Óxidos de ferro de solos formados sobre gnaisse do Complexo Bação, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar a caracterização mineralógica dos óxidos de ferro de horizontes B de três perfis de solos desenvolvidos sobre gnaisse do geodomínio do Complexo Bação, no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, em Minas Gerais. As amostras foram coletadas ao longo dos segmentos de alta, média e baixa vertente. As frações de terra fina (diâmetro médio, fi = 2 mm) foram separadas, em todas as amostras. A composição química dos elementos maiores foi determinada por meio da técnica de fluorescência de raios X; a análise mineralógica foi realizada com difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia Mössbauer. Todas as amostras têm composição mineralógica similar, cuja ocorrência geral corresponde à seqüência quartzo >> gibbsita > caulinita > goethita. Os resultados Mössbauer a 4,2 K confirmam a coexistência de goethita (majoritária) e hematita. Os conteúdos de alumínio isomórfico foram deduzidos dos valores de campos hiperfinos e correspondem às seguintes fórmulas químicas das goethitas: alfaFe0,79Al0,21OOH (alta vertente), alfaFe0,75Al0,25OOH (meia vertente) e alfaFe0,78Al0,22OOH (baixa vertente). A dinâmica de transformação dos óxidos de ferro nos horizontes B ao longo da vertente é um indicador das oscilações paleoclimáticas na área: goethita mais aluminosa é um indicador do paleoambiente úmido, e goethita menos aluminosa revela condições pedogênicas mais secas.

Emissão de óxidos de nitrogênio associada à aplicação de uréia sob plantio convencional e direto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar emissões de NO e N2O até cinco dias após a primeira fertilização de cobertura com uréia em milho, em Latossolo Vermelho argiloso distrófico, sob plantio convencional e direto. A adubação de cobertura foi de 60 kg ha-1 de N. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, sendo o terceiro cultivo de milho, em rotação com soja. Os fluxos de NO e N2O foram medidos em câmaras de PVC instaladas em cada parcela. Houve emissão alta de NO imediatamente após (5,4 ng N cm-2 h-1) e no terceiro dia (4,8 ng N cm-2 h-1) após aplicação de uréia e irrigação. Um dia após fertilização, a emissão de NO reduziu-se a 1,9 ng N cm-2 h-1, e cinco dias depois, alcançou 1,2 ng N cm-2 h-1. Os fluxos de N2O ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção de 0,6 ng N cm-2 h-1. Não houve diferença significativa entre os plantios convencional e direto quanto à emissão dos óxidos de nitrogênio.

Teores de colesterol e oxidação lipídica em hambúrguer bovino com adição de linhaça dourada e derivados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de linhaça‑dourada e derivados sobre os teores de colesterol e a oxidação lipídica em hambúrguer bovino. Foram elaborados hambúrgueres com 5,0% de óleo, ou farinha, ou sementes de linhaça‑dourada, além de uma formulação‑controle (sem adição de linhaça ou derivados). Os hambúrgueres foram mantidos congelados, a ‑18ºC, por 90 dias. Determinou-se o teor de colesterol e a estabilidade oxidativa dos produtos crus e grelhados. Os menores teores de colesterol foram observados nos produtos com óleo de linhaça. No entanto, a adição de linhaça e derivados aumentou a oxidação lipídica em hambúrguer bovino (maiores valores de malonaldeído), após o armazenamento.

Optimización de un nuevo método de preparación de óxidos mixtos tipo perovskita con vacantes de oxígeno.

