Early childhood caries in Switzerland: a marker of social inequalities.

BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a marker of social inequalities worldwide because disadvantaged children are more likely to develop caries than their peers. This study aimed to define the ECC prevalence among children living in French-speaking Switzerland, where data on this topic were scarce, and to assess whether ECC was an early marker of social inequalities in this country. METHODS: The study took place between 2010 and 2012 in the primary care facility of Lausanne Children's Hospital. We clinically screened 856 children from 36 to 71 months old for ECC, and their caregivers (parents or legal guardians) filled in a questionnaire including items on socioeconomic background (education, occupation, income, literacy and immigration status), dental care and dietary habits. Prevalence rates, prevalence ratios and logistic regressions were calculated. RESULTS: The overall ECC prevalence was 24.8 %. ECC was less frequent among children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds than children from lower ones (prevalence ratios ≤ 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: This study reported a worrying prevalence rate of ECC among children from 36 to 71 months old, living in French-speaking Switzerland. ECC appears to be a good marker of social inequalities as disadvantaged children, whether from Swiss or immigrant backgrounds, were more likely to have caries than their less disadvantaged peers. Specific preventive interventions regarding ECC are needed for all disadvantaged children, whether immigrants or Swiss.

Is response to fire influenced by dietary specialization and mobility? A comparative study with multiple animal assemblages

Fire is a major agent involved in landscape transformation and an indirect cause of changes in species composition. Responses to fire may vary greatly depending on life histories and functional traits of species. We have examined the taxonomic and functional responses to fire of eight taxonomic animal groups displaying a gradient of dietary and mobility patterns: Gastropoda, Heteroptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, Orthoptera, Reptilia and Aves. The fieldwork was conducted in a Mediterranean protected area on 3 sites (one unburnt and two burnt with different postfire management practices) with five replicates per site. We collected information from 4606 specimens from 274 animal species. Similarity in species composition and abundance between areas was measured by the Bray-Curtis index and ANOSIM, and comparisons between animal and plant responses by Mantel tests. We analyze whether groups with the highest percentage of omnivorous species, these species being more generalist in their dietary habits, show weak responses to fire (i.e. more similarity between burnt and unburnt areas), and independent responses to changes in vegetation. We also explore how mobility, i.e. dispersal ability, influences responses to fire. Our results demonstrate that differences in species composition and abundance between burnt and unburnt areas differed among groups. We found a tendency towards presenting lower differences between areas for groups with higher percentages of omnivorous species. Moreover, taxa with a higher percentage of omnivorous species had significantly more independent responses of changes in vegetation. High- (e.g. Aves) and low-mobility (e.g. Gastropoda) groups had the strongest responses to fire (higher R scores of the ANOSIM); however, we failed to find a significant general pattern with all the groups according to their mobility. Our results partially support the idea that functional traits underlie the response of organisms to environmental changes caused by fire.

Polyphenol intake and mortality risk: a re-analysis of the PREDIMED trial

Background: Polyphenols may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between the intake of total polyphenols intake and polyphenol subclasses with overall mortality. Our aim was to evaluate whether polyphenol intake is associated with all-cause mortality in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We used data from the PREDIMED study, a 7,447-participant, parallel-group, randomized, multicenter, controlled five-year feeding trial aimed at assessing the effects of the Mediterranean Diet in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported food. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between polyphenol intake and mortality were estimated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Over an average of 4.8 years of follow-up, we observed 327 deaths. After multivariate adjustment, we found a 37% relative reduction in all-cause mortality comparing the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total polyphenol intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.12). Among the polyphenol subclasses, stilbenes and lignans were significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR =0.48; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91; P for trend = 0.04 and HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.03, respectively), with no significant associations apparent in the rest (flavonoids or phenolic acids). Conclusions: Among high-risk subjects, those who reported a high polyphenol intake, especially of stilbenes and lignans, showed a reduced risk of overall mortality compared to those with lower intakes. These results may be useful to determine optimal polyphenol intake or specific food sources of polyphenols that may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.

