Nitrous oxide emissions from an intermittent aeration activated sludge system of an urban wastewater treatment plant

This study investigated the emission of N2O during the sequential aerated (60-min) and non-aerated (30-min) stages of an intermittent aeration cycle in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). N2O emission occurred during both stages; however, emission was much higher during aeration. Air stripping is the major factor controlling transfer of N2O from the sewage to the atmosphere. The N2O emissions exclusively from the aeration tank represented 0.10% of the influent total nitrogen load and the per capita emission factor was almost 3 times higher than that suggested by the IPCC for inventories of N2O emission from WWTPs.

Removal of Pb(II) ions and malachite green dye from wastewater by activated carbon produced from lemon peel

In the present study, a high-surface area activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation of lemon peel with H3PO4 as the active agent. Then, the adsorption behavior of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions on the produced activated carbon was studied. Batch process was employed for sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies. Experimental data were fitted to various isotherm models. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions were found to be 66.67 and 90.91 mg g-1, respectively, at room temperature. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption process followed a pseudo second-order rate model. The sorption kinetics were controlled by intra-particle diffusion. The results indicated that the produced activated carbon can be economically and effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.

The oxygenation in biological wastewater treatment of pulp and paper industry

The UPM-Kymmene Oyj Pietarsaari pulp and paper Mill biological wastewater treatment plant was built in the 1980's and the plant has been in use ever since. During the past years there have been problems with deviations. The wastewater treatment plant needs update, especially the aeration basin, where the old surface aerators cannot produce enough mixing and indroduce oxygen enough to the wastewater. In this thesis how extra aeration with oxygen affects the wastewater treatment plant effluent was studied. In the literature part the main focus is in aeration devices, which can be used in biological wastewater treatment. The target is to compare different kind of aerators, which are suitable for pulp and paper wastewater treatment. Studies show, that EDI-aerators are commonly used and also most suitable. In the experimental part, the focus is on the Pietarsaari Mills wastewater treatment plant and oxygen aeration during autumn 2008. This thesis presents the results of the trial run. Studies show, that extra oxygen devices can produce lot a of mixing and the oxygenation capacity was more than what the micro-organisms needed. The effect on sludge quality could not been seen during the trial runs.

Biokaasun tuottaminen ja hyödyntäminen Lappeenrannassa

Lappeenrannassa kerätään ja hyödynnetään tällä hetkellä kaatopaikkakaasua 0,3 milj.m3 vuodessa. Biokaasua voitaisiin tuottaa Lappeenrannassa mädättämällä bioperäisiä jätteitä ja biokaasuntuotantoa varten kasvatettuja energiakasveja. Biokaasuntuotantoon soveltuvia jätteitä ovat erilliskerätty biojäte, jätevedenpuhdistamon jätevesiliete, puutarhajäte, lietelannat ja oljet. Kesannolla olevilla peltoaloilla voitaisiin kasvattaa ruokohelpeä. Biokaasun tuotantoon soveltuvia materiaaleja voitaisiin kerätä 143 000 t/a ja kasvattaa 68 000 t/a. Työssä tarkastellaan vaihtoehtoa, jossa mädätetään vain puhdistamoliete, sekä useita materiaaleja mädättävää yhteismädättämöä, johon liittyen tutkitaan kolmea eri vaihtoehtoa: kunnallisen jätteen mädätystä, kaiken jätteen mädätystä ja jätteen sekä energiakasvien mädätystä. Paras sijoituspaikka mädättämölle olisi jätevedenpuhdistamon läheisyydessä. Jätemateriaalista saataisiin kaasua enintään 12 milj. m3 ja energiakasveista enintään 16 milj. m3. Kaasusta voitaisiin tuottaa energiaa CHP-laitoksessa enintään 184 GWh. Mikäli biokaasun tuotannolla halutaan ensisijaisesti vähentää kasvi-huonekaasupäästöjä, kannattaa kaasu jalostaa ajoneuvopolttoaineeksi. Jalostettu kaasu on mahdollista myös syöttää maakaasuverkostoon. Suurimmat tulot on mahdollista saavuttaa yhdistetyssä sähkön- ja lämmöntuotannossa, mikäli biokaasulle suunniteltu syöttötariffi toteutuu. Muussa tapauksessa suurimmat tulot saadaan jalostamalla biokaasua ajoneuvojen polttoaineeksi.

