Review of the theoretical approaches to external adjustment and their relevance for Latin America

Includes bibliography

The external crisis, adjustment policies and agricultural development in Brazil

Includes bibliography

Options for tackling the external debt problem

Includes bibliography

Saving and investment under external and fiscal constraints

Includes bibliography

Latin American integration and external openness

Includes bibliography

External events, domestic policies and structural adjustment

Includes bibliography

Capital movements and external financing

Includes bibliography

External capital flows in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s: experiences and policies

Includes bibliography

External sector statistics for development planning: a matter for statisticians and planners?

Includes bibliography

The State and transnational banks: lessons from the Bolivian crisis of external public indebtedness

Includes bibliography

Transnational banks, external debt and Perú: results of a recent study

Includes bibliography

In vitro biomechanical evaluation of sagittal split osteotomy fixation with a specifically designed miniplate

Recent studies have evaluated many methods of internal fixation for sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO), aiming to increase stability of the bone segments while minimizing condylar displacement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through biomechanical testing, the stability of the fixation comparing a specially designed bone plate to other two commonly used methods. Thirty hemimandibles were separated into three equal groups. All specimens received SSRO. In Group I the osteotomies were fixed with three 15 mm bicortical positional screws in an inverted-L pattern with an insertion angle of 90°. In Group II, fixation was carried out with a four-hole straight plate and four 6 mm monocortical screws. In Group III, fixation was performed with an adjustable sagittal plate and eight 6 mm monocortical screws. Hemimandibles were submitted to vertical compressive loads, by a mechanical testing unit. Averages and standard deviations were submitted to analysis of variance using the Tukey test with a 5% level of significance. Bicortical screws presented the greatest values of loading resistance. The adjustable miniplate demonstrated 60% lower resistance compared to bicortical screws. Group II presented on average 40% less resistant to the axial loading. © 2012 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

The real cost of the external debt for the creditor and for the debtor

Includes bibliography

The external debt and the financial problems of Latin America

Se refiere a las magnitudes envueltas en los problemas financieros de America Latina, al aumento de la deuda externa latinoamericana, y las razones y consecuencias de ese aumento. Plantea las soluciones de emergencia y de mediano plazo, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, y las perspectivas para el futuro cercano.