Synthesis from zinc oxalate, growth mechanism and optical properties of ZnO nano/micro structures

We report the synthesis of various morphological micro to nano structured zinc oxide crystals via simple precipitation technique. The growth mechanisms of the zinc oxide nanostructures such as snowflake, rose, platelets, porous pyramid and rectangular shapes were studied in detail under various growth conditions. The precursor powders were prepared using several zinc counter ions such as chloride, nitrate and sulphate along with oxalic acid as a precipitating agent. The precursors were decomposed by heating in air resulting in the formation of different shapes of zinc oxide crystals. Variations in ZnO nanostructural shapes were possibly due to the counter ion effect. Sulphate counter ion led to unusual rose-shape morphology. Strong ultrasonic treatment on ZnO rose shows that it was formed by irregular arrangement of micro to nano size hexagonal zinc oxide platelets. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the wurzite structure of all zinc oxide samples synthesized using different zinc counter ions. Functional groups of the zinc oxalate precursor and zinc oxide were identified using micro Raman studies. The blue light emission spectra of the various morphologies were recorded using luminescence spectrometer. (C) 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

The interaction of halogen molecules with SWNTs and graphene

The interaction of halogen molecules of varying electron affinity, such as iodine monochloride (ICl), bromine (Br(2)), iodine monobromide (IBr) and iodine (I(2)) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and graphene has been investigated in detail. Halogen doping of the two nanocarbons has been examined using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with electronic absorption spectroscopy and extensive theoretical calculations. The halogen molecules, being electron withdrawing in nature, induce distinct changes in the electronic states of both the SWNTs and graphene, which manifests with a change in the spectroscopic signatures. Stiffening of the Raman G-bands of the nanocarbons upon treatment with the different halogen molecules and the emergence of new bands in the electronic absorption spectra, both point to the fact that the halogen molecules are involved in molecular charge-transfer with the nanocarbons. The experimental findings have been explained through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which suggest that the extent of charge-transfer depends on the electron affinities of the different halogens, which determines the overall spectroscopic properties. The magnitude of the molecular charge-transfer between the halogens and the nanocarbons generally varies in the order ICl > Br(2) > IBr > I(2), which is consistent with the expected order of electron affinities.

Influence of operational and geometrical parameters on the performance of twin thermoacoustic prime mover

Thermoacoustics is the interaction between heat and sound, which are useful in designing heat engines and heat pumps. Research in the field of thermoacoustics focuses on the demand to improve the performance which is achieved by altering operational, geometrical and fluid parameters. The present study deals with improving the performance of twin thermoacoustic prime mover, which has gained the significant importance in the recent years for the production of high amplitude sound waves. The performance of twin thermoacoustic prime mover is evaluated in terms of onset temperature difference, resonance frequency and pressure amplitude of the acoustic waves by varying the resonator length and charge pressures of fluid medium nitrogen. DeltaEC, the free simulation software developed by LANL, USA is employed in the present study to simulate the performance of twin thermoacoustic prime mover. Experimental and simulated results are compared and the deviation is found to be within 10%.

Optimal Linear Glauber Model

Contrary to the actual nonlinear Glauber model, the linear Glauber model (LGM) is exactly solvable, although the detailed balance condition is not generally satisfied. This motivates us to address the issue of writing the transition rate () in a best possible linear form such that the mean squared error in satisfying the detailed balance condition is least. The advantage of this work is that, by studying the LGM analytically, we will be able to anticipate how the kinetic properties of an arbitrary Ising system depend on the temperature and the coupling constants. The analytical expressions for the optimal values of the parameters involved in the linear are obtained using a simple Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse matrix. This approach is quite general, in principle applicable to any system and can reproduce the exact results for one dimensional Ising system. In the continuum limit, we get a linear time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation from the Glauber's microscopic model of non-conservative dynamics. We analyze the critical and dynamic properties of the model, and show that most of the important results obtained in different studies can be reproduced by our new mathematical approach. We will also show in this paper that the effect of magnetic field can easily be studied within our approach; in particular, we show that the inverse of relaxation time changes quadratically with (weak) magnetic field and that the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is valid for our model.

Lesion Detection in Breast Ultrasound Images Using Tissue Transition Analysis

Breast cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer related deaths in women and early detection is crucial for reducing mortality rates. In this paper, we present a novel and fully automated approach based on tissue transition analysis for lesion detection in breast ultrasound images. Every candidate pixel is classified as belonging to the lesion boundary, lesion interior or normal tissue based on its descriptor value. The tissue transitions are modeled using a Markov chain to estimate the likelihood of a candidate lesion region. Experimental evaluation on a clinical dataset of 135 images show that the proposed approach can achieve high sensitivity (95 %) with modest (3) false positives per image. The approach achieves very similar results (94 % for 3 false positives) on a completely different clinical dataset of 159 images without retraining, highlighting the robustness of the approach.