Photo-Fenton process for treating biological laboratory wastewater containing formaldehyde

Laboratories consume great amounts of hazardous chemicals substances and consequently generate wastewater containing them, for example formaldehyde. This substance is widely utilized to preserve biological samples generating many liters of this residue every year. The present work proposes the use of the photo-Fenton process to treat formaldehyde wastewater using sunlight irradiation. Some aspects were investigated such as the iron source, sample and hydrogen peroxide concentration and also the use of stirred systems. The use of ferrioxalate (0.5 mmol L-1) improved the efficiency of the process in relation to the use of iron nitrate, while at least 1.0 mol L-1 H2O2 is necessary to treat the sample of the 500 mg C L-1. Under these conditions, every formaldehyde detectable was degradeted and 89% of the dissolved organic carbon was removed in two hours of exposure to sunlight. These results are satisfaction considerate for São Paulo State Environmental Agency.

Development of Calculation Procedures for Wastewater Treatment Technologies for a Training System

Efficient designs and operations of water and wastewater treatment systems are largely based on mathematical calculations. This even applies to training in the treatment systems. Therefore, it is necessary that calculation procedures are developed and computerised a priori for such applications to ensure effectiveness. This work was aimed at developing calculation procedures for gas stripping, depth filtration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and ozonation wastewater treatment technologies to include them in ED-WAVE, a portable computer based tool used in design, operations and training in wastewater treatment. The work involved a comprehensive online and offline study of research work and literature, and application of practical case studies to generate ED-WAVE compatible representations of the treatment technologies which were then uploaded into the tool.

Use of botanical extracts, cassava wastewater and nematicide for the control of root-knot nematode on carrot

Aqueous extracts of several plant species have shown promising in controlling root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White), one of the most limiting agents for carrot cultivation. The current study evaluated the effect of aqueous extracts from seven botanical species applied to 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days after sowing 'Nantes' carrots in soil infested with root-knot nematode. Three other treatments included cassava wastewater, distilled water (control), which were applied in the same periods of the extracts application, in addition to carbofuran 50G (80Kg/ha), which was applied once at 60 days after carrot sowing. Evaluations were performed at 90 days after inoculation to determine shoot and root fresh weight, as well as the diameter and the length of principal roots and the number of galls on primary and secondary roots. Plants treated with cassava wastewater, extracts of Ricinus communis L. seeds, Crotalaria juncea L. seeds, R. communis leaves + branches + fruits, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. leaves + branches + inflorescences and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. seeds showed the highest rates of total weight (root + shoot) and shoot weight. The extract of R. communis leaves + branches + fruits provides the highest total root weight and principal root diameter. Cassava wastewater and extracts of R. communis seeds provided the highest principal root weight. The extract of R. communis seeds and cassava wastewater can be considered promising for the alternative control of M. incognita.

O estudante de medicina no Conselho Municipal de Saúde: construindo a responsabilidade social

As escolas médicas vêm promovendo reformas curriculares, buscando novos cenários de ensino e aprendizagem, respondendo tanto aos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde quanto às Diretrizes Curriculares, que se complementam no sentido de se dispor de profissionais críticos na área da saúde. Este artigo descreve as atividades de extensão desenvolvidas por alunos no Conselho Municipal de Saúde (CMS) de Botucatu (SP) no período de 2000-2005 e sua percepção sobre essas atividades em sua formação. Os estudantes freqüentaram as reuniões do CMS, leram as atas, entrevistaram os conselheiros, participaram de encontros de saúde promovidos para formar conselheiros de saúde e elaboraram um relatório de avaliação. Os alunos foram unânimes em valorizar esse contato e, por meio dessa experiência, desenvolveram a capacidade reflexiva, parte da construção da responsabilidade social. Cumpriu-se, também, a articulação entre ensino e demandas sociais, papel esperado da universidade, contribuindo para uma mudança das pessoas envolvidas.

