Formation flying of small satellites using suboptimal MPSP guidance

Using the recently developed model predictive static programming (MPSP), a suboptimal guidance logic is presented in this paper for formation flying of small satellites. Due to the inherent nature of the problem formulation, MPSP does not require the system dynamics to be linearized. The proposed guidance scheme is valid both for high eccentricity chief satellite orbits as well as large separation distance between chief and deputy satellites. Moreover, since MPSP poses the desired conditions as a set of `hard constraints', the final accuracy level achieved is very high. The proposed guidance scheme has been tested successfully for a variety of initial conditions and for a variety of formation commands as well. Comparison with standard Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) solution (which serves as a guess solution for MPSP) and another nonlinear controller, State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) reveals that MPSP guidance achieves the objective with higher accuracy and with lesser amount of control usage as well.

Intercepting maneuvering target with specified impact angle by modified SDRE technique

A guidance law derived by modifying state dependent Riccati equation technique, to enable the imposition of a predetermined terminal intercept angle to a maneuvering target, is presented in this paper. The interceptor is assumed to have no knowledge about the type of maneuver the target is executing. The problem is cast in a non-cooperative game theoretic form. The guidance law obtained is dependent on the LOS angular rotational rate and on the impact angle error. Theoretical conditions which guarantee existence of solutions under this method have been derived. It is shown that imposing the impact angle constraint calls for an increase in the gains of the guidance law considerably, subsequently requiring a higher maneuverability advantage of the interceptor. The performance of the proposed guidance law is studied using a non-linear two dimensional simulation of the relative kinematics, assuming first order dynamics for the interceptor and target.

Nonlinear Differential Games-Based Impact-Angle-Constrained Guidance Law

The problem of intercepting a maneuvering target at a prespecified impact angle is posed in nonlinear zero-sum differential games framework. A feedback form solution is proposed by extending state-dependent Riccati equation method to nonlinear zero-sum differential games. An analytic solution is obtained for the state-dependent Riccati equation corresponding to the impact-angle-constrained guidance problem. The impact-angle-constrained guidance law is derived using the states line-of-sight rate and projected terminal impact angle error. Local asymptotic stability conditions for the closed-loop system corresponding to these states are studied. Time-to-go estimation is not explicitly required to derive and implement the proposed guidance law. Performance of the proposed guidance law is validated using two-dimensional simulation of the relative nonlinear kinematics as well as a thrust-driven realistic interceptor model.

Nonlinear control of an air-breathing engine including its validation with vehicle guidance

An implementable nonlinear control design approach is presented for a supersonic air-breathing ramjet engine. The primary objective is to ensure that the thrust generated by the engine tracks the commanded thrust without violating the operational constraints. An important constraint is to manage the shock wave location in the intake so that it neither gets detached nor gets too much inside the intake. Both the objectives are achieved by regulating the fuel flow to the combustion chamber and by varying the throat area of the nozzle simultaneously. The design approach accounts for the nonlinear cross-coupling effects and nullifies those. Also, an extended Kalman filter has been used to filter out the sensor and process noises as well as to make the states available for feedback. Furthermore, independent control design has been carried out for the actuators. To test the performance of the engine for a realistic flight trajectory, a representative trajectory is generated through a trajectory optimization process, which is augmented with a newly-developed finite-time state dependent Riccati equation technique for nullifying the perturbations online. Satisfactory overall performance has been obtained during both climb and cruise phases. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

力学2000

本书收录关于力学领域的论文301篇。内容包括：回顾20世纪力学在中国的发展，描绘了2000年中国和世界在力学各主要领域的发展现状；展望力学在21世纪的发展方向，探论新世纪中可能面临的新的重大力学等问题。

Random propagation in complex systems : nonlinear matrix recursions and epidemic spread