Concentrar els àpats en 12 hores evita el sobrepès

L'obesitat és un dels principals factors de risc per a moltes patologies, com la diabetis de tipus II, la cirrosi no alcohòlica, les malalties cardiovasculars i diversos tipus de càncer. La major part de tractaments contra l'obesitat i de recomanacions per evitar el sobrepès se centren en la dieta, principalment en la quantitat i el contingut nutricional del menjar, i en el nombre d'àpats diaris. Però l'investigador Satchidananda Panda i els seus col·laboradors, del departament de gastroenterologia de la Universitat de Califòrnia a San Diego (EUA), han identificat un altre factor que és també molt important: el temps que passa entre el primer i l'últim àpat del dia. Segons han publicat a Cell Metabolism, aquest interval no hauria de superar les dotze hores.

Exposição humana a substâncias químicas potencialmente tóxicas na dieta e os riscos para saúde

Humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals from the consumption of food, including undesirable compounds such as pesticides and mycotoxins. Chemical human risk assessment is a process intended to estimate the risk to a given population from the exposure to a chemical (or to a chemical group having the same mechanism of action). The process consists of four steps, namely hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Chemical dietary risk assessment is an essential procedure to establish safe food standards. In this review the tools and data sources currently used in the risk assessment process will be discussed.

Gestação após gastroplastia para tratamento de obesidade mórbida: série de casos e revisão da literatura

OBJETIVO: relatar a evolução de uma série de casos de gestação em mulheres previamente submetidas à cirurgia de bypass gástrico para tratamento de obesidade grave. MÉTODOS: cinco casos consecutivos de gravidez após gastroplastia ocorridos entre 2001 e 2004 foram avaliados. As pacientes tinham idade entre 30 e 34 anos e todas haviam sido submetidas à cirurgia de Capella. Aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e do acompanhamento materno e fetal foram considerados, durante o período gestacional e após o parto. Foi realizada revisão da literatura internacional, por meio das bases de dados MEDLINE e Web of Science, utilizando os seguintes unitermos: gastroplasty, gastric bypass surgery, bariatric surgery e pregnancy. RESULTADOS: todas as gestações observadas foram únicas e não ocorreram complicações obstétricas, durante o seguimento pré-natal e parto. Também não houve registro de recém-nascidos prematuros ou de baixo peso ao nascimento. CONCLUSÃO: nossos dados sugerem que a gravidez após gastroplastia é segura para a mãe e feto. Entretanto, em virtude do limitado volume de informação disponível sobre o tema, investigações adicionais são necessárias para estabelecer recomendações apropriadas com relação ao seguimento dessas gestações.

Sexual dysfunction in obese women is more affected by psychological domains than that of non-obese

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare differences in the occurrence and changed domains of sexual dysfunction in obese and non-obese Brazilian women. METHODS: Female Sexual Function Index, based on six domains, to investigate 31 sexual dysfunction incidence for obese compared to 32 non-obese women, was used. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and MANOVA were performed to compare total scores of Female Sexual Function Index among groups and to identify the differences among domains, Student t -test was used. Statistical significant level was established for all tests for p<0.05. RESULTS: No difference in female sexual dysfunction frequency between obese (25.8%) and non-obese women (22.5%) was found. However, an important distinction in which aspects of sexual life were affected was found. While the obese group was impaired in three domains of sexual life (desire, orgasm, and arousal), in the control group five aspects were dysfunctional (desire, orgasm, arousal, pain and lubrication). Future research exploring psychological outcomes in obese females, such as body image and measures of positive and negative effect, might better characterize the female sexual dysfunction in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity does not appear to be an independent factor for allow quality of female sexual life. However, disturbance associated to obesity indicates a low frequency of disorder in physical domains, suggesting that psychological factors seem to be mainly involved in the sexual dysfunction in obese women.

Hypomagnesemia in critically ill cancer patients: a prospective study of predictive factors

