Caracterizacion de sistemas de produccion bovina en el municipio de San Pedro de Lovago - Chontales

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en 64 fincas seleccionadas al azar ubicadas en 15 comarcas con el objetivo de realizar una caracterización de los sistemas de producción bovina de doble prepósito en el municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago, Chontales. El estudio se desarrolló en cuatro fases: Realización de la encuesta a los productores, elaboración de la base de datos, el análisis estadístico y redacción de resultados utilizando los programas computarizados Excel, Access y Word. Se realizó una caracterización general de las fincas y se analizaron siete componentes obteniendo los siguientes resultados: Características generales de las fincas: El 85.93% de los productores poseen fincas con extensiones menores de 100mz, dedicadas más del 90% de su superficie a la actividad ganadera; el total de ganado perteneciente a los productores consultados es de 4775 cabezas lo que representa aproximadamente el 10% del total de cabezas de este municipio; el 81.75% poseen únicamente corrales de alambre de púas; el 62.5% de las fincas consultadas tienen principalmente ríos y quebradas como fuente de abastecimiento de agua para el ganado; sólo el 34.37% de las fincas se benefician de la asistencia técnica brindada a los productores por parte de las cooperativas; el 92% de los productores consultados obtienen el mayor ingreso de sus fincas a través de la venta de leche. Caracterización del manejo del ganado: el 58.81% de los productores consultados se dedican a la explotación de doble propósito; la producción de leche promedio por vaca/día es de 3.4l; el 65% de los productores llevan registros de su ganado aunque solo registran un tipo de evento, ya sea de nacimiento, pesaje de leche o reproductivo; el 85.94% de estos productores realizan trashumancia de todo el ganado, cuya actividad la desarrollan mayormente en el mes de enero. Caracterización del manejo de la sanidad animal: Ninguno de los productores consultados posee y cumplen con un calendario zoosanitario completo en sus fincas. Caracterización del manejo reproductivo: Se caracteriza por la poca atención reproductiva a las vacas, y en casos necesarios la realiza el mismo productor; los problemas reproductivos lo representan en su mayoría la retención de placenta con un 43.75%. Manejo genético y razas de interés para el mejoramiento: Las razas predominantes en los hatos son las de origen cebuino , las que representan el 57.81% del hato; entre los sementales utilizados el 56.26% pertenecen a las razas Pardo Suizo y Holstein; en la actualidad solamente el 4.68% de los productores están utilizan do la técnica de inseminación artificial, para llevar a cabo el mejoramiento genético del ganado. Caracterización del manejo de la alimentación del ganado: La alimentación del ganado es a base de pasturas en su mayoría naturales; el 51.56% de las fincas están divididas ente 6-10 potreros; El 75% de los productores suministran sales minerales a su ganado. Comercialización de la leche y carne: El 89.06% de los productores comercializan su leche a través de las cooperativas, la mayoría de los productores realizan sus transacciones comerciales de ganado en pie (novillos y vacas de descarte) a través de intermediarios.

Determinación de las principales patologías reproductivas en hembras bovinas en la comunidad de hierba buena, municipio de Waslala, RAAN

En Nicaragua carece de análisis sobre el grado de incidencia y el impacto de las patologías reproductivas en hembras de ganadería bovina, lo cual ha impedido adoptar medidas sanitarias para controlar dichas enfermedades, por esta razón realizamos nuestro trabajo investigativo que se baso en la “DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS PRINCIPALES PATOLOGÍAS REPRODUCTIVAS EN HEMBRAS BOVINAS EN LA COMUNIDAD DE HIERBA BUENA, MUNICIPIO DE WASLALA, RAAN”. Este estudio se realizó en el municipio de Waslala, se encuentra entre las coordenadas geográficas de 13˚20¨ latitud norte y 85˚22” longitud oeste, dista a 241 Km. de la capital Managua y a 112km. del municipio de Matagalpa. Siendo el objetivo principal de este estudio Determinar las principales patologías reproductivas en hembras bovinas en la comunidad de Hierba Buena, municipio de Waslala, RAAN. Dicho estudio se realizo de manera descriptiva paralo cual se elaboraron formatos específicos para obtener datos generales de todas las fincas, se selecciono una muestra de 138 hembras bovinas elegidas de forma aleatoria deseis fincas de dicha comunidad; A cada hembra se realizo palpación y valoración externa para determinar patologías existentes, además se efectuaron encuestas a productores de la comunidad para averiguar el historial reproductivo de todo el área de estudio. Obteniendo los siguientes resultados: que el anestro prolongado y retención de placenta son las patologías con mayor presencia en las unidades de producción con un 23% del total de patologías encontradas seguido de quistes ováricos con un 20%. Así como las hembras entre los rangos de edad de 4 a 5.5 años de edad son las que mayormente se detectaron presencia de patologías reproductivas. Las causas más frecuentes depatologías reproductivas identificadas fueron en primer lugar las deficiencias nutricionales con un 8.7%, trastornos hormonales con 5.1%. La metritis y el anestro prolongado son las patologias con mayor incidencia con relacion al numero de partos, esto tiene como justificante las deficiencias nutricionales y el mal manejo que se le ofrece a las hembras antes y luego del parto. Y otros resultados de importancia para el estudio son las pérdidas economicas por las diferentes patologias reproductivas en donde las mayores pérdidas fueron las ocasionadas por Anestro prolongado con perdida por animal de C$6910.75, seguido de quistes ováricos con C$5319.5 (P/A), y por abortos en el primer periodo de gestación con C$5202 (P/A) al igual que el aborto en el segundo periodo; así como también se logro determinar una pérdida total solamente por Anestro prolongado de C$55286 según el numero de casos encontrados en la zona de estudio.