This dissertation studies long-term behavior of random Riccati recursions and mathematical epidemic model. Riccati recursions are derived from Kalman filtering. The error covariance matrix of Kalman filtering satisfies Riccati recursions. Convergence condition of time-invariant Riccati recursions are well-studied by researchers. We focus on time-varying case, and assume that regressor matrix is random and identical and independently distributed according to given distribution whose probability distribution function is continuous, supported on whole space, and decaying faster than any polynomial. We study the geometric convergence of the probability distribution. We also study the global dynamics of the epidemic spread over complex networks for various models. For instance, in the discrete-time Markov chain model, each node is either healthy or infected at any given time. In this setting, the number of the state increases exponentially as the size of the network increases. The Markov chain has a unique stationary distribution where all the nodes are healthy with probability 1. Since the probability distribution of Markov chain defined on finite state converges to the stationary distribution, this Markov chain model concludes that epidemic disease dies out after long enough time. To analyze the Markov chain model, we study nonlinear epidemic model whose state at any given time is the vector obtained from the marginal probability of infection of each node in the network at that time. Convergence to the origin in the epidemic map implies the extinction of epidemics. The nonlinear model is upper-bounded by linearizing the model at the origin. As a result, the origin is the globally stable unique fixed point of the nonlinear model if the linear upper bound is stable. The nonlinear model has a second fixed point when the linear upper bound is unstable. We work on stability analysis of the second fixed point for both discrete-time and continuous-time models. Returning back to the Markov chain model, we claim that the stability of linear upper bound for nonlinear model is strongly related with the extinction time of the Markov chain. We show that stable linear upper bound is sufficient condition of fast extinction and the probability of survival is bounded by nonlinear epidemic map.

Predictive control of a Boeing 747 aircraft using an FPGA

New embedded predictive control applications call for more eficient ways of solving quadratic programs (QPs) in order to meet demanding real-time, power and cost requirements. A single precision QP-on-a-chip controller is proposed, implemented in afield-programmable gate array (FPGA) with an iterative linear solver at its core. A novel offline scaling procedure is introduced to aid the convergence of the reduced precision solver. The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated with a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental setup where an ML605 FPGA board controls a nonlinear model of a Boeing 747 aircraft running on a desktop PC through an Ethernet link. Simulations show that the quality of the closed-loop control and accuracy of individual solutions is competitive with a conventional double precision controller solving linear systems using a Riccati recursion. © 2012 IFAC.

Dynamic programming solutions for decentralized state-feedback LQG problems with communication delays

This paper presents explicit solutions for a class of decentralized LQG problems in which players communicate their states with delays. A method for decomposing the Bellman equation into a hierarchy of independent subproblems is introduced. Using this decomposition, all of the gains for the optimal controller are computed from the solution of a single algebraic Riccati equation. © 2012 AACC American Automatic Control Council).

Stability margins of nonlinear receding-horizon control via inverse optimality

Using the nonlinear analog of the Fake Riccati equation developed for linear systems, we derive an inverse optimality result for several receding-horizon control schemes. This inverse optimality result unifies stability proofs and shows that receding-horizon control possesses the stability margins of optimal control laws. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

啁啾光栅色散及时延特性研究

基于耦合模理论,通过对耦合波方程进行相位共轭变换,将反向耦合波方程变换为Riccati微分方程,利用数值解法对耦合系数和高斯型耦合系统线性啁啾光栅的反射特性、色散特性和时延特性进行了详细分析，为设计具有理想效果的色散补偿器件提供了有效的理论方法。