Hypomagnesemia is the most common electrolyte disturbance seen upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Reliable predictors of its occurrence are not described. The objective of this prospective study was to determine factors predictive of hypomagnesemia upon admission to the ICU. In a single tertiary cancer center, 226 patients with different diagnoses upon entering were studied. Hypomagnesemia was defined by serum levels <1.5 mg/dl. Demographic data, type of cancer, cause of admission, previous history of arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, drug administration (particularly diuretics, antiarrhythmics, chemotherapy and platinum compounds), previous nutrition intake and presence of hypovolemia were recorded for each patient. Blood was collected for determination of serum magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Upon admission, 103 (45.6%) patients had hypomagnesemia and 123 (54.4%) had normomagnesemia. A normal dietary habit prior to ICU admission was associated with normal Mg levels (P = 0.007) and higher average levels of serum Mg (P = 0.002). Postoperative patients (N = 182) had lower levels of serum Mg (0.60 ± 0.14 mmol/l compared with 0.66 ± 0.17 mmol/l, P = 0.006). A stepwise multiple linear regression disclosed that only normal dietary habits (OR = 0.45; CI = 0.26-0.79) and the fact of being a postoperative patient (OR = 2.42; CI = 1.17-4.98) were significantly correlated with serum Mg levels (overall model probability = 0.001). These findings should be used to identify patients at risk for such disturbance, even in other critically ill populations.

Evaluation of quality factors of bovine and chicken meat marinated with reduced sodium content

In many industrialized countries, including Brazil, sodium intake exceeds the nutritional recommendations. Excessive consumption is associated with hypertension and premature death by cardiovascular diseases. The industry's challenge is to produce products with reduced sodium that are similar to regular products in texture and flavor and consistent with consumers' dietary habits. The present study aimed at substituting 25 and 50% NaCl for KCl in marinated beef and chicken meat with the addition of aromatic herbs and spices. The following microbiological analyses were carried out: macronutrient, chemical composition, and sensorial analysis. The meats showed a reduction in NaCl contents without any changes in their physical and chemical characteristics, and the products´ quality and microbiological safety were maintained. Beef and chicken tenderness was maintained for both treatments. Furthermore, the use of 50% KCl did not cause any changes in the products' sensory quality, and the overall acceptance of both types of meat was maintained. Results showed that a reduction by 50% in the NaCl contents of marinated meat products with a combination of herbs and spices is possible. Future applications in other meat products and sausages are highly promising.

Risk-taking behaviours in adolescent boys and girls : sexuality and dietary health

This study examined adolescents' reported sexual and dietary health-risk behaviours and perceptions. Specifically, this study analyzed the data of 600 students (300 male~ 300 female) in grades 9, I 1, and OAC (mean, standard deviation). The mean age of the students in the sample is 16 with a standard deviation of 1.6. The study was a secondary analysis ofthe first-year data of a 3-year longitudinal study conducted by Youth Lifestyle Choices-Community University Research Alliance (YLC-CURA) on adolescents. To explore sexuality and dietary health, this study purposefully selected sections of the survey that represented sex and dieting behaviours of adolescents. Separate gender and age data analyses revealed different patterns among the variables. Specifically., findings revealed that adolescents who engaged in recent sexual activities were more likely to have a relatively more positive body image perception and were relatively more likely to engage in disordered eating. Across both genders and 3 age levels, adolescents reported that despite their unhealthy dietary habits they felt that dieting was not a high-risk behaviour. Results were discussed in terms of educational implication for sexual health programs.

Mercure, arsenic et sélénium au Burkina Faso : bioaccumulation, transfert trophique dans les systèmes aquatiques et évaluation de bioaccessibilité chez les humains

