Design and assessment of a large commercial Photovoltaic System in Barbados

One of the main aims of this thesis is to design an optimized commercial Photovoltaic (PV) system in Barbados from several variables such as racking type, module type and inverter type based on practicality, technical performance as well as financial returns to the client. Detailed simulations are done in PVSYST and financial models are used to compare different systems and their viability. Once the preeminent system is determined from a financial and performance perspective a detailed design is done using PVSYST and AutoCAD to design the most optimal PV system for the customer. In doing so, suitable engineering drawings are generated which are detailed enough for construction of the system. Detailed cost with quotes from relevant manufacturers, suppliers and estimators become instrumental in determining Balance of System Costs in addition to total project cost. The final simulated system is suggested with a PV capacity of 425kW and an inverter output of 300kW resulting in an array oversizing of 1.42. The PV system has a weighted Performance Ratio of 77 %, a specific yield of 1467 kWh/kWp and a projected annual production of 624 MWh/yr. This system is estimated to offset approximately 28 % of Carlton’s electrical load annually. Over the course of 20 years the PV system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of $0.201USD/kWh which is significantly lower than the $0.35 USD/kWh paid to the utility at the time of writing this thesis. Due to the high cost of electricity on the island, an attractive Feed-In-Tariff is not necessary to warrant the installation of a commercial System which over a lifetime which produces electricity at less than 60% of the cost to the user purchasing electricity from the utility. A simple payback period of 5.4 years, a return on investment of 17 % without incentives, in addition to an estimated diversion of 6840 barrels of oil or 2168 tonnes of CO2 further provides compelling justification for the installation of a commercial Photovoltaic System not only on Carlton A-1 Supermarket, but also island wide as well as regionally where most electricity supplies are from imported fossil fuels.

Computerized identification of motor complications in Parkinson's disease

Objective: To investigate whether spirography-based objective measures are able to effectively characterize the severity of unwanted symptom states (Off and dyskinesia) and discriminate them from motor state of healthy elderly subjects. Background: Sixty-five patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 10 healthy elderly (HE) subjects performed repeated assessments of spirography, using a touch screen telemetry device in their home environments. On inclusion, the patients were either treated with levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel or were candidates for switching to this treatment. On each test occasion, the subjects were asked trace a pre-drawn Archimedes spiral shown on the screen, using an ergonomic pen stylus. The test was repeated three times and was performed using dominant hand. A clinician used a web interface which animated the spiral drawings, allowing him to observe different kinematic features, like accelerations and spatial changes, during the drawing process and to rate different motor impairments. Initially, the motor impairments of drawing speed, irregularity and hesitation were rated on a 0 (normal) to 4 (extremely severe) scales followed by marking the momentary motor state of the patient into 2 categories that is Off and Dyskinesia. A sample of spirals drawn by HE subjects was randomly selected and used in subsequent analysis. Methods: The raw spiral data, consisting of stylus position and timestamp, were processed using time series analysis techniques like discrete wavelet transform, approximate entropy and dynamic time warping in order to extract 13 quantitative measures for representing meaningful motor impairment information. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the quantitative measures into 4 principal components (PC). In order to classify the motor states into 3 categories that is Off, HE and dyskinesia, a logistic regression model was used as a classifier to map the 4 PCs to the corresponding clinically assigned motor state categories. A stratified 10-fold cross-validation (also known as rotation estimation) was applied to assess the generalization ability of the logistic regression classifier to future independent data sets. To investigate mean differences of the 4 PCs across the three categories, a one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey multiple comparisons was used. Results: The agreements between computed and clinician ratings were very good with a weighted area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) coefficient of 0.91. The mean PC scores were different across the three motor state categories, only at different levels. The first 2 PCs were good at discriminating between the motor states whereas the PC3 was good at discriminating between HE subjects and PD patients. The mean scores of PC4 showed a trend across the three states but without significant differences. The Spearman’s rank correlations between the first 2 PCs and clinically assessed motor impairments were as follows: drawing speed (PC1, 0.34; PC2, 0.83), irregularity (PC1, 0.17; PC2, 0.17), and hesitation (PC1, 0.27; PC2, 0.77). Conclusions: These findings suggest that spirography-based objective measures are valid measures of spatial- and time-dependent deficits and can be used to distinguish drug-related motor dysfunctions between Off and dyskinesia in PD. These measures can be potentially useful during clinical evaluation of individualized drug-related complications such as over- and under-medications thus maximizing the amount of time the patients spend in the On state.

