Violência institucional e responsabilidade profissional na resposta ao abuso sexual de crianças

Apresenta-se como um artigo de construção teórica, no qual se explora teoricamente o conceito de violência institucional na relação com os limites da responsabilidade profissional por omissão ou por incorrecto procedimento profissional. A reflexão é realizada tendo por base a análise do funcionamento do sistema de justiça na articulação com o sistema de protecção na resposta ao crime de abuso sexual intra-familiar de crianças na comarca de Lisboa. Apresenta-se um conjunto sistematizado de factores de atrito, identificados como principais elementos promotores de violência institucional no quadro da intervenção profissional realizada no contexto das entidades sociais de intervenção nos abusos sexuais de crianças, organizados segundo as categorias de dispositivos e procedimentos.

Salud sexual y reproductiva: aspectos de análisis para el departamento de Casanare

La sexualidad y la reproducción están íntimamente ligadas a la calidad de vida, tanto en el ámbito de lo individual como de lo social, por tanto la salud sexual y reproductiva representa un componente esencial para la evaluación de desarrollo de un país, y un tema prioritario en la agenda política mundial y nacional como lo evidencian los objetivos del milenio y de desarrollo sostenible; aunque el país ha dado enormes avances en el tema, aun se presentan grandes retos para el logro y goce efectivo de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en la población. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir y analizar algunos indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva en el departamento de Casanare, en el periodo 2008- 2015. Como metodología se usó un diseño descriptivo trasversal, los datos fueron tomados de Sivigila departamental, Estadísticas DANE y del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se usó SPSS versión 18 y Excel para el análisis de los datos. Como resultados se encontraron altas tasas de prevalencia e incidencia para VIH, sífilis gestacional, y fecundidad en adolescentes en el departamento de Casanare que sobrepasan los indicadores nacionales y presentan tendencia creciente

Educación sexual: Orientadores y orientadoras desde el modelo biográfico y profesional

Recibido 15 de marzo de 2012 •  Corregido 21 de octubre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012 El presente documento plantea la necesidad de que la sociedad contemporánea posea mayores y mejores conocimientos sobre sexualidad, con miras a una vivencia efectiva de esta dentro de un marco de respeto a la biografía sexual del ser humano y fundamentados en la ética relacional. Para ello se apuesta por una educación sexual integral, democrática, tolerante y abierta, dentro de los procesos educativos a lo largo de todas las etapas evolutivas del ser humano. Uno de los sectores profesionales llamados a desarrollar este tipo de educación es el colectivo de orientadores y orientadoras. Para dicha acción, requieren conocer cuáles fueron los modelos o formas de abordaje con los que se educaron y que han marcado su hacer en dicha temática. Esto permitirá que la persona profesional en orientación se dé a la tarea de evaluar, fortalecer o aprender nuevas competencias en el campo personal, actitudinal, conceptual y en cuanto a la visión sobre la diversidad de las personas con quienes trabaja; así como en el campo procedimental, las estrategias y técnicas de intervención orientadora en sexualidad, que incidan en su labor profesional.

Salud sexual, SALUD REPRODUCTIVA Y ABORTO: ¿QUÉ DERECHOS?

ResumenEl aborto es un tema debatido desde hace décadas. En España, se ha aprobado recientemente la LO 2/2010, de salud sexual y reproductiva y de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo, que implica un importante cambio en la regulación del aborto: establece un sistema de aborto a petición de la embarazada en un plazo, manteniendo determinadas indicaciones durante más tiempo. El presente artículo analiza el contenido de la salud sexual y reproductiva, los derechos de la mujer y la protección del no nacido en el Derecho Internacional, así como la jurisprudencia constitucional española y la diferencia sustancial del sistema de plazos respecto al de supuestos, la ética médica al respecto y las exigencias del consentimiento informado. Finalmente, se aborda el problema del consentimiento de los menores a la unión sexual y al aborto.AbstractAbortion is an issue that has been discussed for decades. In Spain, the Law on sexual and reproductive health and the voluntary interruption of pregnancy (LO 2/2010) has been recently passed. It implies an important change in abortion legislation: it states an abortion upon request of the pregnant woman during a predetermined period of time, while maintaining certain regulations for a long time. This article analyzes the content of sexual and reproductive health, women’s rights and the protection of the unborn under International Law, as well as the constitutional Spanish jurisprudence; the essential difference of the term-based system in regards to the assumptions system, medical ethics on this matter and the requirements of the informed consent. Lastly, the article deals with the problem of the minors’ consent to sexual union and abortion.