Stress reduction and bond stability during thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon

A comprehensive study of the stress release and structural changes caused by postdeposition thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) on Si has been carried out. Complete stress relief occurs at 600-700°C and is accompanied by minimal structural modifications, as indicated by electron energy loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical gap measurements. Further annealing in vacuum converts sp3 sites to sp2 with a drastic change occurring after 1100°C. The field emitting behavior is substantially retained up to the complete stress relief, confirming that ta-C is a robust emitting material. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation about Internal and External Flows

In this paper, TASCflow3D is used to solve inner and outer 3D viscous incompressible turbulent flow (R-e = 5.6 X 10(6)) around axisymmetric body with duct. The governing equation is a RANS equation with standard k-epsilon turbulence model. The discrete method used is a finite volume method based on the finite element approach. In this method, the description of geometry is very flexible and at the same time important conservative properties are retained. The multi-block and algebraic multi-grid techniques are used for the convergence acceleration. Agreement between experimental results and calculation is good. It indicates that this novel approach can be used to simulate complex flow such as the interaction between rotor and stator or propulsion systems containing tip clearance and cavitation.

Low Spring Constant Regulates P-Selectin-Psgl-1 Bond Rupture

Forced dissociation of selectin-ligand bonds is crucial to such biological processes as leukocyte recruitment, thrombosis formation, and tumor metastasis. Although the bond rupture has been well known at high loading rate r(f) (>= 10(2) pN/s), defined as the product of spring constant k and retract velocity v, how the low r(f) (< 10(2) pN/s) or the low k regulates the bond dissociation remains unclear. Here an optical trap assay was used to quantify the bond rupture at r(f) <= 20 pN/s with low k (similar to 10(-3)-10(-2) pN/nm) when P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) were respectively coupled onto two glass microbeads. Our data indicated that the bond rupture force f retained the similar values when r(f) increased up to 20 pN/s. It was also found that f varied with different combinations of k and v even at the same r(f). The most probable force, f

Barium-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Yarns As Low-Work-Function Thermionic Cathodes

Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns were fabricated by drawing and twisting multiwalled carbon nanotube forests through a solution containing barium nitrate. After heat activation under vacuum, the functionalized yarns were enriched in barium oxide due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotubes. The cathodes exhibited good thermionic properties, with a work function as low as 1.73-2.06 eV and thermionic current density that exceeded 185 mA/cm(2) in a field of 850 V/5 mm at 1317 K. The barium-functionalized yarns had high tensile strength of up to 420 MPa and retained strength of similar to 250 MPa after a 2 h activation process. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Magnetic properties of sintered sm2fe17ny magnets

Sintered magnets of Sm2Fe17Ny nitrides, with a density of 6.0-7.4 g/cm3, have been prepared by using an explosion technique. Both crystalline structure and the magnetic properties of Sm2Fe17Ny nitrides were retained in the process. The sintered magnet had a remanence B(r)=0.83 T, an intrinsic coercivity mu(0i)H(c)=0.57 T and an energy product (BH)max=88 kJ/m3. The temperature dependence of coercivity and remanence were also measured. The temperature coefficients alpha of remanence and beta of coercivity are -0.076%/degrees-C and -0.51%/degrees-C, respectively.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation about Internal and External Flows

