Exposure assessment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases/AmpC beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in meat in Denmark

INTRODUCTION Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamases (AmpC) are of concern for veterinary and public health because of their ability to cause treatment failure due to antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The main objective was to assess the relative contribution (RC) of different types of meat to the exposure of consumers to ESBL/AmpC and their potential importance for human infections in Denmark. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prevalence of each genotype of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in imported and nationally produced broiler meat, pork and beef was weighted by the meat consumption patterns. Data originated from the Danish surveillance program for antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance (DANMAP) from 2009 to 2011. DANMAP also provided data about human ESBL/AmpC cases in 2011, which were used to assess a possible genotype overlap. Uncertainty about the occurrence of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in meat was assessed by inspecting beta distributions given the available data of the genotypes in each type of meat. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Broiler meat represented the largest part (83.8%) of the estimated ESBL/AmpC-contaminated pool of meat compared to pork (12.5%) and beef (3.7%). CMY-2 was the genotype with the highest RC to human exposure (58.3%). However, this genotype is rarely found in human infections in Denmark. CONCLUSION The overlap between ESBL/AmpC genotypes in meat and human E. coli infections was limited. This suggests that meat might constitute a less important source of ESBL/AmpC exposure to humans in Denmark than previously thought - maybe because the use of cephalosporins is restricted in cattle and banned in poultry and pigs. Nonetheless, more detailed surveillance data are required to determine the contribution of meat compared to other sources, such as travelling, pets, water resources, community and hospitals in the pursuit of a full source attribution model.

A Specific Mapping Study Using Fluorescence Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Patients with Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer Undergoing Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection techniques have the potential to change the standard of surgical care for patients with prostate cancer. We performed a lymphatic mapping study and determined the value of fluorescence SLN detection with indocyanine green (ICG) for the detection of lymph node metastases in intermediate- and high-risk patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection. A total of 42 patients received systematic or specific ICG injections into the prostate base, the midportion, the apex, the left lobe, or the right lobe. We found (1) that external and internal iliac regions encompass the majority of SLNs, (2) that common iliac regions contain up to 22% of all SLNs, (3) that a prostatic lobe can drain into the contralateral group of pelvic lymph nodes, and (4) that the fossa of Marcille also receives significant drainage. Among the 12 patients who received systematic ICG injections, 5 (42%) had a total of 29 lymph node metastases. Of these, 16 nodes were ICG positive, yielding 55% sensitivity. The complex drainage pattern of the prostate and the low sensitivity of ICG for the detection of lymph node metastases reported in our study highlight the difficulties related to the implementation of SNL techniques in prostate cancer. PATIENT SUMMARY There is controversy about how extensive lymph node dissection (LND) should be during prostatectomy. We investigated the lymphatic drainage of the prostate and whether sentinel node fluorescence techniques would be useful to detect node metastases. We found that the drainage pattern is complex and that the sentinel node technique is not able to replace extended pelvic LND.

Steiner’s formula in the Heisenberg group

Steiner’s tube formula states that the volume of an ϵ-neighborhood of a smooth regular domain in Rn is a polynomial of degree n in the variable ϵ whose coefficients are curvature integrals (also called quermassintegrals). We prove a similar result in the sub-Riemannian setting of the first Heisenberg group. In contrast to the Euclidean setting, we find that the volume of an ϵ-neighborhood with respect to the Heisenberg metric is an analytic function of ϵ that is generally not a polynomial. The coefficients of the series expansion can be explicitly written in terms of integrals of iteratively defined canonical polynomials of just five curvature terms.

Frobenius Solution for Legendre's Equation, Rodrigue's Formula and Normalization

The Frobenius solution to Legendre/s equation is developed in detail as is Rodrigue's formula, which is employed to normalize Legendre polynomials.

The Optimal Response to Default: Renegotiation or Extended Maturity?

This paper reinforces the argument of Harding and Sirmans (2002) that the observed preference of lenders for extended maturity rather than renegotiation of the principle in the case of loan default is due to the superior incentive properties of the former. Specifically, borrowers have a greater incentive to avoid default under extended maturity because it reduces the likelihood that they will be able to escape paying off the full loan balance. Thus, although extended maturity leaves open the possibility of foreclosure, it will be preferred to renegotiation as long as the dead weight loss from foreclosure is not too large.

A Universal Formula for Continuous Utility

A single formula assigns a continuous utility function to every representable preference relation.

Ms. Praed. 31 - Formula novitiorum, p. III

Vorbesitzer: Dominikanerkloster Frankfurt am Main

Assessment of the performance of 3m 3500 organic vapor monitors over extended sampling durations

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and precision of airborne volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations measured using passive air samplers (3M 3500 organic vapor monitors) over extended sampling durations (9 and 15 days). A total of forty-five organic vapor monitor samples were collected at a State of Texas air monitoring site during two different sampling periods (July/August and November 2008). The results of this study indicate that for most of the tested compounds, there was no significant difference between long-term (9 or 15 days) sample concentrations and the means of parallel consecutive short-term (3 days) sample concentrations. Biases of 9 or 15-day measurements vs. consecutive 3-day measurements showed considerable variability. Those compounds that had percent bias values of <10% are suggested as acceptable for long-term sampling (9 and 15 days). Of the twenty-one compounds examined, 10 compounds are classified as acceptable for long-term sampling; these include m,p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, n-hexane, ethylbenzene, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, d-limonene, dimethylpentane and methyl tertbutyl ether. The ratio of sampling procedure variability relative to variability within days was approximately 1.89 for both sampling periods for the 3-day vs. 9-day comparisons and approximately 2.19 for both sampling periods for the 3-day vs. 15-day comparisons. Considerably higher concentrations of most VOCs were measured during the November sampling period compared to the July/August period. These differences may be a result of varying meteorological conditions during these two time periods, e.g., the differences in wind direction, and wind speed. Further studies are suggested to further evaluate the accuracy and precision of 3M 3500 organic vapor monitors over extended sampling durations. ^

The Extended Family: Reviewing an Invaluable Resource

During the last two decades, the extended family has been rediscovered as a viable and meaningful resource for nurturing and protecting children. The purpose of this article is to provide an historical context for involving the extended family in child welfare cases and to identify key factors influencing that involvement.

On-farm Cooperator Trials 2011: Effect of Extended-duration Row Covers on Muskmelon and Winter Squash on Bacterial Wilt and Yield

Susceptible cucurbit crops are difficult to grow in Iowa because of bacterial wilt, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila. Striped and spotted cucumber beetles transmit bacterial wilt. Other insect pests such as squash vine borer and squash bugs may also have an economic impact on yield, particularly in squash.

PaleoTools - extended software package for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstructions

The Imbrie and Kipp transfer function method (IKM) and the modern analog technique (MAT) are accepted tools for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, no uncomplicated, flexible software has been available to apply these methods on modern computer devices. For this reason the software packages PaleoToolBox, MacTransfer, WinTransfer, MacMAT, and PanPlot have been developed. The PaleoToolBox package provides a flexible tool for the preprocessing of microfossil reference and downcore data as well as hydrographic reference parameters. It includes procedures to randomize the raw databases; to switch specific species in or out of the total species list; to establish individual ranking systems and their application on the reference and downcore databasessemi; and to convert the prepared databases into the file formats of IKM and MAT software for estimation of paleohydrographic parameters.