水下机器人多功能仿真平台及其鲁棒控制研究

为了辅助水下机器人控制系统的研究和开发，论文第一部分研究和建立水下机器人多功能仿真平台。基于现代仿真技术，先后研制成“7000米载人潜水器”多功能仿真平台HOV7000，“CR-02”6000米自主水下机器人多功能仿真平台CR6000和远程自主水下机器人多功能仿真平台LAUV。该种平台具有缩短研制水下机器人周期、减少试验成本、提高系统安全性和可靠性等特点。该平台的创新点在于水下机器人控制系统的硬件和软件与真实系统的硬件和软件完全一致，在多功能仿真平台上调试后的程序直接作为真实系统的控制程序运行。 论文第二部分针对7000米载人潜水器工作环境的复杂性，水下机器人本身参数摄动、外界扰动、传感器、执行机构、控制器不同程度存在不确定性、非线性和延迟，常规的控制方法一定程度上难以克服上述不确定性的影响等问题，研究了可以克服上述多环节不确定性、适合7000米载人潜水器水下作业场合的强鲁棒控制方法。其创新点为将运算量较大的多输入多输出鲁棒控制算法通过选择适当的加权函数应用于实际的水下机器人控制系统。本论文研究内容如下： 1、利用现代仿真技术研究水下机器人多功能仿真平台的实现方法。深入研究了水下机器人动力学模型、推进系统、海洋环境中海流、海底地形和水下机器人传感器等模型。利用机理仿真法，研究了水下机器人分立件推进系统模型和动力学模型；基于电子海图数据采用曲线/曲面拟合法建立了海流数据库模型，并提出了DTTCGSFD的海底地形生成方法；基于随机仿真法研究了水下机器人传感器的模拟方法；采用相似仿真法研究了基于势流理论、水面进行波、CFD的海流模拟方法和视觉传感器模拟方法；采用综合仿真法建立了一体化推进系统的模型。 2、研制成的水下机器人仿真平台具有下述9个方面的功能：基本原理、设计思想和方法的验证；控制系统软件和硬件的静态和动态调试；系统性能的测试与评价；下水前使命可实现性的全程实时验证；水下使命执行过程的伪在线监视；实时运行过程的离线重现；示教与训练；故障可能原因的仿真分析；演示与汇报。现场试验结果表明，多功能平台上的控制效果与现场湖试和海试的试验结果基本吻合。水下机器人多功能仿真平台的研制成功对于水下机器人的研究开发工作具有很大的实际意义，它使我们的研究工作从基于实际环境研究开发向基于虚拟环境研究开发转变，大大缩短了研究工作的周期，节省了大量的人力、物力和经费。 3、研究了基于MLQG的7000米载人潜水器控制方法。将7000米载人潜水器看作慢时变线性系统，采用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘辨识算法及平方根算法辨识出水下机器人系统的时变参数，利用LQG控制具有克服零均值白噪声的特点设计2种MLQG鲁棒控制器。仿真试验结果表明MLQG控制算法对水下机器人系统存在海流扰动和参数时变两种不确定性均具有较好的鲁棒性。 4、研究基于混合灵敏度的H∞水下机器人鲁棒控制方法。由于水下机器人系统的模型摄动加权函数、输入加权函数、性能指标加权函数等加权函数的选择是水下机器人系统鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能的核心。深入研究并设计出适合于7000米载人潜水器的各加权函数后，将混合灵敏度问题转化为标准H∞问题，采用代数Riccati方程或LMI方法设计了可克服水下机器人多环节同时存在不确定性的鲁棒控制器。通过对频域和时域分析表明H∞鲁棒控制对于提高7000米载人潜水器系统快速性、减小系统稳态误差和克服系统不确定性具有更好的效果。在HOV7000多功能仿真平台上进行的控制系统试验——阶跃响应试验、动力定位试验以及H∞鲁棒控制和PID控制的比较试验验证了上述控制效果。 5、为了克服基于H∞鲁棒控制理论设计的控制器具有保守性的缺点，研究了基于结构奇异值µ的水下机器人鲁棒控制方法。在对结构奇异值µ理论深入研究后，讨论基于结构奇异值µ鲁棒控制和基于混合灵敏度的H∞鲁棒控制在系统模型摄动加权函数、输入加权函数、性能指标加权函数等加权函数的选择方面的区别与联系。设计出各相应加权函数后，采用D-K迭代方法设计了可克服水下机器人多环节同时存在不确定性的控制器参数。频域和时域内的理论分析结果，和HOV7000多功能仿真平台上的试验——系统阶跃响应试验、动力定位试验以及基于结构奇异值µ鲁棒控制与PID控制比较试验结果，表明采用基于结构奇异值µ的水下机器人鲁棒控制方法比基于H∞混合灵敏度的鲁棒控制方法具有更好的鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能。

工业机器人机械手的小脑模型自适应控制

本文为动力学控制工业机器人机械手提出一种综合控制算法。该控制算法,利用小脑模型算术计算机模块模拟机器人机械手的动力学方程并计算实现期望运动所需力矩作为前馈力矩控制项;利用自适应控制器实现反馈控制,以消除由输入扰动和参数变化而引起的机器人机械手运动误差。这种控制方法在时间上是有效的,且很适合于定点实现。控制方法的有效性通过四自由度的直接驱动机器人前两个关节的计算机仿真实验得到验证。

