Development and parametric studies of pulsed nitrogen and d-switched nd:glass lasers and some of their applications

Laser engineering is an area in which developments in the existing design concepts and technology appear at an alarming rate. Now—a-days, emphasis has shifted from innovation to cost reduction and system improvement. To a major extent, these studies are aimed at attaining larger power densities, higher system efficiency and identification of new lasing media and new lasing wavelengths. Todate researchers have put to use all the ditferent Forms of matter as lasing material. Laser action was observed For the first time in a gaseous system - the He-Ne system. This was Followed by a variety of solidstate and gas laser systems. Uarious organic dyes dissolved in suitable solvents were found to lase when pumped optically. Broad band emission characteristics of these dye molecules made wavelength tuning possible using optical devices. Laser action was also observed in certain p-n junctions of semiconductor materials and some of these systems are also tunable. The recent addition to this list was the observation of laser action from certain laser produced plasmas. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the design and Fabrication techniques of pulsed Nitrogen lasers and high power Nd: Glass laserso Attempt was also made to put the systems developed into certain related experiments

Studies on finfish and shellfish diseases

In the present study, fifteen typee of diseases occurring in twenty one species of finfishes end shellfishes are documented and the causes studied. All these are being reported from India for the first time which adds considerably to our existinq knowledge on the subject.In fact, the candidate's studies embodied in this Thesis has also an applied significance aimed at the proper management_of finfish and shellfish aquaculture systems in this country.The thesis is presented in seven main chapters.

Studies on the enzyme α-glucan phosphorylase

ac-qlncnn phosphorylsse is en ilportent enzyme in glycoiysis. It is the first used knows to exhibit ellosteric properties and lance its inhibition end ectivetion have significant effect on the rete ot qlycolysis. The thesis deals with 11 detailed study of the structure. inhibition and control or this snlrlls from rabbit uncle and troll e merino eninelo ‘the thesis is divided into two parts. Port 1 deals with studies on rabbit uncle glycogen phospherylese. After e review of the relevant literetnre (Chapter 1) the inhibition and chancel sodiiicetion studies on rabbit ensyle ere discussed in chepters 2 to 5. Chapter 6. gives the methods used for the study

Studies on the toxic effects of selected heavy metals in the freshwater mussel lamellidens corrianus (lea)

Industrialisation affects air, water, and soil. Industrial effluents which enter the aquatic environment either by direct disposal or through run off, affect living organisms at morphological and physiological levels. In any living tissue toxic materials exert their effects first at molecular and biochemical levels (Robbins and Angell, 1976). Most of the industrial effluents contain elevated concentrations of organic and inorganic chemicals capable of eliciting stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the metabolism of aquatic organisms. Heavy metals form an important group of environmental pollutants. Effects of pollution on the aquatic environment by heavy metals have received considerable attention in recent years due to their toxicity even at very low levels, persistence in the environment, and chances of getting biomagnified. A pollutant that does not affect a particular process under normal unstressed condition may affect the ability of the animal to adjust to changing environmental conditions which ultimately decrease its chances of survival (Thurberg et al., 1973

Studies on a syntax based approach for translation between structurally different languages and the development of a prototype for Malayalam to English translation

This thesis summarizes the results on the studies on a syntax based approach for translation between Malayalam, one of Dravidian languages and English and also on the development of the major modules in building a prototype machine translation system from Malayalam to English. The development of the system is a pioneering effort in Malayalam language unattempted by previous researchers. The computational models chosen for the system is first of its kind for Malayalam language. An in depth study has been carried out in the design of the computational models and data structures needed for different modules: morphological analyzer , a parser, a syntactic structure transfer module and target language sentence generator required for the prototype system. The generation of list of part of speech tags, chunk tags and the hierarchical dependencies among the chunks required for the translation process also has been done. In the development process, the major goals are: (a) accuracy of translation (b) speed and (c) space. Accuracy-wise, smart tools for handling transfer grammar and translation standards including equivalent words, expressions, phrases and styles in the target language are to be developed. The grammar should be optimized with a view to obtaining a single correct parse and hence a single translated output. Speed-wise, innovative use of corpus analysis, efficient parsing algorithm, design of efficient Data Structure and run-time frequency-based rearrangement of the grammar which substantially reduces the parsing and generation time are required. The space requirement also has to be minimised

Vibrational spectroscopic studies and computational study of quinoline-2-carbaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone

FT-IR spectrum of quinoline-2-carbaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (HQb H2O) was recorded and analyzed. The synthesis and crystal structure data are also described. The vibrational wavenumbers were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 package of programs using HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels of theory. The data obtained from vibrational wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in infrared spectroscopy of the studied molecule. The first hyperpolarizability, infrared intensities and Raman activities are reported. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported values of similar derivatives and is an attractive object for future studies of non-linear optics. The geometrical parameters of the title compound obtained from XRD studies are in agreement with the calculated values. The changes in the CAN bond lengths suggest an extended p-electron delocalization over quinoline and hydrazone moieties which is responsible for the non-linearity of the molecule

Studies on the use of Nanokaolin, MWCNT and Graphene in NBR and SBR

The current research investigates the possibility of using unmodified and modified nanokaolin, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and graphene as fillers to impart enhancement in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties to the elastomers. Taking advantage of latex blending method, nanoclay, MWCNT and graphene dispersions, prepared by ultra sound sonication are dispersed in polymer latices. The improvement in material properties indicated better interaction between filler and the polymer.MWCNT and graphene imparted electrical conductivity with simultaneous improvement in mechanical properties. Layered silicates prepared by microwave method also significantly improve the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The thesis entitled ‘Studies on the use of Nanokaolin, MWCNT and Graphene in NBR and SBR’ consists of ten chapters. The first chapter is a concise introduction of nanocomposites, nanofillers, elastomeric matrices and applications of polymer nanocomposites. The state-of-art research in elastomer based nanocomposites is also presented. At the end of this chapter the main objectives of the work are mentioned. Chapter 2 outlines the specifications of various materials used, details of experimental techniques employed for preparing and characterizing nanocomposites. Chapter3 includes characterization of the nanofillers, optimsation of cure time of latex based composites and the methods used for the preparation of latex based and dry rubber based nanocomposites. Chapter4 presents the reinforcing effect of the nanofillers in XNBR latex and the characterization of the nanocomposites. Chapter5 comprises the effect of nanofillers on the properties of SBR latex and their characterization Chapter 6 deals with the study of cure characteristics, mechanical and thermal properties and the characterization of NBR based nanocomposites. Chapter7 is the microwave studies of MWCNT and graphene filled elastomeric nanocomposites. Chapter 8 gives details of the preparation of layered silicates, their characterization and use in different elastomeric matrices. Chapter 9 is the study of mechanical properties of nanoclay incorporated nitrile gloves .Chapter 10 presents the summary and conclusions of the investigation.

Studies on scattering and thermodynamics of black holes in f(R) theory and Einstein's theory

One of the interesting consequences of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is the black hole solutions. Until the observation made by Hawking in 1970s, it was believed that black holes are perfectly black. The General Theory of Relativity says that black holes are objects which absorb both matter and radiation crossing the event horizon. The event horizon is a surface through which even light is not able to escape. It acts as a one sided membrane that allows the passage of particles only in one direction i.e. towards the center of black holes. All the particles that are absorbed by black hole increases the mass of the black hole and thus the size of event horizon also increases. Hawking showed in 1970s that when applying quantum mechanical laws to black holes they are not perfectly black but they can emit radiation. Thus the black hole can have temperature known as Hawking temperature. In the thesis we have studied some aspects of black holes in f(R) theory of gravity and Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The scattering of scalar field in this background space time studied in the first chapter shows that the extended black hole will scatter scalar waves and have a scattering cross section and applying tunneling mechanism we have obtained the Hawking temperature of this black hole. In the following chapter we have investigated the quasinormal properties of the extended black hole. We have studied the electromagnetic and scalar perturbations in this space-time and find that the black hole frequencies are complex and show exponential damping indicating the black hole is stable against the perturbations. In the present study we show that not only the black holes exist in modified gravities but also they have similar properties of black hole space times in General Theory of Relativity. 2 + 1 black holes or three dimensional black holes are simplified examples of more complicated four dimensional black holes. Thus these models of black holes are known as toy models of black holes in four dimensional black holes in General theory of Relativity. We have studied some properties of these types of black holes in Einstein model (General Theory of Relativity). A three dimensional black hole known as MSW is taken for our study. The thermodynamics and spectroscopy of MSW black hole are studied and obtained the area spectrum which is equispaced and different thermo dynamical properties are studied. The Dirac perturbation of this three dimensional black hole is studied and the resulting quasinormal spectrum of this three dimensional black hole is obtained. The different quasinormal frequencies are tabulated in tables and these values show an exponential damping of oscillations indicating the black hole is stable against the mass less Dirac perturbation. In General Theory of Relativity almost all solutions contain singularities. The cosmological solution and different black hole solutions of Einstein's field equation contain singularities. The regular black hole solutions are those which are solutions of Einstein's equation and have no singularity at the origin. These solutions possess event horizon but have no central singularity. Such a solution was first put forward by Bardeen. Hayward proposed a similar regular black hole solution. We have studied the thermodynamics and spectroscopy of Hay-ward regular black holes. We have also obtained the different thermodynamic properties and the area spectrum. The area spectrum is a function of the horizon radius. The entropy-heat capacity curve has a discontinuity at some value of entropy showing a phase transition.