Se han optimizado las condiciones para la deslitiación de compuestos de fórmula general La2/3-xLi3xTiO3 así como las de la posterior termólisis de compuestos de fórmula general La2/3-xTiO3-3x(OH)3x. En ambos procesos se mantiene la estructura perovskita cúbica Pm3m. Estudios preliminares de conductividad eléctrica indican que los compuestos La2/3-xTiO3-3x/2 obtenidos mediante química suave a partir de la perovskita de lantano y litio se comportan como semiconductores.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de recobrimentos de Ni-Co e de seus óxidos mistos para a produção de oxigênio por eletrólise alcalina da água

This paper describes the development and characterisation of Ni-Co coatings to be used as anodes in water electrolysis. Chemical oxidation of the surface was performed through thermal treatment at 400ºC for 10 h. The resulting surfaces were analysed by X-ray diffraction, EDX, SEM, cyclic voltammetry and constant current electrolysis. The electrochemical oxidation occurring on bare surfaces during electrolysis promotes the formation of thick oxide layers resulting in loss of activity. In oxidised surfaces the chemical Ni-Co oxide grown during the thermal treatment prevents further oxidation thus retaining their activity towards oxygen evolution. An optimum condition for the growth of mixed oxide with high activity was found for the bath containing 50 g L-1 CoSO4.

Filmes de óxidos anódicos de nióbio: efeito eletrocrômico e cinética da reação de eletro-intercalação

The aim of this work is to study the electrochromism and the reaction kinetics of lithium electrointercalation in anodic niobium oxide films. The oxide grown in an acid environment by application of an alternating potential shows interference colour (iridescence) and when reduced in lithium perclorate/PC solution, the intercalation of Li+ ions and electrons causes a reversible colour change (electrochromism), characterized here by electrochemical and optical measurements. A model where the reaction kinetics is dominated by diffusion of ionic pairs (Li+, e-) in the oxide film permitted the reproduction of current and absorbance temporal dependence, confirming the relationship between the electrochromic and electrochemical reactions. From the results obtained, a relation was established where the colour change is associated to the reduction of Nb+5 to Nb+4 ions with simultaneous cations injection.

Propriedades texturais e catalíticas de óxidos de ferro contendo cromo e cobre

Chromium and copper-doped hematites were prepared with the aim of studying the synergistic effect of these dopants on the textural and on the catalytic properties of the iron oxides towards the high temperature shift reaction. It was found that the most active catalysts were those with the highest amount of copper. They had the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio near the stoichiometric value of magnetite, the highest surface areas under the reactional atmosphere and the greatest tendency to produce the active form; they also were poorly crystalline solids. The best performance was shown by the catalyst with Fe/Cu=10, heated at 300ºC. It can thus be concluded that copper acts both as textural and structural promoter in these catalysts.

Análise por difração de raios x de filmes de óxidos cerâmicos compostos por IrO2/TiO2/CeO2

Independent of the sample form (powder or film), XRD analysis of Ir0,3Ti(0,7-x)Ce xO2, (nominal) mixtures, for x=0, shows the formation of a solid solution phase between IrO2 and TiO2, as well as the rutile phases of IrO2 and TiO2. The presence of the anatase phase of TiO2 is also confirmed. The introduction of 30 mol% CeO2 in the mixture reveals the presence of the CeO2 and Ce2O3 phases, besides the already mentioned ones, in the powder. In the film form, however, an amorphous phase is identified. When all of the TiO2 is substituded by CeO2, for both sample forms, the only phases found are IrO2, CeO2 and Ce2O3. This result suggests cerium oxides are not capable of forming solid solutions with either IrO2 or (Ir,Ti)O2 acting solely as a dispersant matrix for these phases. These results are consistent with the much higher electrochemically active surface area when CeO2 is introduced in the binary Ti/Ir0,3Ti0,7O2 mixture. It was possible to establish a relationship between the electrochemical stability of the supported films and their crystalline structure. The unexpected presence of TiO2 and Ti2O3 in the Ti/Ir0,3Ce0,7O2 (film sample) is attributed to oxidation of the Ti support during the calcination step.

Efeito da temperatura no desempenho catalítico de óxidos de ferro contendo cobre e alumínio

Aluminum and copper doped hematite was evaluated in the high temperature shift (HTS) reaction at several temperatures in order to find catalysts that can work in different operational conditions. It was found that the catalysts work in kinetic regime in the range of 300-400 ºC. Both copper and aluminum increases the activity and selectivity. Aluminum acts as textural promoter whereas copper acts as structural one. The most promising catalyst is that with both copper and aluminum which showed higher activity and selectivity than a commercial sample. This catalyst has the advantages of being non toxic and can work at low temperatures.

