104 resultados para 3625


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The European foundry business is a traditional less RTD intensive industry which is dominated by SMEs and which forms a significant part of Europe’s manufacturing industry. The efficient design and manufacturing of cast components and corresponding tooling is a crucial success factor for these companies. To achieve this, information and knowledge around the design, planning and manufacturing of cast components needs to be accessible in a fast and structured way.

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Since the mapping of the human genome and the technical innovations in the field of biotechnology, patent law has gone through great controversies. Protection is required for an investor to make an investment but how broad should the given protection be? Whether the invention is a mi- cro-organism capable of dissolving crude oil, or the gene of a soya plant, the genetic engineering required for their production entails vast amounts of capi- tal. The policy in that respect is tailored by legislative acts and judicial decisions, ensuring a fair balance be- tween the interests of patent right holders and third parties. However, the policy differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, thus creating inconsistencies with re- gards to the given protection to the same invention, and as a result this could deter innovation and pro- mote stagnation. The most active actors shaping the patent policy on an international level are the patent offices of the United States of America, Japan and the European Patent Organization. These three patent offices have set up a cooperation programme in order to promote and improve efficiency with regards to their patent policies on a global scale. However, recent judicial de- velopments have shown that the policy in respect to the field of biotechnology differs between the patent regimes of the United States of America and the two- layer system of the European Patent Organisation/ the European Union.

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Ceramics are known to be chemically stable, and the possibility to electrically dope polymer-derived ceramics makes it a material of interest for implantable electrode applications. We investigated cytotoxic characteristics of four polymer-derived ceramic candidates with either electrically conductive or insulating properties. Cytotoxicity was assessed by culturing C2C12 myoblast cells under two conditions: by exposing them to material extracts and by putting them directly in contact with material samples. Cell spreading was optically evaluated by comparing microscope observations immediately after the materials insertion and after 24 h culturing. Cell viability (MTT) and mortality (LDH) were quantified after 24-h incubation in contact with the materials. Comparison was made with biocompatible positive references (alumina, platinum, biocompatible stainless steel 1.4435), negative references (latex, stainless steel 1.4301) and controls (no material present in the culture wells). We found that the cytotoxic properties of tested ceramics are comparable to established reference materials. These ceramics, which are reported to be very stable, can be microstructured and electrically doped to a wide range of conductivity and are thus excellent candidates for implantable electrode applications including pacemakers.

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Pocos objetos hay en las Ciencias Sociales tan difíciles de precisar y abordar como la ideología. Alude a las relaciones entre conocimiento y realidad y nos sitúa en el campo de las representaciones que los hombres hacen de sí mismos y de sus relaciones con el mundo. Los hombres, a medida que se construye su subjetividad, no observan, analizan o experimentan la realidad directamente sino que lo hacen a través de complejas mediaciones. Una parte importante de esas mediaciones está constituida por lo “ideológico". Para añadir un nuevo elemento problemático se considera que la ideología no es sólo el filtro a través del cual se conoce y se significa el mundo de lo real sino que también opera para producir su conservación o transformación. Con lo cual la separación clara entre objeto y sujeto tiende a hacerse más difusa. Más allá de las dificultades que la evanescencia del objeto conlleva, su conceptualización es indispensable para completar el análisis de la realidad social y sus transformaciones. Este artículo intenta hacer una síntesis del recorrido que la formulación del concepto ha seguido dentro del campo teórico marxista (que es donde se ha producido el debate más sustantivo), tomando como eje conductor las dos vertientes principales en que se ha dividido su definición (aunque no siempre de manera explícita o, incluso, advertida): la ideología como cosmovisión o como falsa conciencia.

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El propósito de esta ponencia es revisar de qué manera la crítica literaria en América Latina ha construido algunos puntos de acuerdo en cuanto a los procesos de periodización, selección, agrupación y caracterización de autores(as), obras, temas y estilos, así como re-formular nuevas aristas que permitan pensar una historiografía literaria del ensayo actualizada y con voluntad incluyente. A partir de esto surgen cuatro líneas de investigación en torno a la revisión de las antologías del género, el reconocimiento de la teoría del ensayo dentro de los corpus de las teorías literarias, los procesos de hibridación del ensayo y la manera como son erigidos los patrones canónicos de éste en la literatura latinoamericana

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