Studies on nitrifying microorganisms in Cochin Estuary and adjacent coastal waters

This thesis entitled “Studies on Nitrifying Microorganisms in Cochin Estuary and Adjacent Coastal Waters” reports for the first time the spatial andtemporal variations in the abundance and activity of nitrifiers (Ammonia oxidizingbacteria-AOB; Nitrite oxidizing bacteria- NOB and Ammonia oxidizing archaea-AOA) from the Cochin Estuary (CE), a monsoon driven, nutrient rich tropicalestuary along the southwest coast of India. To fulfil the above objectives, field observations were carried out for aperiod of one year (2011) in the CE. Surface (1 m below surface) and near-bottomwater samples were collected from four locations (stations 1 to 3 in estuary and 4 in coastal region), covering pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Station 1 is a low saline station (salinity range 0-10) with high freshwater influx While stations 2 and 3 are intermediately saline stations (salinity ranges 10-25). Station 4 is located ~20 km away from station 3 with least influence of fresh water and is considered as high saline (salinity range 25- 35) station. Ambient physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), Ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate of surface and bottom waters were measured using standard techniques. Abundance of Eubacteria, total Archaea and ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB) were quantified using Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes labeled withCy3. Community structure of AOB and AOA was studied using PCR Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) technique. PCR products were cloned and sequenced to determine approximate phylogenetic affiliations. Nitrification rate in the water samples were analyzed using chemical NaClO3 (inhibitor of nitrite oxidation), and ATU (inhibitor of ammonium oxidation). Contribution of AOA and AOB in ammonia oxidation process was measured based on the recovered ammonia oxidation rate. The contribution of AOB and AOA were analyzed after inhibiting the activities of AOB and AOA separately using specific protein inhibitors. To understand the factors influencing or controlling nitrification, various statistical tools were used viz. Karl Pearson’s correlation (to find out the relationship between environmental parameters, bacterial abundance and activity), three-way ANOVA (to find out the significant variation between observations), Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) (for the discrimination of stations based on observations), Multivariate statistics, Principal components analysis (PCA) and Step up multiple regression model (SMRM) (First order interaction effects were applied to determine the significantly contributing biological and environmental parameters to the numerical abundance of nitrifiers). In the CE, nitrification is modulated by the complex interplay between different nitrifiers and environmental variables which in turn is dictated by various hydrodynamic characteristics like fresh water discharge and seawater influx brought in by river water discharge and flushing. AOB in the CE are more adapted to varying environmental conditions compared to AOA though the diversity of AOA is higher than AOB. The abundance and seasonality of AOB and NOB is influenced by the concentration of ammonia in the water column. AOB are the major players in modulating ammonia oxidation process in the water column of CE. The distribution pattern and seasonality of AOB and NOB in the CE suggest that these organisms coexist, and are responsible for modulating the entire nitrification process in the estuary. This process is fuelled by the cross feeding among different nitrifiers, which in turn is dictated by nutrient levels especially ammonia. Though nitrification modulates the increasing anthropogenic ammonia concentration the anthropogenic inputs have to be controlled to prevent eutrophication and associated environmental changes.

