Zn-3(PO4)(2)center dot 4D(2)O

The lattice parameters extracted from Lebail analysis of neutron powder diffraction data collected between 2 and 300 K have been used to calculate the temperature evolution of the thermal expansion tensor for hopeite, Zn-3(PO4)(2)center dot 2H(2)O, Pnma,Z=4with a= 10.6065(4) angstrom, b = 18.2977(4) angstrom, c= 5.0257(2) A at 275 K. The a lattice parameter shows a negative thermal expansion, the b lattice parameter appears to saturate at 275 K while the c lattice parameter has a more typical positive thermal expansion. At 275 K, the magnitudes of the thermal expansion coefficients are alpha(a) = -1. 1(4) x 10(-5) K-1, alpha(b) = 2.4(9) x 10(-6) K-1 and alpha(c) = 3.6(2) x 10(-1) K-1. Under the conditions of these experiments, hopeite begins to dehydrate to the dihydrate between 300 and 325 K, and between 480 and 500 K the monohydrate is formed. The thermal expansion of the dihydrate has been calculated between 335 and 480 and at 480 K the magnitudes of the thermal expansion coefficients are alpha(a) = 1(2) x 10(-5) K-1, alpha(b) = 4(l) x 10(-6) K-1, alpha(c) = 4(2) x 10(-5) K-1, alpha(beta) = 1 (1) x 10(-1) K-1, and alpha(v) = 2(2) x 10(-1) K-1. The thermal expansion of hopeite is described in terms of its crystal structure and possible dehydration mechanisms for the alpha and beta modifications of hopeite are discussed.

A singular vector perspective of 4D-Var: Filtering and interpolation

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) combines the information from a time sequence of observations with the model dynamics and a background state to produce an analysis. In this paper, a new mathematical insight into the behaviour of 4D-Var is gained from an extension of concepts that are used to assess the qualitative information content of observations in satellite retrievals. It is shown that the 4D-Var analysis increments can be written as a linear combination of the singular vectors of a matrix which is a function of both the observational and the forecast model systems. This formulation is used to consider the filtering and interpolating aspects of 4D-Var using idealized case-studies based on a simple model of baroclinic instability. The results of the 4D-Var case-studies exhibit the reconstruction of the state in unobserved regions as a consequence of the interpolation of observations through time. The results also exhibit the filtering of components with small spatial scales that correspond to noise, and the filtering of structures in unobserved regions. The singular vector perspective gives a very clear view of this filtering and interpolating by the 4D-Var algorithm and shows that the appropriate specification of the a priori statistics is vital to extract the largest possible amount of useful information from the observations. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society

Can 4D-Var use dynamical information from targeted observations of a baroclinic structure?

Targeted observations are generally taken in regions of high baroclinicity, but often show little impact. One plausible explanation is that important dynamical information, such as upshear tilt, is not extracted from the targeted observations by the data assimilation scheme and used to correct initial condition error. This is investigated by generating pseudo targeted observations which contain a singular vector (SV) structure that is not present in the background field or routine observations, i.e. assuming that the background has an initial condition error with tilted growing structure. Experiments were performed for a single case-study with varying numbers of pseudo targeted observations. These were assimilated by the Met Office four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation scheme, which uses a 6 h window for observations and background-error covariances calculated using the National Meteorological Centre (NMC) method. The forecasts were run using the operational Met Office Unified Model on a 24 km grid. The results presented clearly demonstrate that a 6 h window 4D-Var system is capable of extracting baroclinic information from a limited set of observations and using it to correct initial condition error. To capture the SV structure well (projection of 0.72 in total energy), 50 sondes over an area of 1×106 km2 were required. When the SV was represented by only eight sondes along an example targeting flight track covering a smaller area, the projection onto the SV structure was lower; the resulting forecast perturbations showed an SV structure with increased tilt and reduced initial energy. The total energy contained in the perturbations decreased as the SV structure was less well described by the set of observations (i.e. as fewer pseudo observations were assimilated). The assimilated perturbation had lower energy than the SV unless the pseudo observations were assimilated with the dropsonde observation errors halved from operational values. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society

QSAR studies of multidentate nitrogen ligands used in lanthanide and actinide extraction processes

Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) have been developed to optimise the choice of nitrogen heterocyclic molecules that can be used to separate the minor actinides such as americium(III) from europium(III) in the aqueous PUREX raffinate of nuclear waste. Experimental data on distribution coefficients and separation factors (SFs) for 47 such ligands have been obtained and show SF values ranging from 0.61 to 100. The ligands were divided into a training set of 36 molecules to develop the QSAR and a test set of 11 molecules to validate the QSAR. Over 1500 molecular descriptors were calculated for each heterocycle and the Genetic Algorithm was used to select the most appropriate for use in multiple regression equations. Equations were developed fitting the separation factors to 6-8 molecular descriptors which gave r(2) values of >0.8 for the training set and values of >0.7 for the test set, thus showing good predictive quality. The descriptors used in the equations were primarily electronic and steric. These equations can be used to predict the separation factors of nitrogen heterocycles not yet synthesised and/or tested and hence obtain the most efficient ligands for lanthanide and actinide separation. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quasi-optimal assimilation of satellite retrievals for incremental 4D-Var

An interface between satellite retrievals and the incremental version of the four-dimensional variational assimilation scheme is developed, making full use of the information content of satellite measurements. In this paper, expressions for the function that calculates simulated observations from model states (called “observation operator”), together with its tangent linear version and adjoint, are derived. Results from our work can be used for implementing a quasi-optimal assimilation of satellite retrievals (e.g., of atmospheric trace gases) in operational meteorological centres.

Model-based groupware solution for distributed real-time collaborative 4D planning via teamwork

Construction planning plays a fundamental role in construction project management that requires team working among planners from a diverse range of disciplines and in geographically dispersed working situations. Model-based four-dimensional (4D) computer-aided design (CAD) groupware, though considered a possible approach to supporting collaborative planning, is still short of effective collaborative mechanisms for teamwork due to methodological, technological and social challenges. Targeting this problem, this paper proposes a model-based groupware solution to enable a group of multidisciplinary planners to perform real-time collaborative 4D planning across the Internet. In the light of the interactive definition method, and its computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW) design analysis, the paper discusses the realization of interactive collaborative mechanisms from software architecture, application mode, and data exchange protocol. These mechanisms have been integrated into a groupware solution, which was validated by a planning team in a truly geographically dispersed condition. Analysis of the validation results revealed that the proposed solution is feasible for real-time collaborative 4D planning to gain a robust construction plan through collaborative teamwork. The realization of this solution triggers further considerations about its enhancement for wider groupware applications.