轴对称射流气动声场的数值模拟

构造了Kirchhoff积分和CFD计算相结合的算法，采用高精度差分格式对不同喷口马赫数的轴对称射流进行数值模拟，并以此作为近场声源，运用Kirchhoff积分方法研究远场气动噪声。数值结果表明，远场噪声具有方向性，噪声声压在离开对称轴20℃处达到最大值。随着传播距离增大，噪声方向性逐渐减弱。

"Evaluación del carbono almacenado en la biomasa y suelo del bosque tropical seco en el municipio de Nandaime, departamento de Granada, Nicaragua"

El dióxido de carbono es el más importante de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero, por la actividad humana, tanto en términos de su cantidad como de su potencial efecto sobre el calentamiento global. Este es producido cuando se usa combustible fósil para generar energía y cuando los bosques son deforestados y quemados. La vegetación arbórea es una fuente y a la vez un sumidero natural de CO2. El presente estudio se realizó en el municipio de Nandaime departamento de Granada 20 10, con el objetivo de evaluar el carbono almacenado en los componentes biomasa aérea, hojarasca y suelo en tres sucesiones de edad (9, 15 y 19 años), en bosque seco tropical. Se hizo un inventario forestal (fustal 200 m2 y latizal 25 m2). Se cortó el árbol promedio en fustales Se pesó y muestreo la biomasa aérea y hojarasca, en las cuales se determinó en laboratorio el porcentaje de humedad y contenido de carbono. La mayor cantidad de árboles fue en la edad de 9 años con 2,366.7 árboles/ha. Los promedios de diámetro en fustal fueron 10.92, 14.7 y 15.97 cm, para 9, 15 y 19 años respectivamente. Los promedios de diámetro en latizal fueron 6.29, 6.41 y 6.43 cm, para 9 15 y 19 años respectivamente. Los promedios de altura en fustal fueron 6.92, 10.21 y 10.78 m, para 9 15 y19 años respectivamente. Los promedios de altura en latizal fueron 5.25, 6.00 y 8.13 m, para 9 15 y19 años respectivamente. La mayor cantidad de área basal y volumen fue en la edad de 9 años con 38.66 m 2/a y 356.83 m3/ha. Según el índice de diversidad Shannon-Wiener y Simpson se determinó que el sitio más diverso en fustal fue la sucesión de 15 años de edad y el menos diverso el nivel de 19 años, en latizal el más diverso fue el de 15 años y el menos diverso el de 19. En la edad 19 años , se cuantifico la mayor cantidad de hojarasca con 5.69 t/ha, pero el mayor contenido de carbono fue en 9 años con 1.11 t/ha. En la edad 9 años, se cuantifico la mayor cantidad de biomasa y carbono en ramas y hojas con 206.82 y 37.49t/ha, respectivamente. Para fuste, se cuantifico la mayor cantidad de biomasa y carbono en la edad de 9 años con 149.98 y 47.63 t/ha, respectivamente. El carbono almacenado en el suelo fueron 22.5, 27.68 y 42.39 t/ha, para 9, 15 y19 años respectivamente. La tasa de fijación de la biomasa aérea fue 9.46, 7.11 y 6.23 t/año, para 9, 15 y 19 años respectivamente.

Efecto de tres laminas de riego y tres dosis de aplicacion de biofertilizante en el cultivo orgánico de fresa (Fragaria spp.) cv Festival en el Castillito, Las Sabanas, Madriz

El presente estudio se realizó con productores de fresa de la comunidad de El Castillito, municipio de Las Sabanas, Madriz, durante el período de abril 2009–abril 2010, con el propósito de conocer los efectos de normas de riego y dosis de biofertilizante en el cultivo de fresa (Fragaria spp.). Se utilizó un diseño de Bloques Completo al Azar (BCA), con un arreglo en franjas con tres réplicas. Se trabajó en parcelas de tres productores, Humberto, Cristian, Celso, las láminas de establecidas en tiempo de 15, 25 y 30 min por día, y las dosis de biofertilizante de 200, 400 y 600 l ha-1. Las variables fueron sujetas a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y agrupaciones de medias mediante LSD (∞=0.05). Las variables de hojas y coronas no fueron afectadas significativamente por los factores. El volumen y peso de fruto fueron afectadas por las normas de riego; no así en la longitud, diámetro y grados Brix. Las dosis de biofertilizante de 600 l ha-1 mostraron efecto significativo en el peso del fruto. De igual manera, los factores evaluados afectaron de manera significativa los rendimientos obtenidos, con valores promedios de 1509.24 kg ha-1 y 1188.24 kg ha-1, para los niveles de 30 minutos y 600 l ha-1, respectivamente. El mayor rendimiento total fue de 3132 kg ha-1 en el tratamiento 30 minutos y 400 l ha-1 en el productor Humberto. Basados en la información mensual de las propiedades psicométricas del aire, se tomaron variables como temperatura, humedad relativa, velocidad del viento y precipitaciones. Se constató que El Castillito cuenta con un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo del cultivo de fresa.