Studies on Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Acetamiprid from Wastewater

Pollution of water with pesticides has become a threat to the man, material and environment. The pesticides released to the environment reach the water bodies through run off. Industrial wastewater from pesticide manufacturing industries contains pesticides at higher concentration and hence a major source of water pollution. Pesticides create a lot of health and environmental hazards which include diseases like cancer, liver and kidney disorders, reproductive disorders, fatal death, birth defects etc. Conventional wastewater treatment plants based on biological treatment are not efficient to remove these compounds to the desired level. Most of the pesticides are phyto-toxic i.e., they kill the microorganism responsible for the degradation and are recalcitrant in nature. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is a class of oxidation techniques where hydroxyl radicals are employed for oxidation of pollutants. AOPs have the ability to totally mineralise the organic pollutants to CO2 and water. Different methods are employed for the generation of hydroxyl radicals in AOP systems. Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used to control sucking type insects on crops such as leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, pome fruits, grapes, cotton, ornamental flowers. It is now recommended as a substitute for organophosphorous pesticides. Since its use is increasing, its presence is increasingly found in the environment. It has high water solubility and is not easily biodegradable. It has the potential to pollute surface and ground waters. Here, the use of AOPs for the removal of acetamiprid from wastewater has been investigated. Five methods were selected for the study based on literature survey and preliminary experiments conducted. Fenton process, UV treatment, UV/ H2O2 process, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis using TiO2 were selected for study. Undoped TiO2 and TiO2 doped with Cu and Fe were prepared by sol-gel method. Characterisation of the prepared catalysts was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Influence of major operating parameters on the removal of acetamiprid has been investigated. All the experiments were designed using central compoiste design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Model equations were developed for Fenton, UV/ H2O2, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis for predicting acetamiprid removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal for different operating conditions. Quality of the models were analysed by statistical methods. Experimental validations were also done to confirm the quality of the models. Optimum conditions obtained by experiment were verified with that obtained using response optimiser. Fenton Process is the simplest and oldest AOP where hydrogen peroxide and iron are employed for the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Influence of H2O2 and Fe2+ on the acetamiprid removal and TOC removal by Fenton process were investigated and it was found that removal increases with increase in H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration. At an initial concentration of 50 mg/L acetamiprid, 200 mg/L H2O2 and 20 mg/L Fe2+ at pH 3 was found to be optimum for acetamiprid removal. For UV treatment effect of pH was studied and it was found that pH has not much effect on the removal rate. Addition of H2O2 to UV process increased the removal rate because of the hydroxyl radical formation due to photolyis of H2O2. An H2O2 concentration of 110 mg/L at pH 6 was found to be optimum for acetamiprid removal. With photo-Fenton drastic reduction in the treatment time was observed with 10 times reduction in the amount of reagents required. H2O2 concentration of 20 mg/L and Fe2+ concentration of 2 mg/L was found to be optimum at pH 3. With TiO2 photocatalysis improvement in the removal rate was noticed compared to UV treatment. Effect of Cu and Fe doping on the photocatalytic activity under UV light was studied and it was observed that Cu doping enhanced the removal rate slightly while Fe doping has decreased the removal rate. Maximum acetamiprid removal was observed for an optimum catalyst loading of 1000 mg/L and Cu concentration of 1 wt%. It was noticed that mineralisation efficiency of the processes is low compared to acetamiprid removal efficiency. This may be due to the presence of stable intermediate compounds formed during degradation Kinetic studies were conducted for all the treatment processes and it was found that all processes follow pseudo-first order kinetics. Kinetic constants were found out from the experimental data for all the processes and half lives were calculated. The rate of reaction was in the order, photo- Fenton>UV/ H2O2>Fenton> TiO2 photocatalysis>UV. Operating cost was calculated for the processes and it was found that photo-Fenton removes the acetamiprid at lowest operating cost in lesser time. A kinetic model was developed for photo-Fenton process using the elementary reaction data and mass balance equations for the species involved in the process. Variation of acetamiprid concentration with time for different H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration at pH 3 can be found out using this model. The model was validated by comparing the simulated concentration profiles with that obtained from experiments. This study established the viability of the selected AOPs for the removal of acetamiprid from wastewater. Of the studied AOPs photo- Fenton gives the highest removal efficiency with lowest operating cost within shortest time.