In this paper, TASCflow3D is used to solve inner and outer 3D viscous incompressible turbulent flow (R-e = 5.6 X 10(6)) around axisymmetric body with duct. The governing equation is a RANS equation with standard k-epsilon turbulence model. The discrete method used is a finite volume method based on the finite element approach. In this method, the description of geometry is very flexible and at the same time important conservative properties are retained. The multi-block and algebraic multi-grid techniques are used for the convergence acceleration. Agreement between experimental results and calculation is good. It indicates that this novel approach can be used to simulate complex flow such as the interaction between rotor and stator or propulsion systems containing tip clearance and cavitation.

Microstructure Evolution of Laser Pulse processed Ductile Iron Surface

Pulsed laser beam was used to modify surface processing for ductile iron. The microstructures of processed specimen were observed using optical microscope (OM). Nanoindentation and micro-hardness of microstructures were measured from surface to inner of sample. The experimental results show that, modification zone is consisted of light melted zone, phase transformation hardening area and transient area. The light melt area is made up of coarse dendrite crystalline with a thickness less than 20um, phase transformation hardening area mainly of laminal or acicular martensite, retained austenite and graphite, i.e. M+A prime+ G. The cow-eye microstructure around graphite sphere always is formed in phase transformation hardening area zone, which consisting of a variety structure with the distance from the surface. So, it maybe as a obvious sign distinguishing modification zone border. Finally, the microstructures evolution of laser pulse processed ductile iron was analyzed coupling with beam energy distribution in space and laser pulse heating procession characteristics. The analysis shows that energy distribution of laser pulse has an important effect on microstructure during laser pulse modified ductile iron. Multi-scale and interlace arrangement are the important features for laser pulse modified ductile iron. Of microstructure.

California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations. Hydrographic data report, Monterey Bay, January to December 1977

The data contained in this report were obtained as a continuance of the nearly bi-weekly hydrographic observations initiated by personnel at Hopkins Marine Station over two decades ago. These observations have been supported through the years by the State of California Marine Research Committee, California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. Since July 1974, the hydrographic sampling program has been carried out by the investigators at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. From July 1974 to June 1976, this work was done in conjunction with an interdisciplinary study of the squid, Loligo opalescens, supported by the National Office of Sea Grant 'via the University of California Sea Grant College Project Number R/F-15. Five of the original CalCOFI stations (2201, 2202, 2203, 2204 and 2205) have been-retained in our sampling routine and additional inner-bay stations have been added (1154 and 1121) Sampling was conducted on a monthly basis for the entire year. All observations were made ab9ard R/V OCONOSTOTA. (PDF contains 93 pages)

Los determinantes de la rentabilidad primaria de los bonos de titulización hipotecaria: la influencia de las estructuras multitramo

[ES] Este artículo analiza los determinantes de la rentabilidad primaria de los bonos de titulización hipotecaria (conocidos en la literatura como mortgage backed securities, o MBS) emitidos en España durante el periodo 1993-2011, periodo en el que el mercado español llegó a convertirse en el más importante de Europa continental. Los resultados obtenidos sobre el análisis de la población completa de MBS emitidos (262 tramos configurados sobre 94 fondos de titulización) indican que la estructuración multitramo de los MBS ha ayudado a reducir el riesgo percibido global de las emisiones de MBS, mediante la generación de mercados más completos y la reducción de los problemas derivados de la existencia de asimetrías informativas implícitas en el proceso de selección de los activos transmitidos por parte de la entidad cedente. Esta reducción del riesgo percibido ha tenido un efecto directo sobre la rentabilidad ofrecida por los bonos de titulización emitidos. Además, no se encuentran evidencias de que la emisión de MBS persiga la transmisión efectiva de riesgos, más bien al contrario. Las Entidades de crédito, por lo general, han retenido los tramos de primeras pérdidas, lo que ha contribuido a mantener en niveles muy bajos (por debajo de la rentabilidad de la deuda soberana) la rentabilidad ofrecida por los MBS. Precisamente, el escaso diferencial ofrecido por los bonos de titulización se debe a que los tramos retenidos no han ofrecido primas de rentabilidad ajustadas al riesgo inherente.

