413 resultados para 1351


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

玉米(Zea mays L.)是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物,种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用,我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来,我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中,单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系?当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何?高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题,本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种,在高肥力自然光照条件下,探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势,以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下:   1)光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中,当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长,光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长,与光合有关的蒸腾速率(E.)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci.)、气孔导度(gs)等也有较大改良,中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期,当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降,并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低,而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间,由于PS2功能的下降,造成了光合能力下降,而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。   老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的,因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力,其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。   随玉米品种更替,群体光合速率增强,群体光合衰减率降低,呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素,在高中低三种密度条件下,当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率,表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。   2)高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下,与普通玉米相比较,高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米,产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著,千粒重较低(P<0.01);两类型玉米的单株库容量相当,高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小,籽粒充实度低,单粒重对叶源相对减少(剪叶)或相对增多(疏库)的反应比普通玉米更为敏感,其产量受到同化产物供应(叶源)相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小,叶片含氮量和光合速率较低,说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力(光合速率)小和叶源数量少的双重限制。   3)我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下,我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中,个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01),而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类,可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型,高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少,仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量(CPC)与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著(P>0.05)。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类,将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型,CPC 双高型品种相对较少,仅占20%。   4)玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩,纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深,下层根系所占比率大,适合密植,群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多,分布较浅,在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力,但不适合密植,群体产量潜力小。   “根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量,减小根系横向伸展空间,下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下,紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求,平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感,平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。   在根系受限制条件下,增施肥料产量提高,根系总重增加,增加了根系在深层土壤(60-100cm)中的根系比率,显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙,根量减少,但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高,提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。   随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大,各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异,在一定范围内增大种植密度,根系伸展空间减小,群体产量提高,紧凑大穗型品种产量最高,品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此,培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种,采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。   5)我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合,2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 ( 14% 含水量, 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2)的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径,生理生态指标包括:选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719,种植密度102 030 株/hm2,收获密度98 610 株/hm2,花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期,达60d以上,叶面积指数最大为6.53,收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感,其光合峰值出现时间提前,而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢,下部叶片变幅最小,可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32,经济系数0.542,单株产量216g,千粒重375.1g。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This paper describes a series of tests conducted on a UK trunk road, in which the dynamic tyre forces generated by over 1500 heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) were measured using a load measuring mat containing 144 capacitive strip sensors. The data was used to investigate the relative road damaging potential of the various classes of vehicles, and the degree of spatial repeatability of tyre forces present in a typical highway fleet. Approximately half the vehicles tested were found to contribute to a spatially repeatable pattern of pavement loading. On average, air suspended vehicles were found to generate lower dynamic load coefficients than steel suspended vehicles. However, air suspended vehicles also generated higher mean levels of theoretical road damage (aggregate force) than steel suspended vehicles, indicating that the ranking of suspensions depends on the pavement damage criterion used.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In the present study, we obtained exon 2-5 of prolactin (PRL) gene from four primate species by PCR and sequencing. Adding other genes available in GenBank, we calculate amino acid substitution rates for prolactin gene in primate. Comparison of nonsynonymous substitution rate to synonymous substitution rate ratios shows no evidence of positive selection for any lineage of primate prolactin gene. According to this and the facts that (i) no sites under positive selection are inferred by using maximum-likelihood method; (ii) among 32 amino acid replacement that occurred along the rapid evolutionary phase, only two are included in the 40 functionally important residues, indicating that amino acid replacement tends to occur in those functionally unimportant residues; (iii) partial of prolactin function is replaced by placental lactogen in primate at the rapid evolutionary phase of prolactin gene, we thus deem that it is relaxation of purifying selection to some extent rather than positive selection that enforces the rapid evolution of primate prolactin gene.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

肤核酸记, 是一种核酸类似物, 它的骨架以假肤键代替了原来的糖一磷酸 骨架结合到核酸双螺旋上形成三螺旋的过程是作用于核酸双螺旋最初也是最重要的一步 但到目前为止, 由于缺乏· 三螺旋的晶体结构数据, 关于· 三螺旋的构象特征 以及维持其构象作用力的研究还处在初始阶段本文较成功地搭建了· 三螺旋结构模 型经过优化和分子动力学模拟后, 系统分析了它们的构象及其作用力为肤核酸在反义和反基因策略 上的应用提供了可能的理论指导

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

短散在核重复序列(SINEs)是真核生物基因组内的移动元件,已被广泛应用于系统发育研究。文中报道了用SINE的插入事件和细胞色素b基因来研究鲤科鱼类的进化.结果显示:细胞色素b基因和SINEs插入事件在大的鲤科鱼类分类上都支持形态学的分类结果,将整个鲤科鱼类分为雅罗鱼系和鲃系;两种分子标记所获结果的不同之处在于野鲮亚科的进化地位.SINEs插入事件的分析结果显示该亚科的进化地位比较原始,而细胞色素b序列的结果则显示其相对较晚的进化起源.尽管在该研究中分析的物种较少,但为SINEs在鲤科鱼类插入事件的研究提

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

利用富营养浅水湖泊 (武汉东湖 )中所建立的大型实验围隔系统 ,研究了沉水植物对水体N、P营养水平的影响 .结果表明 ,沉水植物重建后N、P营养水平显著降低 .在研究期间 ,水生植物围隔总N和总P水平均显著低于对照围隔和大湖水体 ,而且水生植物围隔的总P含量一般维持在 0 .1mg·L- 1 左右 ,季节性波动远低于对照围隔和大湖水体 .水生植物围隔水体中氨态氮和亚硝态氮含量较低 ,而硝态氮含量与对照围隔和和大湖水体差别不大 .由此可见 ,恢复以沉水植物为主的水生植被 ,可以有效地降低N、P营养循环速度

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Composite AlN powder, mixed with the sintering additive Y2O3, was synthesized by the direct nitridation of molten Al-Mg-Y alloys. The character of products was determined by means of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, granularmetric analysis and chemical composition analysis etc. The results show that the nitridation rate of the raw alloys is higher, and the nitridation products axe porous enough to be easily crushed. Composite AlN powder, obtained by the Lanxide method, has excellent characters such as high purity, especially low oxygen content, and narrow well-distributed grain size and so on.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We consider systems of equations of the form where A is the underlying alphabet, the Xi are variables, the Pi,a are boolean functions in the variables Xi, and each δi is either the empty word or the empty set. The symbols υ and denote concatenation and union of languages over A. We show that any such system has a unique solution which, moreover, is regular. These equations correspond to a type of automation, called boolean automation, which is a generalization of a nondeterministic automation. The equations are then used to determine the language accepted by a sequential network; they are obtainable directly from the network.