New studies on the versatile roles of Polyaniline and its composites in polymer based optoelectronic and energy storage devices

From the early stages of the twentieth century, polyaniline (PANI), a well-known and extensively studied conducting polymer has captured the attention of scientific community owing to its interesting electrical and optical properties. Starting from its structural properties, to the currently pursued optical, electrical and electrochemical properties, extensive investigations on pure PANI and its composites are still much relevant to explore its potentialities to the maximum extent. The synthesis of highly crystalline PANI films with ordered structure and high electrical conductivity has not been pursued in depth yet. Recently, nanostructured PANI and the nanocomposites of PANI have attracted a great deal of research attention owing to the possibilities of applications in optical switching devices, optoelectronics and energy storage devices. The work presented in the thesis is centered around the realization of highly conducting and structurally ordered PANI and its composites for applications mainly in the areas of nonlinear optics and electrochemical energy storage. Out of the vast variety of application fields of PANI, these two areas are specifically selected for the present studies, because of the following observations. The non-linear optical properties and the energy storing properties of PANI depend quite sensitively on the extent of conjugation of the polymer structure, the type and concentration of the dopants added and the type and size of the nano particles selected for making the nanocomposites. The first phase of the work is devoted to the synthesis of highly ordered and conducting films of PANI doped with various dopants and the structural, morphological and electrical characterization followed by the synthesis of metal nanoparticles incorporated PANI samples and the detailed optical characterization in the linear and nonlinear regimes. The second phase of the work comprises the investigations on the prospects of PANI in realizing polymer based rechargeable lithium ion cells with the inherent structural flexibility of polymer systems and environmental safety and stability. Secondary battery systems have become an inevitable part of daily life. They can be found in most of the portable electronic gadgets and recently they have started powering automobiles, although the power generated is low. The efficient storage of electrical energy generated from solar cells is achieved by using suitable secondary battery systems. The development of rechargeable battery systems having excellent charge storage capacity, cyclability, environmental friendliness and flexibility has yet to be realized in practice. Rechargeable Li-ion cells employing cathode active materials like LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4 have got remarkable charge storage capacity with least charge leakage when not in use. However, material toxicity, chance of cell explosion and lack of effective cell recycling mechanism pose significant risk factors which are to be addressed seriously. These cells also lack flexibility in their design due to the structural characteristics of the electrode materials. Global research is directed towards identifying new class of electrode materials with less risk factors and better structural stability and flexibility. Polymer based electrode materials with inherent flexibility, stability and eco-friendliness can be a suitable choice. One of the prime drawbacks of polymer based cathode materials is the low electronic conductivity. Hence the real task with this class of materials is to get better electronic conductivity with good electrical storage capability. Electronic conductivity can be enhanced by using proper dopants. In the designing of rechargeable Li-ion cells with polymer based cathode active materials, the key issue is to identify the optimum lithiation of the polymer cathode which can ensure the highest electronic conductivity and specific charge capacity possible The development of conducting polymer based rechargeable Li-ion cells with high specific capacity and excellent cycling characteristics is a highly competitive area among research and development groups, worldwide. Polymer based rechargeable batteries are specifically attractive due to the environmentally benign nature and the possible constructional flexibility they offer. Among polymers having electrical transport properties suitable for rechargeable battery applications, polyaniline is the most favoured one due to its tunable electrical conducting properties and the availability of cost effective precursor materials for its synthesis. The performance of a battery depends significantly on the characteristics of its integral parts, the cathode, anode and the electrolyte, which in turn depend on the materials used. Many research groups are involved in developing new electrode and electrolyte materials to enhance the overall performance efficiency of the battery. Currently explored electrolytes for Li ion battery applications are in liquid or gel form, which makes well-defined sealing essential. The use of solid electrolytes eliminates the need for containment of liquid electrolytes, which will certainly simplify the cell design and improve the safety and durability. The other advantages of polymer electrolytes include dimensional stability, safety and the ability to prevent lithium dendrite formation. One of the ultimate aims of the present work is to realize all solid state, flexible and environment friendly Li-ion cells with high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability. Part of the present work is hence focused on identifying good polymer based solid electrolytes essential for realizing all solid state polymer based Li ion cells.The present work is an attempt to study the versatile roles of polyaniline in two different fields of technological applications like nonlinear optics and energy storage. Conducting form of doped PANI films with good extent of crystallinity have been realized using a level surface assisted casting method in addition to the generally employed technique of spin coating. Metal nanoparticles embedded PANI offers a rich source for nonlinear optical studies and hence gold and silver nanoparticles have been used for making the nanocomposites in bulk and thin film forms. These PANI nanocomposites are found to exhibit quite dominant third order optical non-linearity. The highlight of these studies is the observation of the interesting phenomenon of the switching between saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in the films of Ag/PANI and Au/PANI nanocomposites, which offers prospects of applications in optical switching. The investigations on the energy storage prospects of PANI were carried out on Li enriched PANI which was used as the cathode active material for assembling rechargeable Li-ion cells. For Li enrichment or Li doping of PANI, n-Butyllithium (n-BuLi) in hexanes was used. The Li doping as well as the Li-ion cell assembling were carried out in an argon filled glove box. Coin cells were assembled with Li doped PANI with different doping concentrations, as the cathode, LiPF6 as the electrolyte and Li metal as the anode. These coin cells are found to show reasonably good specific capacity around 22mAh/g and excellent cycling stability and coulombic efficiency around 99%. To improve the specific capacity, composites of Li doped PANI with inorganic cathode active materials like LiFePO4 and LiMn2O4 were synthesized and coin cells were assembled as mentioned earlier to assess the electrochemical capability. The cells assembled using the composite cathodes are found to show significant enhancement in specific capacity to around 40mAh/g. One of the other interesting observations is the complete blocking of the adverse effects of Jahn-Teller distortion, when the composite cathode, PANI-LiMn2O4 is used for assembling the Li-ion cells. This distortion is generally observed, near room temperature, when LiMn2O4 is used as the cathode, which significantly reduces the cycling stability of the cells.