L’extraction aurifère est l’une des activités humaines qui a fortement accru l’émission de contaminants métalliques dans l’environnement. Le mercure (Hg), l’arsenic (As) et le sélénium (Se) sont 3 polluants métalliques de grande toxicité environnementale. En milieu aquatique, ils peuvent subir des transformations menant à des composés capables de bioaccumulation et de bioamplification. Il peut en résulter des concentrations 106 fois celle mesurée dans l’eau chez les poissons et les organismes situés en haut des chaînes alimentaires posant de ce fait de graves menaces pour la santé de ces organismes ainsi que leurs consommateurs y compris les humains. Cette étude a évalué les teneurs en Hg, As et Se dans les milieux aquatiques au Burkina Faso, une région d’Afrique sub-saharienne soumise à une exploitation minière intensive. Le risque potentiel pour les organismes aquatiques et les humains a été évalué en considérant les effets des interactions antagonistes Se/Hg et As/Se. La bioaccumulation et le transfert du Hg et du Se dans les réseaux trophiques sont également décrits. L’exposition au Hg de poissons par les humains a été également évalué au laboratoire par mesure de la bioaccessibilité comme équivalent de la biodisponibilité par simulation de la digestion humaine. En général, les milieux aquatiques étudiés étaient peu affectés par ces 3 métal(loïd)s bien que certaines espèces de poisson issus des réservoirs les plus profonds indiquent des teneurs de Hg au dessus de 500 ngHg/g (poids frais) recommandé par l’OMS. Ces niveaux sont susceptibles de présenter des risques toxicologiques pour les poissons et pour leurs consommateurs. En considérant l’antagonisme Se/Hg, 99 % des échantillons de poisson seraient moins exposés à la toxicité du Hg dû à la présence simultanée du sélénium dans le milieu et pourraient être consommés sans risque. Cependant, les effets potentiels de l’antagonisme As/Se pourraient réduire les effets bénéfiques du Se et ramener cette proportion à 83 %. L’application des mesures de signatures en isotopes stables d’azote (δ15N) et de carbone (δ13C) des organismes aquatiques a permis le traçage des voies de transfert du Hg et du Se dans les réseaux trophiques. On y observe des chaînes trophiques très courtes (3 - 4 niveaux trophiques) et des poissons majoritairement benthiques. L’approche isotopique n’a cependant pas permis de détecter les variations saisonnières des niveaux de contamination en Hg des poissons. L’exploration des contenus stomacaux des poissons a permis de mieux expliquer la baisse des concentrations en Hg et Se observées chez certains poissons au cours de la saison sèche en lien avec la variation de la composition des proies que l’analyse isotopique n’a pas cerné. L’étude suggère que l’analyse de contenus stomacaux ainsi que l’étude de la dynamique des communautés d’invertébrés couplées à celle des métaux pourraient améliorer la compréhension du fonctionnement des écosystèmes étudiés. Enfin, l’évaluation expérimentale de l’exposition au Hg indique que les modes de traitement avant consommation ainsi que l’usage de composés alimentaires tels le thé, le café lors de repas de poisson par certaines communautés humaines ont un impact sur la bioaccessibilité du Hg de poisson. Ces résultats, sous réserve de validation par des modèles animaux, suggèrent la prise en compte des habitudes alimentaires des communautés dans l’élaboration adéquat des avis de consommation de poisson.

Environnement alimentaire local et son association avec les habitudes alimentaires de personnes âgées

Contexte : Un accès adéquat aux aliments sains dans les environnements résidentiels peut contribuer aux saines habitudes alimentaires. Un tel accès est d’autant plus important pour les personnes âgées, où les changements associés au vieillissement peuvent accentuer leur dépendance aux ressources disponibles dans le voisinage. Cependant, cette relation n’a pas encore été établie chez les aînés. Objectifs : La présente thèse vise à quantifier les associations entre l’environnement alimentaire local et les habitudes alimentaires de personnes âgées vivant à domicile en milieu urbain. La thèse s’est insérée dans un projet plus large qui a apparié les données provenant d’une cohorte d’aînés québécois vivant dans la région métropolitaine montréalaise avec des données provenant d’un système d’information géographique. Trois études répondent aux objectifs spécifiques suivants : (1) développer des indices relatifs de mixité alimentaire pour qualifier l’offre d’aliments sains dans les magasins d’alimentation et l’offre de restaurants situés dans les quartiers faisant partie du territoire à l’étude et en examiner la validité; (2) quantifier les associations entre la disponibilité relative de magasins d’alimentation et de restaurants près du domicile et les habitudes alimentaires des aînés; (3) examiner l’influence des connaissances subjectives en nutrition dans la relation entre l’environnement alimentaire près du domicile et les habitudes alimentaires chez les hommes et les femmes âgés. Méthodes : Le devis consiste en une analyse secondaire de données transversales provenant de trois sources : les données du cycle 1 pour 848 participants de l’Étude longitudinale québécoise « La nutrition comme déterminant d’un vieillissement réussi » (2003-2008), le Recensement de 2001 de Statistique Canada et un registre privé de commerces et services (2005), ces derniers regroupés dans un système d’information géographique nommé Mégaphone. Des analyses bivariées non paramétriques ont été appliquées pour répondre à l’objectif 1. Les associations entre l’exposition aux commerces alimentaires dans le voisinage et les habitudes alimentaires (objectif 2), ainsi que l’influence des connaissances subjectives en nutrition dans cette relation (objectif 3), ont été vérifiées au moyen d’analyses de régression linéaires. Résultats : Les analyses ont révélé trois résultats importants. Premièrement, l’utilisation d’indices relatifs pour caractériser l’offre alimentaire s’avère pertinente pour l’étude des habitudes alimentaires, plus particulièrement pour l’offre de restaurants-minute. Deuxièmement, l’omniprésence d’aspects défavorables dans l’environnement, caractérisé par une offre relativement plus élevée de restaurants-minute, semble nuire davantage aux saines habitudes alimentaires que la présence d’opportunités d’achats d’aliments sains dans les magasins d’alimentation. Troisièmement, un environnement alimentaire plus favorable aux saines habitudes pourrait réduire les écarts quant à la qualité de l’alimentation chez les femmes ayant de plus faibles connaissances subjectives en nutrition par rapport aux femmes mieux informées. Conclusion : Ces résultats mettent en relief la complexité des liens entre l’environnement local et l’alimentation. Dans l’éventualité où ces résultats seraient reproduits dans des recherches futures, des stratégies populationnelles visant à résoudre un déséquilibre entre l’accès aux sources d’aliments sains par rapport aux aliments peu nutritifs semblent prometteuses.

