El concepto de dignidad humana

La discusión pública en España sobre la legitimidad de la eutanasia puso de manifiesto que el término dignidad humana, tan traído y llevado por todo el mundo, cobija dos conceptos bien distintos de esa dignidad, en el fondo incompatibles. Para unos, aferrados a la concepción católica tradicional, la dignidad común a todos los seres humanos procede de su condición de hijos de Dios y reside en la capacidad de acatar y observar la ley moral, la cual de ninguna manera emana de los humanos mismos. La razón puede conocerla y de hecho la conoce -dicen- pero no la crea ni promulga, porque el deber procede de una instancia ajena, llámese ésta Dios, finalidad de la naturaleza, o como sea. Para otros, por el contrario, la dignidad humana consiste en la capacidad que tenemos los humanos de darnos ley moral a nosotros mismos. En la jerga kantiana, los primeros profesan heteronomía moral (ley de otro), mientras los segundos proclamamos la autonomía moral del ser humano (ley de uno mismo). Consiguientemente, laeutanasia es considerada inmoral por los primeros, en tanto no acata el precepto divino de no matar, mientras para los segundos es legítima una ley que la permita y, sin imponerla a nadie, por supuesto, exija garantías de plena libertad en quien la pida y en quien la lleve a cabo. Es claro que este debate particular ilustra sobre las dos concepciones morales entre las que nos movemos actualmente porque la discusión hace evidente que cuando afrontamos situaciones moralmente dudosas, dos concepciones distintas de la dignidad humana dan lugar a juicios y consecuencias prácticas profundamente divergentes. Remontándomepor tanto a la cuestión de principio, no discutiré aquí ni el problema de la eutanasia ni cualquier otra cuestión concreta.Trataré solamente de esclarecer el concepto de dignidad humana como verdaderamente básico en todas las discusiones morales.

Diffusion of influenza during the winter of 1889-90 in Switzerland

The influenza of the winter of 1889-90 was one of the first epidemics to spread all over the world. At the time, several people hypothesized that the railway was one of the main vectors of diffusion of this influenza. This hypothesis was defended in Switzerland especially by Schmid, Chief of the Swiss Office of Health, who collected an impressive body of material about the spread of the epidemic in that country. These data on influenza combined with data about the structure of the railway are used in this paper in order to test the hypothesis of a mixed diffusion process, first between communes interconnected by the railway, and secondly, between those communes and neighbouring communes. An event history analysis model taking into account diffusion effects is proposed and estimated. Results show that the hypothesis is supported if the railway network in Switzerland is not taken as a whole but if a distinction between railway companies is made.

A prospective observational safety study on MF59(®) adjuvanted cell culture-derived vaccine, Celtura(®) during the A/H1N1 (2009) influenza pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The present study was a prospective observational study to evaluate the safety profile of Celtura(®), a monovalent, cell culture-derived, inactivated subunit influenza vaccine prepared from A/California/07/2009(H1N1) with the adjuvant MF59(®). Subjects were enrolled prospectively during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic at medical centres in Colombia, Chile, Switzerland, and Germany during the period December 2009 to June 2010. METHODS: Subjects ages 18 and older were followed for the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) for six months after vaccination. Adverse events of special interest (AESIs) were neuritis, convulsion (seizure), anaphylaxis, encephalitis, vasculitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, demyelinating conditions, Bell's palsy, and laboratory-confirmed vaccination failure. RESULTS: Overall, 7348 AEs were reported in 2296 of 3989 enrolled subjects (57.6%). Only two AEs were considered related to injection site reactions. No laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza were reported. There were 108 medically confirmed serious adverse events (SAEs) reported among 73 subjects with 6 such SAEs described as possibly or probably related to vaccination. Three fatal cases were reported and assessed as not related to vaccination. Two AESIs classified as convulsion were reported and assessed as not related to vaccination. Both AESIs occurred well outside the pre-specified 7 day risk window representing the likely timeframe of the occurrence of seizure following vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the overall good safety profile of MF59 adjuvanted cell culture-derived influenza vaccine as administered in adults during the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic. No concern is raised regarding the occurrence of AESIs.