Generalized rayleigh principle and its applications

In this paper, we mainly deal with cigenvalue problems of non-self-adjoint operator. To begin with, the generalized Rayleigh variational principle, the idea of which was due to Morse and Feshbach, is examined in detail and proved more strictly in mathematics. Then, other three equivalent formulations of it are presented. While applying them to approximate calculation we find the condition under which the above variational method can be identified as the same with Galerkin's one. After that we illustrate the generalized variational principle by considering the hydrodynamic stability of plane Poiseuille flow and Bénard convection. Finally, the Rayleigh quotient method is extended to the cases of non-self-adjoint matrix in order to determine its strong eigenvalne in linear algebra.

Annual report 2002 - North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Eleventh meeting, Qingdao, People's Republic of China, October 18-16, 2002

Report of Opening Session (pdf 51 KB) Report of Governing Council Meeting(pdf 136 KB) Report of the Finance and Administration Committee (pdf 48 KB) Reports of Science Board and Committees: Science Board (pdf 71 KB) Biological Oceanography Committee (pdf 66 KB) Working Group 14: Effective sampling of micronekton Marine Birds and Mammals Advisory Panel Fishery Science Committee (pdf 36 KB) Working Group 16: Climate change, shifts to fish production, and fisheries management Marine Environmental Quality Committee (pdf 39 KB) Working Group 15: Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the North Pacific Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (pdf 49 KB) North Pacific Data Buoy Advisory Panel Working Group 17: Biogeochemical data integration and synthesis Technical Committee on Data Exchange (pdf 29 KB) Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program (pdf 43 KB) BASS Task Team (pdf 30 KB) Iron Fertilization Experiment Advisory Panel MODEL Task Team (pdf 28 KB) MONITOR Task Team (pdf 34 KB) Summary of Continuous Plankton Recorder activities in 2002 REX Task Team (pdf 21 KB) Documenting Scientific Sessions (pdf 140 KB) List of Participants (pdf 59 KB) List of Acronyms (pdf 21 KB)

Growth of high quality Cr, Yb codoped gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd3Ga5O12) crystal and its spectral properties

The Cr(0.1%),Yb(10%):GGG crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method. The chemical composition is: Yb0.33Gd2.47Cr0.005Ga5.2O12. There are no observed Yb3+ ions substituting Ga3+ ions, just like that of Yb:GGG crystals. The defects in Cr,Yb:GGG crystal were also investigated. The absorption and emission spectra of Cr,Yb:GGG crystal at room temperature have been measured. The 02 and H-2 annealing effect of Cr,Yb:GGG crystal have been compared. Cr3+ can greatly weak the visible luminescence of this crystal. The Cr-Yb-codoped crystals may be potential materials for compact, efficient, high stability LD pumped solid state lasers. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SBLOCK: A framework for efficient stencil-based PDE solvers on multi-core platforms

We present a new software framework for the implementation of applications that use stencil computations on block-structured grids to solve partial differential equations. A key feature of the framework is the extensive use of automatic source code generation which is used to achieve high performance on a range of leading multi-core processors. Results are presented for a simple model stencil running on Intel and AMD CPUs as well as the NVIDIA GT200 GPU. The generality of the framework is demonstrated through the implementation of a complete application consisting of many different stencil computations, taken from the field of computational fluid dynamics. © 2010 IEEE.

脊胸天牛(Rhytidodera bowringii White)在杧果树枝干的分布研究

本文研究了果树害虫脊胸天牛（ＲｈｙｔｉｄｏｄｅｒａｂｏｗｒｉｎｇｉｉＷｈｉｔｅ）在云南景谷县果国内对果树枝干的分布和危害情况。结果表明，该害虫在三年和象牙树上主要危害３～５年生枝条，其有虫枝率分别为６５．３％和９２．０％。另外，按地形将果园分为上、中、下三个区带，分别调查各区活枝、地面枯枝和腐枝中的害虫。结果显示，中区活枝、枯枝、腐枝的有虫枝率分别为６０．０％，３０．０％和１７．０％，其有虫枝率分别高于果园的上区和下区。总体上看，三个区带活枝、枯枝和腐枝的有虫枝率分别为５６．８％，３４．０％和１４．３％。定期清除果国内的枯枝和腐枝是防治脊胸天牛的有效措施之一。