La experiencia de los receptores en el trasplante de órganos y tejidos

El trasplante de órganos y/o tejidos es considerado como una opción terapéutica viable para el tratamiento tanto de enfermedades crónicas o en estadios terminales, como de afectaciones no vitales, pero que generen una disminución en la calidad de vida percibida por el paciente. Este procedimiento, de carácter multidimensional, está compuesto por 3 actores principales: el donante, el órgano/tejido, y el receptor. Si bien un porcentaje significativo de investigaciones y planes de intervención han girado en torno a la dimensión biológica del trasplante, y a la promoción de la donación; el interés por la experiencia psicosocial y la calidad de vida de los receptores en este proceso ha aumentado durante la última década. En relación con esto, la presente monografía se plantea como objetivo general la exploración de la experiencia y los significados construidos por los pacientes trasplantados, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre esta temática. Para ello, se plantearon unos objetivos específicos derivados del general, se seleccionaron términos o palabras claves por cada uno de estos, y se realizó una búsqueda en 5 bases de datos para revistas indexadas: Ebsco Host (Academic Search; y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection); Proquest; Pubmed; y Science Direct. A partir de los resultados, se establece que si bien la vivencia de los receptores ha comenzado a ser investigada, aún es necesaria una mayor exploración sobre la experiencia de estos pacientes; exploración que carecería de objetivo si no se hiciera a través de las narrativas o testimonios de los mismos receptores

Lumbar estrecho: experiencia de 10 años en la fundación santa fé de Bogotá

El canal lumbar estrecho de tipo degenerativo, es una enfermedad que se presenta en pacientes entre la quinta y la sexta década de vida; es la causa más común de cirugía lumbar después de los 65 años. Este trabajo busca determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a la presentación de eventos adversos o re-intervención en cirugía de canal lumbar estrecho en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá en los años comprendidos entre 2003 y 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de prevalencia de tipo analítico, en donde se analizaron 249 pacientes sometidos a intervención quirúrgica por cirugía de canal lumbar estrecho.

Ingestão de água e relação com o conteúdo em água da dieta numa população saudável

Os vários estudos sobre a importância da água na fisiologia humana têm demonstrado que a quantidade de água presente nos alimentos e a produzida por via metabólica, não são suficientes para suprir as necessidades diárias deste nutriente. A água ingerida em função do reflexo da sede ou por vontade do próprio varia entre os indivíduos e, ao contrário de outros nutrientes fundamentais, não existe para a água uma definição clara sobre as necessidades diárias. Este facto pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo conjunto altamente sensível de adaptações neurofisiológicas que se fazem sentir com vista a manter a osmolaridade e a hidratação do organismo. Afim de avaliar a quantidade total de água consumida, os voluntários foram questionados sobre a quantidade de água/infusões/chás que consumiam diariamente. Com base num inquérito de frequência alimentar foi possível calcular o valor de 2,5l/dia consumo/conteúdo total de água da dieta da população em estudo. Os dados revelados pelo presente estudo, estão de acordo, com a literatura publicada, justificando o interesse no aprofundamento do tema, de modo a contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a importância da água no contexto dos nossos hábitos alimentares, na fisiologia normal.