Considerations on the ASTM Standards 1789-04 and 1422-05 on the Forensic Examination of Ink

The ASTM standards on Writing Ink Identification (ASTM 1789-04) and on Writing Ink Comparison (ASTM 1422-05) are the most up-to-date guidelines that have been published on the forensic analysis of ink. The aim of these documents is to cover most aspects of the forensic analysis of ink evidence, from the analysis of ink samples, the comparison of the analytical profile of these samples (with the aim to differentiate them or not), through to the interpretation of the result of the examination of these samples in a forensic context. Significant evolutions in the technology available to forensic scientists, in the quality assurance requirements brought onto them, and in the understanding of frameworks to interpret forensic evidence have been made in recent years. This article reviews the two standards in the light of these evolutions and proposes some practical improvements in terms of the standardization of the analyses, the comparison of ink samples, and the interpretation of ink examination. Some of these suggestions have already been included in a DHS funded project aimed at creating a digital ink library for the United States Secret Service.

Neurotoxicant-induced inflammatory response in three-dimensional brain cell cultures.

Brain inflammatory response is triggered by the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in response to various types of CNS injury, including neurotoxic insults. Its outcome is determined by cellular interactions, inflammatory mediators, as well as trophic and/or cytotoxic signals, and depends on many additional factors such as the intensity and duration of the insult, the extent of both the primary neuronal damage and glial reactivity and the developmental stage of the brain. Depending on particular circumstances, the brain inflammatory response can promote neuroprotection, regeneration or neurodegeneration. Glial reactivity, regarded as the central phenomenon of brain inflammation, has also been used as an early marker of neurotoxicity. To study the mechanisms underlying the glial reactivity, serum-free aggregating brain cell cultures were used as an in vitro model to test the effects of conventional neurotoxicants such as organophosphate pesticides, heavy metals, excitotoxins and mycotoxins. This approach was found to be relevant and justified by the complex cell-cell interactions involved in the brain inflammatory response, the variability of the glial reactions and the multitude of mediators involved. All these variables need to be considered for the elucidation of the specific cellular and molecular reactions and their consequences caused by a given chemical insult.

Quality assurance of the EORTC 22043-30041 trial in post-operative radiotherapy in prostate cancer: Results of the Dummy Run procedure.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The EORTC 22043-30041 trial investigates the role of the addition of androgen suppression to post-operative radiotherapy in patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy. As part of the quality assurance of radiotherapy (QART) a Dummy Run (DR) procedure was performed. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The protocol included detailed and published delineation guidelines. Participating institutions digitally submitted radiotherapy treatment volumes and a treatment plan for a standard clinical case. Submissions were centrally reviewed using the VODCA software platform. RESULTS: Thirty-eight submissions from thirty-one institutions were reviewed. Six were accepted without comments. Twenty-three were accepted with comments on one or more items: target volume delineation (22), OAR delineation (23), planning and dosimetry (3) or treatment verification (1). Nine submissions were rejected requiring resubmission, seven for target volume delineation reasons alone. Intervention to highlight the importance of delineation guidelines was made prior to the entry of the first patient in the trial. After this, a lower percentage of resubmissions was required. CONCLUSIONS: The EORTC 22043-30041 Dummy Run highlights the need for timely and effective QART in clinical trials. The variation in target volume and OAR definition demonstrates that clinical guidelines and radiotherapy protocols are not a substitute for QART procedures. Early intervention in response to the Dummy Run improved protocol understanding.

Evaluación de la población de concha de abanico (argopecten purpuratus) en la bahía Independencia, Pisco, Perú : 20 de febrero - 04 marzo de 1988

Describe la evaluación realizada del 20 de febrero al 4 de marzo de 1988, que evidenció una ligera recuperación de la población de concha de abanico, en la bahía Independencia, Pisco. Así mismo, aborda aspectos relacionados con la densidades medias de la población, concentraciones en determinadas áreas, distribución de tallas, se calcularon los valores de las relaciones biométricas por áreas y para el total de la bahía; así mismo se calcularon la talla media de madurez sexual y por ultimo la fauna acompañante.

Prospección pesquera del calamar gigante (dosidicus gigas) a bordo del buque japonés "Shinko Maru 2" (04 de noviembre - 17 de diciembre de 1989)

Presenta los resultados obtenidos durante la prospección efectuada a bordo del buque japonés "Shinko Maru 2" entre el 04 de noviembre y el 17 de diciembre de 1989, cuyo objetivo principal fue evaluar la factibilidad de explotar comercialmente el Dosidicus gigas (ORBIGNY) "calamar gigante" o "pota" en el mar peruano. El área de estudio comprendió desde los 03°30 ' S hasta el Callao (12°00 'S). Se emplearon dos sistemas de captura: con calamareras automáticas y luces de atracción (JIGGING) y otra con redes de deriva (DRIFT NET), llevándose a cabo 32 y 24 operaciones de pesca respectivamente.

Biomasa, distribución y concentración de los principales recursos pelágicos. Crucero 9502-04 BIC NSP-1 9502 (13 febrero - 05 abril, 1995)

Presenta los estimados de biomasa, distribución delos principales recursos pelágicos: anchoveta, sardina, jurel y caballa existentes en el Perú y se determina así mismo el grado de mezcla de estos recursos a partir de los lances de comprobación y la interrelación recurso/ambiente.

Aspectos biológicos - pesqueros de los recursos pelágicos. Crucero de evaluación de recursos pelágicos 9502-04 BIC SNP-1 (13 febrero - 05 abril, 1995)

Describe los niveles de abundancia , distribución, concentración y características biológicas de las poblaciones de la anchoveta y sardina a principios de 1995, así como conocer las características del ambiente y su influencia sobre el reclutamiento. La información proviene de las capturas y muestreos biológicos de 129 lances de comprobación ejecutados durante el crucero. La composición por especies estuvo conformada principalmente por anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax), jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi) y caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus). Otras especies fueron el bagre con faja (Galeichthys peruvianus), falso volador (Prionotus stephanophrys), múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon), etc.

Condiciones oceanográficas del mar peruano durante el crucero de evaluación de recursos pelágicos 9502-04 BIC/SNP-1 (13 febrero - 05 abril, 1995)

Presenta los resultados de las condiciones físicas y químicas (contenido de oxígeno disuelto y clorofila "a") observadas en superficie y capas subsuperficiales del mar y se dan perspectivas del comportamiento de ambiente para los próximos meses. Las características del ambiente indicaron un calentamiento de magnitud moderada al sur del Callao y condiciones cuasi-normales al norte del Callao que confirmaron la continuación del proceso de normalización del mar peruano iniciado en febrero de 1995.