Molecular studies on a Dictyostelium homolog of the tafazzin gene, the cause of Barth syndrome in humans

Der eukaryotische Mikroorganismus Dictyostelium discoideum lebt als einzellige Amöbe solange ausreichende Nahrungsressourcen zur Verfügung stehen. Sobald Nahrungsmangel eintritt, entwickeln sich die Zellen von einem einzelligen zu einem mehrzelligen Zustand, der mit einem multizellulären Fruchtkörper abschließt. Dieser Prozess wird durch eine Reihe aufeinanderfolgender Signale organisiert, die eine differentielle Genexpression regulieren. Die Gene der Discoidin I Familie gehören zu den Ersten, die im Laufe des Wachstums-Differenzierungs-Übergangs (engl. GDT) aktiviert werden. Sie eignen sich daher vorzüglich als Marker für den Beginn der Entwicklung. Mit Hilfe einer REMI-Mutagenese und Discoidin I als molekularem Marker sind verschiedene Komponenten des Wachstums-Differenzierungs-Übergangs in unserer Arbeitsgruppe identifiziert worden (Zeng et al., 2000 A und B; Riemann und Nellen, persönliche Mitteilung). Mit demselben Ansatz wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine REMI-Mutante identifiziert, die eine Fehl-Expression von Discoidin zeigte und einen axenischen Wachstumsdefekt bei 15 °C aufwies. Das Gen wurde als Homolog zum humanen Tafazzin-Gen identifiziert. Dieses Gen wurde zur Rekonstruktion des Phänotyps über homologe Rekombination erneut disruptiert, was wie erwartet zu dem zuerst beschriebenen Phänotyp führte. Folgerichtig ergab eine Überexpression des Gens in den Mutanten eine Komplementation des Phänotyps. Immunfluoreszenz-Experimente zeigten eine mitochondriale Lokalisation des Dictyostelium discoideum Taffazzin Proteins. Dass ein mitochondriales Protein in Zusammenhang mit dem Wachstums-Differenzierungs-Übergang steht, ist ein unerwarteter Befund, der aber als Hinweis darauf gewertet werden kann, dass Mitochondrien einen direkten Einfluss auf die entwicklungsspezifische Signaltransduktion ausüben. Die Taffazzin Disruptions-Mutante in Dictyostelium führte zu einem abnormalen Cardiolipin Metabolismus. Dieses Phospholipid ist ein charakteristischer Bestandteil der inneren Mitochondrienmembran und für die Funktion verschiedener Enzyme erforderlich. Unsere vorläufigen Analysen des Phospholipid-Gehalts zeigten Übereinstimmung mit Daten von Patienten mit Barth-Syndrom, einer humanen Erkrankung, bei der das Taffazzin-Gen Mutationen aufweist, und mit Hefe-Mutanten dieses Gens. Dies zeigt den Wert von Dictyostelium discoideum als einen weiteren Modelorganismus zur Untersuchung des Barth-Syndroms und zur Erprobung möglicher Therapieansätze.