有源电磁扩散场克希霍夫积分偏移

As active electromagnetic method, field data of CSAMT method follow the equation of diffusion. Propagting in solid earth media, diffusion EM signal has strong attenuation and dispersion, otherwise seismic wave shows weak attenuation and dispersion, therefore the resolution power of CSAMT method is not better than seismic reflection method. However, there is consistence and similarity between EM signal and seismic wave in wave equation, we can apply Kirchhoff integral migration technique, a proven one in seismic method in time domain, to carry out seduo-seismic processing for CSAMT signal in frequency domain so that the attenuation and dispersion could be made compensated in some extent, and the resolution power and interpretation precision of active EM wave could be improved. Satisfying passive homogeneous Helmholtz quation, we proceed with Green theorem and combine the active inhomogenous Helmholtz quation, the Kirchhoff integral formula could be derived. Given practical problems, if we only consider the surface integral value, and assume that the intergral value in other interface is zero, combined with Green theorem in uniform half space, the expression could be simplified, and we can obtain frequency-domain Kirchhoff integral formula in surface, which is also called downward continuation of EM field in frequency domain. With image conditions and energy compensation considered, in order to get image conditions in time domain Fourier inverse transformation in frequency domain can be performed, so we can formulate the active Kirchhoff integral migration expression. At first, we construct relative stratified model, with different frequency series taken into account, then we change the distances between transmitter and reciever, the EM response can be obtained. Analyzing the EM properties, we can clarify near and far zone that can instruct us to carry out transmitter layout in practical application. Combined with field data surveyed in far zone, We perform Kirchhoff integral migration and compare the results with model to interpret. Secondly, with far field EM data, we apply TM mode to get EM response of given 2D model, then apply Kirchhoff integral migration on modelling data and interpret the results.

Target Detection and Tracking With Heterogeneous Sensors

We present a multimodal detection and tracking algorithm for sensors composed of a camera mounted between two microphones. Target localization is performed on color-based change detection in the video modality and on time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimation between the two microphones in the audio modality. The TDOA is computed by multiband generalized cross correlation (GCC) analysis. The estimated directions of arrival are then postprocessed using a Riccati Kalman filter. The visual and audio estimates are finally integrated, at the likelihood level, into a particle filter (PF) that uses a zero-order motion model, and a weighted probabilistic data association (WPDA) scheme. We demonstrate that the Kalman filtering (KF) improves the accuracy of the audio source localization and that the WPDA helps to enhance the tracking performance of sensor fusion in reverberant scenarios. The combination of multiband GCC, KF, and WPDA within the particle filtering framework improves the performance of the algorithm in noisy scenarios. We also show how the proposed audiovisual tracker summarizes the observed scene by generating metadata that can be transmitted to other network nodes instead of transmitting the raw images and can be used for very low bit rate communication. Moreover, the generated metadata can also be used to detect and monitor events of interest.

Development of metabolic labeling strategies to study changes in protein expression