A preceptoria na rede básica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro: opinião dos profissionais de Saúde

A formação de profissionais de saúde com as competências para prestação de cuidados básicos deve ser iniciada na graduação. Entretanto, o treinamento na rede básica de saúde (RBS) ainda encontra barreiras nas esferas docente, discente e nas unidades das Secretarias Municipais de Saúde (SMS). Considerando a relevância do papel dos preceptores na formação dos estudantes da área da saúde, avaliamos a opinião dos profissionais de saúde da RBS da SMS do Rio de Janeiro sobre a atividade de preceptoria. Um questionário foi respondido por 351 profissionais de saúde de 13 das 67 unidades da RBS. Destes, 77% consideram que a preceptoria faz parte das atribuições do profissional e 61% gostariam de assumir esta tarefa. Várias dificuldades foram apontadas, incluindo problemas estruturais e de recursos humanos. Os resultados responsabilizam, de alguma forma, as instituições de ensino superior (IES) e o Estado pela pouca valorização e estímulo às ações de preceptoria, na medida em que apontam a necessidade de rever as condições de trabalho e de ensino na RBS. Destacam-se a melhoria dos salários e da infraestrutura e a oportunidade de capacitação profissional, o que implica parcerias efetivas entre as IES e as SMS.

Formas de interação de três bairros periféricos com o Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se as diferenças no padrão socioeconômico dos habitantes de bairros adjacentes ao Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras - PARMA levariam a diferenças na interação dos moradores de cada bairro com essa área. Para tanto, foram analisadas respostas de 30 moradores de cada um dos três bairros imediatamente limítrofes ao PARMA, em Belo Horizonte, capital do Estado de Minas Gerais, os quais responderam a questionários semi-abertos, avaliaram a interação da comunidade com o Parque e com o ambiente e o seu comportamento de conservação. O objetivo geral do estudo foi dar subsídios ao Plano de Educação Ambiental do Parque das Mangabeiras, sendo o específico verificar se as diferenças socioeconômicas influem na interação do morador do entorno com o Parque. Durante as análises dos resultados, observou-se que as três comunidades diferiram em relação à freqüência nos programas e projetos do Parque, em relação às desvantagens causadas pela proximidade do PARMA e em relação à importância do Parque, fato corroborado pelas análises estatísticas. No tocante às demais questões, apesar de não terem sido verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, observaram-se diferenças qualitativas nas respostas dadas pelos moradores.

Removal of organic matter and nutrients from slaughterhouse wastewater by using Eichhornia crassipes and evaluation of the generated biomass composting

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes applied in situ in a slaughter house treatment system, located in the west of the Paraná state, Brazil, regarding the nutrients removal and organic matter. Moreover, it aimed to obtain data from the production, management and composting practices of the biomass generated in the system. During 11 months of macrophytes development, physic and chemical parameters were monitored and plant density was controlled by periodical removal of excess biomass, which was weekly monitored and it is expressed in kg of aquatic plant per m² covered area. The degradation of the macrophytes removed from the treatment system was evaluated at the pilot scale in eight composting piles of 0.60 m³ that underwent four different treatments and two repetitions: T1 - water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes); T2 - water hyacinth and swine excrement (7:1), T3 - water hyacinth, swine excrement and earth (7:1:0,67), and T4 - water hyacinth, swine excrement and cellulosic gut (7:1:0,67), for a period of 90 days. The results indicated maximum removal efficiencies of 77.2% for COD; 77.8% for BOD, 87.9% for total nitrogen, 47.5% for ammonia nitrogen and 38.9% for total phosphorus for a five-day retention time. For biomass stabilization by composting, considering the C:N ratio as an indicator of compost maturity, it was observed that treatment T4 resulted in the shortest stabilization period (60 days). No difference was verified in the biostabilization rates at 5% level by the F test.