Els orígens del llenguatge en l'evolució humana

Qualsevol reflexió sobre els orígens i el desenvolupament del llenguatge no està lliure d’especulació. Malgrat les dificultats d’investigar des d’una perspectiva psicològica l’evolució humana, creiem que és necessari que les ciències del comportament contribueixin amb la seva mirada a la comprensió dels esdeveniments que ens van convertir en humans. L’objectiu d’aquest article ha estat revisar i analitzar les publicacions més significatives en matèria de filogènesi del llenguatge i de la comunicació. Després d’una introducció bàsica a conceptes claus d’antropologia evolutiva, iniciem una primera part en la qual es destrien i s’examinen meticulosament els elements més significatius que fonamenten les hipòtesis sobre els orígens del llenguatge. En un segon apartat, un cop interrelacionades i interpretades conjuntament totes les dades, es planteja una explicació sobre els orígens del llenguatge tot destacant els aspectes que ens assemblen particularment interessants com és l’emergència dels signes i el paper que ha tingut el gest com a embrió del llenguatge oral.

Social factors related to the clinical severity of influenza cases in Spain during the A(H1N1)2009 virus pandemic

Background During the 2009 influenza pandemic, a change in the type of patients most often affected by influenza was observed. The objective of this study was to assess the role of individual and social determinants in hospitalizations due to influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection. Methods We studied hospitalized patients (cases) and outpatients (controls) with confirmed influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data. Variables that might be related to the hospitalization of influenza cases were compared by estimation of the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and the variables entered into binomial logistic regression models. Results Hospitalization due to pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus infections was associated with non-Caucasian ethnicity (OR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.17 − 4.08), overcrowding (OR: 2.84, 95% CI 1.20 − 6.72), comorbidity and the lack of previous preventive information (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.50 − 4.83). Secondary or higher education was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36 − 0.87) Conclusions In addition to individual factors such as comorbidity, other factors such as educational level, ethnicity or overcrowding were associated with hospitalization due to A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus infections.

El examen MIR y su contenido en anatomía humana, bioestadística y epidemiología: evolución y accesibilidad para el opositor/a

Fundamentos: El examen MIR constituye actualmente el único medio de selección de candidatos para la formación de médicos especialistas en España. Consta de 260 preguntas (10 de ellas son de reserva) de las distintas asignaturas de la licenciatura de medicina. El presente estudio pretende describir la evolución de los contenidos en anatomía humana, bioestadístíca y epidemiología de las distintas convocatorias MIR realizadas desde 1982. Métodos: Se analizaron todos los exámenes MIR generales desde 1982 hasta 1996, incluidas las convocatorias específicas de medicina familiar y comunitaria desde 1995 a 1997. En cada examen, se identificaron los contenidos de todas las preguntas relacionadas con anatomía humana, bioestadistica y epidemiología, según una clasificación en categorías temáticas adaptada de los programas docentes de cada asignatura. El tratamiento estadístico consistió en el análisis descriptivo (tabulación y representación gráfica) de las categorías temáticas y de su accesibilidad para un hipotético opositor/a con unos determinados conocimientos. Resultados: El número de preguntas de cada una de dichas asignaturas no superó en ninguna convocatoria general el 4% del total de preguntas. Las categorías temáticas con mayor frecuencia de aparición fueron, en anatomía humana, extremidad superior e inferior; en bioestadística, probabilidad/pruebas diagnósticas, y epidemiología descriptiva para el caso de epidemiología. Un hipotético opositor/a que no se preparó ningún tema de anatomía humana, bioestadística o epidemiología tan sólo tuvo acceso, respectivamente, a 1, 6 o 3 de las 15 convocatorias generales MIR revisadas. Conclusiones: En el examen MIR, la presencia de contenidos de anatomía humana tiende a disminuir, mientras que los de bioestadística y epidemiología cobran mayor importancia. Un/a opositor/a que domine los conocimientos adquiridos durante su licenciatura tiene acceso temático a la totalidad de preguntas de dichas asignaturas.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Weekly Activity Report Week 2, January 16, 2016

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Weekly Activity Report Week 3, January 23, 2016

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Monthly Activity Report, July 2015

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Monthly Activity Report, June 2015

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Monthly Activity Report, September 2015

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Weekly Activity Report Week 4, January 30, 2016

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Weekly Activity Report Week 5, February 6, 2016

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.

Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network: Weekly Activity Report Week 6, February 13, 2016

The Iowa Influenza Surveillance Network (IISN) was established in 2004, though surveillance has been conducted at the Iowa Department of Public Health. Schools and long-term care facilities report data weekly into a Web-based reporting system. Schools report the number of students absent due to illness and the total enrolled. Long-term care facilities report cases of influenza and vaccination status of each case. Both passively report outbreaks of illness, including influenza, to IDPH.