Sexual selection in a tropical fruit fly : role of a plant derived chemical in mate choice

The specific mechanisms by which selective pressures affect individuals are often difficult to resolve. In tephritid fruit flies, males respond strongly and positively to certain plant derived chemicals. Sexual selection by female choice has been hypothesized as the mechanism driving this behaviour in certain species, as females preferentially mate with males that have fed on these chemicals. This hypothesis is, to date, based on studies of only very few species and its generality is largely untested. We tested the hypothesis on different spatial scales (small cage and seminatural field-cage) using the monophagous fruit fly, Bactrocera cacuminata. This species is known to respond to methyl eugenol (ME), a chemical found in many plant species and one upon which previous studies have focused. Contrary to expectation, no obvious female choice was apparent in selecting ME-fed males over unfed males as measured by the number of matings achieved over time, copulation duration, or time of copulation initiation. However, the number of matings achieved by ME-fed males was significantly greater than unfed males 16 and 32 days after exposure to ME in small cages (but not in a field-cage). This delayed advantage suggests that ME may not influence the pheromone system of B. cacuminata but may have other consequences, acting on some other fitness consequence (e.g., enhancement of physiology or survival) of male exposure to these chemicals. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of our findings to explore alternate hypotheses to explain the patterns of response of dacine fruit flies to specific plant-derived chemicals.

Multi-victim sexual assault : a case study in rural Australia

Objective: There is a paucity of information regarding cases of multi-victim sexual assault of children. The reported incidence suggests that these cases are rare. The aim of this paper is to provide practitioners with information about effective intervention strategies arising out of the direct experience of managing a case of multi-victim sexual assault in an Australian rural community. --------- Method: A descriptive, case-report methodology summarizing the investigation and intervention in a case of multi-victim sexual assault is reported. A community based intervention arising out of the disclosures of 21 male children is described. The intervention occurred at an individual, group, and community level using a coordinated multi-disciplinary team and natural helping networks. ---------- Results: The coordination of police and welfare services increased the communication flow to victims, their families, and the community. The case also demonstrated the utility in regularly briefing political and bureaucratic authorities as well as local officials about emergent issues. Coordinating political and bureaucratic responses was essential in obtaining ongoing support and sufficient researching to enable the effective delivery of services. ---------- Conclusions: Interventions were focused at an individual, group, and community level using a coordinated multi-disciplinary team and natural helping networks. This provided a choice of services which were sensitive to the case setting. Recommendations are offered for practitioners who are confronted with similar events. While this paper describes an approach for intervening in a case of multi-victim sexual assault, further empirical research is needed to enable service deliverers to efficaciously target interventions which offer choice to victims and their families.

Inhibiting outrage: tactics and counter-tactics in legal cases of sexual harassment

Sexual harassment can be conceptualised as an interaction between harassers and targets. Utilising 23 detailed legal transcripts, this study explored evidence of a range of perpetrator tactics and target counter-tactics. These tactics can be readily fitted into the backfire framework, which proposes that powerful perpetrators of perceived unjust acts are likely to cover up the actions, devalue the target, reinterpret the events, use official channels to give an appearance of justice, and intimidate or bribe people involved. Targets can respond using counter-tactics of exposure, validation, reframing, mobilisation of support, and resistance. The findings have implications for raising awareness of harassing tactics and recommendations for effective informal responses in organisations.

Differences between journalistic and academic accounts of child sexual abuse in Australia

The paper uses qualitative textual analysis to compare journalistic and academic accounts of child sexual abuse. There are seven main differences. Academic accounts suggest higher levels of neglect, emotional abuse, and physical abuse than sexual abuse in Australia, by contrast, journalistic accounts highlight sexual abuse. Academic accounts suggest that child sexual abuse in Australia is decreasing; journalistic accounts suggest that it is increasing. Academic accounts suggest that the majority of cases of child sexual abuse are perpetrated by family members; journalistic accounts focus on abuse by institutional figures (teachers, priests) or by strangers. Academic accounts have shown that innocent sexual play is a normal part of childhood development; journalistic accounts suggest that any sexual play is either a sign of abuse, or in itself constitutes sexual abuse. Academic accounts suggest that one of the best ways to prevent sexual abuse is for children to receive sex education; journalistic accounts suggest that children finding out about sex leads to sexual abuse. Academic accounts can gather data from the victims; journalistic accounts are excluded from doing so. Academic researchers talk to abusers in order to understand how child sexual abuse can be prevented; journalistic accounts exclude the voices of child sexual abusers.

Teachers reporting suspected child sexual abuse : results of a three-state study

Over 3000 cases of child sexual abuse are identified every year in Australia, but the real incidence is higher still. As a strategy to identify child sexual abuse, Australian States and Territories have enacted legislation requiring members of selected professions, including teachers, to report suspected cases. In addition, policy-based reporting obligations have been developed by professions, including the teaching profession. These legislative and industry-based developments have occurred in a context of growing awareness of the incidence and consequences of child sexual abuse. Teachers have frequent contact and close relationships with children, and possess expertise in monitoring changes in children’s behaviour. Accordingly, teachers are seen as being well-placed to detect and report suspected child sexual abuse. To date, however, there has been little empirical research into the operation of these reporting duties. The extent of teachers’ awareness of their duties to report child sexual abuse is unknown. Further, there is little evidence about teachers’ past reporting practice. Teachers’ duties to report sexual abuse, especially those in legislation, differ between States, and it is not known whether or how these differences affect reporting practice. This article presents results from the first large-scale Australian survey of teachers in three States with different reporting laws: New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia. The results indicate levels of teacher knowledge of reporting duties, reveal evidence about past reporting practice, and provide insights into anticipated future reporting practice and legal compliance. The findings have implications for reform of legislation and policy, training of teachers about the reporting of child sexual abuse, and enhancement of child protection.