Fases estacionárias para cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (CLAE-FR) baseadas em superfícies de óxidos inorgânicos funcionalizados

Particles of porous silica or other solvent resistent inorganic oxides can be functionalized by aliphatic (e.g., C-8 or C-18) or other groups to give stationary phases for use in reversed phase HPLC. The functionalization can be done by bonding of individual groups to the surface of the support particles, by producing an organic polymeric film from pre-polymers, or by adsorbing/immobilizing pre-formed polymers on the surfaces. These three types of functionalization are reviewed.

Fotocromismo em filmes finos de óxidos de tungstênio de diferentes composições

Tungsten oxide thin films with three different compositions were deposited by reactive sputtering in an oxygen-argon plasma. In a system composed of a home made photochemical reactor coupled with an optic fiber spectrophotometer, the photochromic effect was studied in these oxide films as function of UV irradiation time, in ethanol, methanol and formaldehyde atmospheres. It was observed that the photochromic efficiency depends on the vapor chemical nature where the film is irradiated as well as the film composition. Kinetic analysis suggest that two kinds of optical absorption centers should respond by the photochromic effect in these films, one generated at film surface and other inside it, which one presenting a different time constant.

Emprego de óxidos tipo perovskita nas oxidações do propano e CO

Simultaneous oxidation/co-precipitation of an equimolar mixture of La(III) and Co(II) nitrates and La(III) nitrate and Mn(II) chloride afforded a hydroxide gel, which was converted to LaCoO3 and LaMnO3 on calcination at 600 °C. After calcination, the obtained perovskites have been characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (DTA - TGA) and BET specific surface determination. Specific surface areas of perovskites were 12 - 60 m²/g. XRD analysis showed that LaCoO3 and LaMnO3 are simple phase perovskite - type oxides. Traces of LaOCl, in addition to the perovskite were detected in the LaMnO3. The catalytic behavior was examined in the propane and CO oxidation. The LaCoO3 catalyst was more active to CO2 than the LaMnO3 catalyst.

Decomposição catalítica de óxidos de nitrogênio

Contaminant gases in the atmosphere constitute an important problem to be solved in the world. The NOx gases produced as a consequence of engine high temperatures are deleterious to environment and human health, as they promote acid rain and can act in the same way as freons in the destruction of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. In this review, three way and selective reduction catalysts for decomposition of these contaminant gases are described. Details about conditions and problems, such as catalyst poisoning, and the search for new catalysts are shown.

Coagulação/floculação de suspensões ricas em óxidos de ferro por sulfato de alumínio

The destabilization mechanism of suspensions of positively charged iron oxide particles by aluminum sulphate was investigated, aiming to evaluate the efficiency of the latter as a coagulant for natural surface waters from iron ore mining plants. Synthetic waters that simulate natural suspensions were used. The best coagulant dosage was found to be 100 mg/L at pH 4. The specific adsorption of hydrolysis products of aluminum salts on iron oxide particles and heterocoagulation processes involving differently charged substrates are proposed to explain the turbidity reduction of the suspensions.

Óxidos de ferro magnéticos de um tufito da região do Alto Paranaíba, MG

The Mössbauer analysis along with the structural Rietveld refinement based on powder X-ray data for the magnetic fraction (saturation magnetization, sigma = 19 J T-1 kg-1) separated from a tuffite material from Alto Paranaíba, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, reveal that a (Ti, Mg)-rich maghemite (deduced sigma = 17 J T-1 kg-1) and, for the first time observed in this lithodomain, magnesioferrite (characteristic sigma = 21 J T-1 kg-1) respond for the magnetization of the rock material. Consistent models for the ionic distribution in these iron-rich spinel structures are proposed.