Baseline Information for Morogoro, Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyango (Tanzania)

Maps (elevation, slope, land cover/land use and density) and tables about Morogoro, Dodoma, Singida, Tabora and Shinyango regions, Tanzania.

Absence of Hepatitis Delta Infection in a Large Rural HIV Cohort in Tanzania

OBJECTIVES The epidemiological and clinical determinants of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa are ill-defined. We determined the prevalence of HDV infection in HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)-co-infected individuals in rural Tanzania. DESIGN AND METHODS We screened all hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected adults under active follow-up in the Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO) for anti-HDV antibodies. In positive samples, we performed a second serological test and nucleic acid amplification. Demographic and clinical characteristics at initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) were compared between anti-HDV-negative and positive patients. RESULTS Among 222 HIV/HBV-coinfected patients on ART, 219 (98.6%) had a stored serum sample available and were included. Median age was 37 years, 55% were female, 46% had WHO stage III/IV HIV disease and median CD4 count was 179 cells/μL. The prevalence of anti-HDV positivity was 5.0% (95% confidence interval 2.8%-8.9%). There was no significant predictor of anti-HDV positivity. HDV could not be amplified in any of the anti-HDV-positive patients and the second serological test was negative in all of them. CONCLUSIONS We found no confirmed case of HDV infection among over 200 HIV/HBV-co-infected patients in Tanzania. As false-positive serology results are common, screening results should be confirmed with a second test.

Streifzüge durch Ost- und Süd-Afrika : Bilder aus Britisch-, Deutsch- und Portugiesisch-Ostafrika, Zanzibar, den Komoren, Madagaskar, Reúnion, Mauritius, Natal, Transvaal, Oranjefreistaat, Rhodesia und Kapkolonie

von Moritz Schanz

Segel-Handbuch für die Küste von Deutsch-Ostafrika und die Insel Zanzibar

Reichs-Marine-Amt

Gender differences in life circumstances, monthly income, risky sexual and drug behaviors among injection drug users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This study investigated the gender difference between male and female injection drug users’ (IDUs) life circumstances, income and risky sexual and drug behaviors. The study sample comprised of 318 male and 249 female injection drug users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. There were gender differences between male and female IDUs in terms of life circumstances and sexual behaviors. There were no differences in the drug behaviors among the two sexes. Women were more likely to be 21-25 years of age, have had more sexual partners in the last 30 days, traded sex for money, and have been sexually abused as a child. On the other hand, the males were more likely to be 26-30 years of age and have never used a condom during sex in the last 30 days. Regardless of the differences in sexual risk behaviors by gender, both male and female injection drug users in Dar es Salaam are at risk of HIV/AIDS, blood borne and other sexually transmitted diseases associated with drug use.^

Investigating the epidemic of heroin use in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Recognizing the issues of heroin smokers

Since heroin was introduced to East Africa during the 1980s, heroin use practices have changed rapidly in response to various internal and external pressures. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the population of heroin users and locations of heroin use in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in order to understand recent contexts of heroin use. The study took place between June 30 and August 19, 2011, in all three districts (Kinondoni, Ilala, and Temeke) of Dar es Salaam. We mapped sites using a Global Positioning System device, counted numbers of heroin users, and conducted informal interviews with heroin users. The mixed-methods analyses of the data included quantifying the basic demographic and aggregate information about the sites and heroin users, as well as qualitative analysis and coding of fieldnotes from observations and responses to interviews which was used to identify themes and characteristics of heroin users. ^ We identified a total of 150 sites and counted a total of 1046 male and 46 female non-injecting drug users and 78 male and 9 female injecting drug users (IDUs) of heroin. We found that social organization existed at some of the sites, with 31% (n=47) of sites reporting having a leader and 44% (n=66) of sites reporting mutual aid between users frequenting the site. We had difficulty locating IDUs and female drug users, and the majority of users we encountered were heroin smokers of kokteli, a mixture of heroin, cannabis, and/or tobacco which is smoked like a cigarette. ^ This research highlighted heroin smokers’ desire for access to drug treatment services. The current methadone-based medication assisted treatment (MAT) program is funded and operates as an HIV prevention program for IDUs to reduce HIV infection in this population and slow or stop the spread of a second wave of HIV infection in the general population. However, smokers perceived MAT to be primarily a drug use prevention or cessation program and felt unjustly neglected from the intervention, leading to a tense relationship with IDUs. From a public health standpoint, future interventions should include heroin smokers to prevent HIV transmission. ^

¿Es Business & Tourism una empresa eficaz y eficiente?

Hoy en día es muy importante para el crecimiento y supervivencia de la empresa desempeñarse con eficacia y eficiencia tanto en los distintos puestos de trabajo, en la satisfacción de los distintos interesados y en el desarrollo de las actividades empresariales en general. Esta tesis pretende determinar si la empresa Business & Tourism S.R.L es eficaz y eficiente. Para esto se desarrollará un modelo integral de evaluación de eficacia y eficiencia de la organización, considerando las distintas dimensiones de la misma. Las evaluaciones que realizan en la actualidad las distintas empresas no presentan integridad, es decir, solo evalúan aspectos aislados y en periodos de tiempo diferentes, lo que dificulta tener una visión y apreciación integral del desempeño de la empresa. Es por este motivo que se busca proponer un modelo de evaluación de eficacia y eficiencia que abarque las distintas dimensiones de la organización. Este modelo se realizó para el caso particular de la empresa Business & Tourism S.R.L, perteneciente al rubro de Alquiler de vehículos. Se pretende que el mismo sea aplicable a cualquier otra empresa, adaptándolo a su estructura en particular.