The in vitro antimicrobial activity of natural infant fluoride-free toothpastes on oral micro-organisms

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of six toothpastes for infants: 3 fluoride-free experimental toothpastes - cashew-based, mango-based and without plant extract and fluoride compared with 2 commercially fluoride-free toothpastes and 1 fluoridated toothpastes. Methods: Six toothpastes for infants were evaluated in this study: (1) experimental cashew-based toothpaste; (2) experimental mango-based toothpaste; (3) experimental toothpaste without plant extract and fluoride (negative control); (4) First Teeth brand toothpaste; (5) Weleda brand toothpaste; and (6) Tandy brand toothpaste (positive control). The antimicrobial activity was recorded against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans using the agar plate diffusion test. Results: First Teeth, Weleda, mango-based toothpaste, and toothpaste without plant extract presented no antimicrobial effect against any of the tested micro-organisms. Cashew toothpaste had antimicrobial activity against S mutans, S sobrinus, and L acidophilus, but it showed no antimicrobial activity against C albicans. There was no statistical difference between the inhibition halo of cashew and Tandy toothpastes against S mutans and L acidophilus. Conclusions: Cashew fluoride-free toothpaste had inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and these results were similar to those obtained for fluoridated toothpaste.

Magnitud y heterogeneidad: políticas de fomento del empleo juvenil y las micro y pequeñas empresas

Incluye Bibliografía

Educational robotics as a learning aid for disabled children

Severe disabled children have little chance of environmental and social exploration and discovery, and due this lack of interaction and independency, it may lead to an idea that they are unable to do anything by themselves. This idea is called learned helplessness and is very negative for the child cognitive development and social development as well. With this entire situation it is very likely that the self-steam and mood of this child. Trying to help these children on this situation, educational robotics can offer and aid, once it can give them a certain degree of independency in exploration of environment. The system developed in this work allows the child to transmit the commands to a robot. Sensors placed on the child's body can obtain information from head movement or muscle pulses to command the robot to carry the tasks. Also, this system can be used with a variety of robots, being necessary just a previous configuration. It is expected that, with the usage of this system, the disabled children have a better cognitive development and social interaction, balancing in a certain way, the negative effects of their disabilities. © 2011 IEEE.

Management procedures for sustainable development (applicable to municipalities, micro-regions and river basins)

Includes bibliography

Necesidades de bienes y servicios ambientales en las micro y pequeñas empresas: el caso mexicano

Incluye Bibliografía

Oferta de bienes y servicios ambientales para satisfacer las necesidades de micro y pequeñas empresas: el caso mexicano

Incluye Bibliografía

Influência da posição e tempo de irradiação sobre a capacidade de desinfecção em forno de micro-ondas

Objective: To evaluate the variations of temperature in 2 models of domestic micro-wave ovens, single emission (F 1) and dual emission of waves (F 2), to investigate areas of higher and lower intensity of the electromagnetic field. Materials and methods: A beaker containing water (60mL, 26°C) was irradiated into each of 5 positions (front - P 1; right - P 2; posterior - P 3; left - P 4; central - P 5) within each oven (900W/ 2min). To evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection in F 2, Bacillus subtilis suspension was irradiated in each of the 5 positions for 2, 4 and 6minutes. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and nonparametric multiple comparisons at 5% significance level. Results: 84.80°C (F 1) and 92.01°C (F 2) were mean levels of temperature. For F 1, the positions P 1, P 2, P 3 and P 5 showed similar values among them and upper than P 4, while for F 2, the positions P 1, P 2 and P 4 were similar among them and upper than P 3 and P 5. Kruskal-Wallis test found significant differences between positions and models of ovens (p<0.05). It was observed that P 2 promoted bacterial death from 4min of irradiation, while the other positions promoted disinfection at 6min of irradiation. Conclusion: The protocols of position and time specified for the various procedures in microwave ovens can be different according to the characteristics of each device due to the electromagnetic field heterogeneity. © 2011 Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentária.

Influence of optimized lubrication-cooling and minimum quantity lubrication on the cutting forces, on the geometric quality of the surfaces and on the micro-structural integrity of hardened steel parts

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Una referencia a dos aplicaciones de modelos de micro-simulación a problemas de evaluación de programas de planificación de la familia

Incluye Bibliografía

Sistema de Información Bibliográfica: manual para uso de Micro CDS

Proporciona las instrucciones necesarias para utilizar el Sistema de Información Bibliográfica de CEPAL en una computadora personal IBM o similar, dotada del sistema operativo PC-DOS o MS-DOS y del sistema Micro CDS/ISIS. Comprende 1) la instalación del sistema en la computadora, 2) demostración de sus capacidades, 3) descripción de los diferentes elementos que lo componen, 4) instrucciones para llevar a cabo las diferentes tareas bibliográficas, 5) instrucciones para la creación de una base de datos.

El lenguaje de búsqueda del mini-micro CDS

Incluye Bibliografía

Ayuda memoria (5): sintaxis de las expresiones de búsqueda (orden en que el mini-micro CDS

Presenta la coordinación o unión de las expresiones de búsqueda.

Ayuda memoria (6): nombre de hojas de trabajo, formatos de visualización en pantalla e impresión y clasificación de los menúes mini-micro CDS

Tiene por objetivo facilitar al personal de las unidades de información de la Red IPALCA la realización de funciones utilizando el Mini-Micro CDS/ISIS.

Ayuda memoria (8): instalación del mini-micro CDS

Contiene el procedimiento de instalación del Microisis modificado y del Sistema de Información Bibliográfica de CEPAL para la Red IPALCA.

Guía para la preparación de la hoja de control de ingreso de documentos (HCID): procedimiento de ingreso directo en el sistema mini-micro CDS

Incluye Bibliografía