Résumé : Les progrès techniques de la spectrométrie de masse (MS) ont contribué au récent développement de la protéomique. Cette technique peut actuellement détecter, identifier et quantifier des milliers de protéines. Toutefois, elle n'est pas encore assez puissante pour fournir une analyse complète des modifications du protéome corrélées à des phénomènes biologiques. Notre objectif était le développement d'une nouvelle stratégie pour la détection spécifique et la quantification des variations du protéome, basée sur la mesure de la synthèse des protéines plutôt que sur celle de la quantité de protéines totale. Pour cela, nous volions associer le marquage pulsé des protéines par des isotopes stables avec une méthode d'acquisition MS basée sur le balayage des ions précurseurs (precursor ion scan, ou PIS), afin de détecter spécifiquement les protéines ayant intégré les isotopes et d'estimer leur abondance par rapport aux protéines non marquées. Une telle approche peut identifier les protéines avec les plus hauts taux de synthèse dans une période de temps donnée, y compris les protéines dont l'expression augmente spécifiquement suite à un événement précis. Nous avons tout d'abord testé différents acides aminés marqués en combinaison avec des méthodes PIS spécifiques. Ces essais ont permis la détection spécifique des protéines marquées. Cependant, en raison des limitations instrumentales du spectromètre de masse utilisé pour les méthodes PIS, la sensibilité de cette approche s'est révélée être inférieure à une analyse non ciblée réalisée sur un instrument plus récent (Chapitre 2.1). Toutefois, pour l'analyse différentielle de deux milieux de culture conditionnés par des cellules cancéreuses humaines, nous avons utilisé le marquage métabolique pour distinguer les protéines d'origine cellulaire des protéines non marquées du sérum présentes dans les milieux de culture (Chapitre 2.2). Parallèlement, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de quantification nommée IBIS, qui utilise des paires d'isotopes stables d'acides aminés capables de produire des ions spécifiques qui peuvent être utilisés pour la quantification relative. La méthode IBIS a été appliquée à l'analyse de deux lignées cellulaires cancéreuses complètement marquées, mais de manière différenciée, par des paires d'acides aminés (Chapitre 2.3). Ensuite, conformément à l'objectif initial de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé une variante pulsée de l'IBIS pour détecter des modifications du protéome dans des cellules HeLa infectée par le virus humain Herpes Simplex-1 (Chapitre 2.4). Ce virus réprime la synthèse des protéines des cellules hôtes afin d'exploiter leur mécanisme de traduction pour la production massive de virions. Comme prévu, de hauts taux de synthèse ont été mesurés pour les protéines virales détectées, attestant de leur haut niveau d'expression. Nous avons de plus identifié un certain nombre de protéines humaines dont le rapport de synthèse et de dégradation (S/D) a été modifié par l'infection virale, ce qui peut donner des indications sur les stratégies utilisées par les virus pour détourner la machinerie cellulaire. En conclusion, nous avons montré dans ce travail que le marquage métabolique peut être employé de façon non conventionnelle pour étudier des dimensions peu explorées en protéomique. Summary : In recent years major technical advancements greatly supported the development of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Currently, this technique can efficiently detect, identify and quantify thousands of proteins. However, it is not yet sufficiently powerful to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proteome changes correlated with biological phenomena. The aim of our project was the development of ~a new strategy for the specific detection and quantification of proteomé variations based on measurements of protein synthesis rather than total protein amounts. The rationale for this approach was that changes in protein synthesis more closely reflect dynamic cellular responses than changes in total protein concentrations. Our starting idea was to couple "pulsed" stable-isotope labeling of proteins with a specific MS acquisition method based on precursor ion scan (PIS), to specifically detect proteins that incorporated the label and to simultaneously estimate their abundance, relative to the unlabeled protein isoform. Such approach could highlight proteins with the highest synthesis rate in a given time frame, including proteins specifically up-regulated by a given biological stimulus. As a first step, we tested different isotope-labeled amino acids in combination with dedicated PIS methods and showed that this leads to specific detection of labeled proteins. Sensitivity, however, turned out to be lower than an untargeted analysis run on a more recent instrument, due to MS hardware limitations (Chapter 2.1). We next used metabolic labeling to distinguish the proteins of cellular origin from a high background of unlabeled (serum) proteins, for the differential analysis of two serum-containing culture media conditioned by labeled human cancer cells (Chapter 2.2). As a parallel project we developed a new quantification method (named ISIS), which uses pairs of stable-isotope labeled amino acids able to produce specific reporter ions, which can be used for relative quantification. The ISIS method was applied to the analysis of two fully, yet differentially labeled cancer cell lines, as described in Chapter 2.3. Next, in line with the original purpose of this thesis, we used a "pulsed" variant of ISIS to detect proteome changes in HeLa cells after the infection with human Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (Chapter 2.4). This virus is known to repress the synthesis of host cell proteins to exploit the translation machinery for the massive production of virions. As expected, high synthesis rates were measured for the detected viral proteins, confirming their up-regulation. Moreover, we identified a number of human proteins whose synthesis/degradation ratio (S/D) was affected by the viral infection and which could provide clues on the strategies used by the virus to hijack the cellular machinery. Overall, in this work, we showed that metabolic labeling can be employed in alternative ways to investigate poorly explored dimensions in proteomics.