Studies of cap-independent mRNA translation in Drosophila melanogaster

Control of protein synthesis is a key step in the regulation of gene expression during apoptosis and the heat shock response. Under such conditions, cap-dependent translation is impaired and Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES)-dependent translation plays a major role in mammalian cells. Although the role of IRES-dependent translation during apoptosis has been mainly studied in mammals, its role in the translation of Drosophila apoptotic genes has not been yet studied. The observation that the Drosophila mutant embryos for the cap-binding protein, the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E, exhibits increased apoptosis in correlation with up-regulated proapoptotic gene reaper (rpr) transcription constitutes the first evidence for the existence of a cap-independent mechanism for the translation of Drosophila proapoptotic genes. The mechanism of translation of rpr and other proapoptotic genes was investigated in this work. We found that the 5 UTR of rpr mRNA drives translation in an IRES-dependent manner. It promotes the translation of reporter RNAs in vitro either in the absence of cap, in the presence of cap competitors, or in extracts derived from heat shocked and eIF4E mutant embryos and in vivo in cells transfected with reporters bearing a non functional cap structure, indicating that cap recognition is not required in rpr mRNA for translation. We also show that rpr mRNA 5 UTR exhibits a high degree of similarity with that of Drosophila heat shock protein 70 mRNA (hsp70), an antagonist of apoptosis, and that both are able to conduct IRES-mediated translation. The proapoptotic genes head involution defective (hid) and grim, but not sickle, also display IRES activity. Studies of mRNA association to polysomes in embryos indicate that both rpr, hsp70, hid and grim endogenous mRNAs are recruited to polysomes in embryos in which apoptosis or thermal stress was induced. We conclude that hsp70 and, on the other hand, rpr, hid and grim which are antagonizing factors during apoptosis, use a similar mechanism for protein synthesis. The outcome for the cell would thus depend on which protein is translated under a given stress condition. Factors involved in the differential translation driven by these IRES could play an important role. For this purpose, we undertook the identification of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes assembled onto the 5 UTR of rpr mRNA. We established a tobramycin-affinity-selection protocol that allows the purification of specific RNP that can be further analyzed by mass spectrometry. Several RNA binding proteins were identified as part of the rpr 5 UTR RNP complex, some of which have been related to IRES activity. The involvement of one of them, the La antigen, in the translation of rpr mRNA, was established by RNA-crosslinking experiments using recombinant protein and rpr 5 UTR and by the analysis of the translation efficiency of reporter mRNAs in Drosophila cells after knock down of the endogenous La by RNAi experiments. Several uncharacterized proteins were also identified, suggesting that they might play a role during translation, during the assembly of the translational machinery or in the priming of the mRNA before ribosome recognition. Our data provide evidence for the involvement of La antigen in the translation of rpr mRNA and set a protocol for purification of tagged-RNA-protein complexes from cytoplasmic extracts. To further understand the mechanisms of translation initiation in Drosophila, we analyzed the role of eIF4B on cap-dependent and cap-independent translation. We showed that eIF4B is mostly involved in cap-, but not IRES-dependent translation as it happens in mammals.

Fluorescence studies on the 3d-ionization threshold range in krypton

Krypton atoms were excited by photons in the energy range from the threshold for photoionization of the 3d-electrons up to 120 eV. and the fluorescence radiation in the spectral range from 780 to 965 A was observed and analyzed. Cross sections for the population of excited states in KrIII with at least one 4s-hole resulting from an Auger transition as the first decay step and for KrII satellites were determined. The energy dependence of the 3d-ionization cross section in the 3d{_5/2}- and the 3d{_3/2}-threshold range was derived from the experimental data. The cross sections for production of KrII states were found to follow the energy dependence of the 3d-cross sections.

Time-resolved studies of neutral and ionized Na_n clusters with femtosecond light pulses

The real-time dynamics of Na_n (n=3-21) cluster multiphoton ionization and fragmentation has been studied in beam experiments applying femtosecond pump-probe techniques in combination with ion and electron spectroscopy. Three dimensional wave packet motions in the trimer Na_3 ground state X and excited state B have been observed. We report the first study of cluster properties (energy, bandwidth and lifetime of intermediate resonances Na_n^*) with femtosecond laser pulses. The observation of four absorption resonances for the cluster Na_8 with different energy widths and different decay patterns is more difficult to interpret by surface plasmon like resonances than by molecular structure and dynamics. Timeresolved fragmentation of cluster ions Na_n^+ indicates that direct photo-induced fragmentation processes are more important at short times than the statistical unimolecular decay.