Estimates of the rates of shedding of dart tags from yellowfin tuna

ENGLISH: Return data for single-tagged fish and for double-tagged fish which had retained one or both tags were used to estimate the rates of shedding of dart tags from yellowfin tuna. The Type-1 shedding, which occurs immediately after release of the fish, is about 10 percent. The Type-2 shedding is assumed to be constant throughout the life of the fish after tagging; it occurs at an instantaneous rate of about 0.278 per year. SPANISH: Se emplearon los datos de retorno de peces marcados con una sola marca y de peces marcados con doble marca los cuales han retenido una o dos marcas para estimar las tasas de pérdida de las marcas de dardo de atunes aleta amarilla. El Tipo-l de pérdida, que ocurre inmediatamente después de haber liberado el pez, es aproximadamente del 10 por ciento. El Tipo-2 de pérdida se supone que sea constante durante la vida del pez después de marcado; ocurre en una tasa instantánea cerca de 0.278 por año. (PDF contains 24 pages.)

Nonlinear dispersive wave problems

The nonlinear partial differential equations for dispersive waves have special solutions representing uniform wavetrains. An expansion procedure is developed for slowly varying wavetrains, in which full nonlinearity is retained but in which the scale of the nonuniformity introduces a small parameter. The first order results agree with the results that Whitham obtained by averaging methods. The perturbation method provides a detailed description and deeper understanding, as well as a consistent development to higher approximations. This method for treating partial differential equations is analogous to the "multiple time scale" methods for ordinary differential equations in nonlinear vibration theory. It may also be regarded as a generalization of geometrical optics to nonlinear problems.

To apply the expansion method to the classical water wave problem, it is crucial to find an appropriate variational principle. It was found in the present investigation that a Lagrangian function equal to the pressure yields the full set of equations of motion for the problem. After this result is derived, the Lagrangian is compared with the more usual expression formed from kinetic minus potential energy. The water wave problem is then examined by means of the expansion procedure.

Geometric integration applied to moving mesh methods and degenerate Lagrangians

Moving mesh methods (also called r-adaptive methods) are space-adaptive strategies used for the numerical simulation of time-dependent partial differential equations. These methods keep the total number of mesh points fixed during the simulation, but redistribute them over time to follow the areas where a higher mesh point density is required. There are a very limited number of moving mesh methods designed for solving field-theoretic partial differential equations, and the numerical analysis of the resulting schemes is challenging. In this thesis we present two ways to construct r-adaptive variational and multisymplectic integrators for (1+1)-dimensional Lagrangian field theories. The first method uses a variational discretization of the physical equations and the mesh equations are then coupled in a way typical of the existing r-adaptive schemes. The second method treats the mesh points as pseudo-particles and incorporates their dynamics directly into the variational principle. A user-specified adaptation strategy is then enforced through Lagrange multipliers as a constraint on the dynamics of both the physical field and the mesh points. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our methods. The proposed methods are readily applicable to (weakly) non-degenerate field theories---numerical results for the Sine-Gordon equation are presented.

In an attempt to extend our approach to degenerate field theories, in the last part of this thesis we construct higher-order variational integrators for a class of degenerate systems described by Lagrangians that are linear in velocities. We analyze the geometry underlying such systems and develop the appropriate theory for variational integration. Our main observation is that the evolution takes place on the primary constraint and the 'Hamiltonian' equations of motion can be formulated as an index 1 differential-algebraic system. We then proceed to construct variational Runge-Kutta methods and analyze their properties. The general properties of Runge-Kutta methods depend on the 'velocity' part of the Lagrangian. If the 'velocity' part is also linear in the position coordinate, then we show that non-partitioned variational Runge-Kutta methods are equivalent to integration of the corresponding first-order Euler-Lagrange equations, which have the form of a Poisson system with a constant structure matrix, and the classical properties of the Runge-Kutta method are retained. If the 'velocity' part is nonlinear in the position coordinate, we observe a reduction of the order of convergence, which is typical of numerical integration of DAEs. We also apply our methods to several models and present the results of our numerical experiments.

Pathways for the uptake of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by aquatic animals

In this article, pathways from freshwater and marine environments are described. DOM is defined operationally as all the organic compounds which pass through a filter of pore size 0.45 microm., those retained on the surface of the filter being particulate organic matter (POM). DOM can be taken up directly by animals by transfer across the body wall, but more commonly DOM is obtained from ingested food. Once ingested POM from food particles are broken down in the gut, small molecules of DOM are released for transfer across the gut wall. Some ingested particles are attacked by micro-organisms living in the gut, thereby making the DOM available to the host animal. The importance of the microbial loop is discussed, as well as aggregation processes between the fractions of DOM which are more obviously particulate in nature. (DBO)