Mobile systems for monitoring Parkinson's disease

A challenge for the clinical management of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the large within- and between-patient variability in symptom profiles as well as the emergence of motor complications which represent a significant source of disability in patients. This thesis deals with the development and evaluation of methods and systems for supporting the management of PD by using repeated measures, consisting of subjective assessments of symptoms and objective assessments of motor function through fine motor tests (spirography and tapping), collected by means of a telemetry touch screen device. One aim of the thesis was to develop methods for objective quantification and analysis of the severity of motor impairments being represented in spiral drawings and tapping results. This was accomplished by first quantifying the digitized movement data with time series analysis and then using them in data-driven modelling for automating the process of assessment of symptom severity. The objective measures were then analysed with respect to subjective assessments of motor conditions. Another aim was to develop a method for providing comparable information content as clinical rating scales by combining subjective and objective measures into composite scores, using time series analysis and data-driven methods. The scores represent six symptom dimensions and an overall test score for reflecting the global health condition of the patient. In addition, the thesis presents the development of a web-based system for providing a visual representation of symptoms over time allowing clinicians to remotely monitor the symptom profiles of their patients. The quality of the methods was assessed by reporting different metrics of validity, reliability and sensitivity to treatment interventions and natural PD progression over time. Results from two studies demonstrated that the methods developed for the fine motor tests had good metrics indicating that they are appropriate to quantitatively and objectively assess the severity of motor impairments of PD patients. The fine motor tests captured different symptoms; spiral drawing impairment and tapping accuracy related to dyskinesias (involuntary movements) whereas tapping speed related to bradykinesia (slowness of movements). A longitudinal data analysis indicated that the six symptom dimensions and the overall test score contained important elements of information of the clinical scales and can be used to measure effects of PD treatment interventions and disease progression. A usability evaluation of the web-based system showed that the information presented in the system was comparable to qualitative clinical observations and the system was recognized as a tool that will assist in the management of patients.

A web-based system for visualizing upper limb motor performance of Parkinson’s disease patients

Objective To design, develop and set up a web-based system for enabling graphical visualization of upper limb motor performance (ULMP) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients to clinicians. Background Sixty-five patients diagnosed with advanced PD have used a test battery, implemented in a touch-screen handheld computer, in their home environment settings over the course of a 3-year clinical study. The test items consisted of objective measures of ULMP through a set of upper limb motor tests (finger to tapping and spiral drawings). For the tapping tests, patients were asked to perform alternate tapping of two buttons as fast and accurate as possible, first using the right hand and then the left hand. The test duration was 20 seconds. For the spiral drawing test, patients traced a pre-drawn Archimedes spiral using the dominant hand, and the test was repeated 3 times per test occasion. In total, the study database consisted of symptom assessments during 10079 test occasions. Methods Visualization of ULMP The web-based system is used by two neurologists for assessing the performance of PD patients during motor tests collected over the course of the said study. The system employs animations, scatter plots and time series graphs to visualize the ULMP of patients to the neurologists. The performance during spiral tests is depicted by animating the three spiral drawings, allowing the neurologists to observe real-time accelerations or hesitations and sharp changes during the actual drawing process. The tapping performance is visualized by displaying different types of graphs. Information presented included distribution of taps over the two buttons, horizontal tap distance vs. time, vertical tap distance vs. time, and tapping reaction time over the test length. Assessments Different scales are utilized by the neurologists to assess the observed impairments. For the spiral drawing performance, the neurologists rated firstly the ‘impairment’ using a 0 (no impairment) – 10 (extremely severe) scale, secondly three kinematic properties: ‘drawing speed’, ‘irregularity’ and ‘hesitation’ using a 0 (normal) – 4 (extremely severe) scale, and thirdly the probable ‘cause’ for the said impairment using 3 choices including Tremor, Bradykinesia/Rigidity and Dyskinesia. For the tapping performance, a 0 (normal) – 4 (extremely severe) scale is used for first rating four tapping properties: ‘tapping speed’, ‘accuracy’, ‘fatigue’, ‘arrhythmia’, and then the ‘global tapping severity’ (GTS). To achieve a common basis for assessment, initially one neurologist (DN) performed preliminary ratings by browsing through the database to collect and rate at least 20 samples of each GTS level and at least 33 samples of each ‘cause’ category. These preliminary ratings were then observed by the two neurologists (DN and PG) to be used as templates for rating of tests afterwards. In another track, the system randomly selected one test occasion per patient and visualized its items, that is tapping and spiral drawings, to the two neurologists. Statistical methods Inter-rater agreements were assessed using weighted Kappa coefficient. The internal consistency of properties of tapping and spiral drawing tests were assessed using Cronbach’s α test. One-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test was used to test if mean scores of properties of tapping and spiral drawing tests were different among GTS and ‘cause’ categories, respectively. Results When rating tapping graphs, inter-rater agreements (Kappa) were as follows: GTS (0.61), ‘tapping speed’ (0.89), ‘accuracy’ (0.66), ‘fatigue’ (0.57) and ‘arrhythmia’ (0.33). The poor inter-rater agreement when assessing “arrhythmia” may be as a result of observation of different things in the graphs, among the two raters. When rating animated spirals, both raters had very good agreement when assessing severity of spiral drawings, that is, ‘impairment’ (0.85) and irregularity (0.72). However, there were poor agreements between the two raters when assessing ‘cause’ (0.38) and time-information properties like ‘drawing speed’ (0.25) and ‘hesitation’ (0.21). Tapping properties, that is ‘tapping speed’, ‘accuracy’, ‘fatigue’ and ‘arrhythmia’ had satisfactory internal consistency with a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.77. In general, the trends of mean scores of tapping properties worsened with increasing levels of GTS. The mean scores of the four properties were significantly different to each other, only at different levels. In contrast from tapping properties, kinematic properties of spirals, that is ‘drawing speed’, ‘irregularity’ and ‘hesitation’ had a questionable consistency among them with a coefficient of 0.66. Bradykinetic spirals were associated with more impaired speed (mean = 83.7 % worse, P < 0.001) and hesitation (mean = 77.8% worse, P < 0.001), compared to dyskinetic spirals. Both these ‘cause’ categories had similar mean scores of ‘impairment’ and ‘irregularity’. Conclusions In contrast from current approaches used in clinical setting for the assessment of PD symptoms, this system enables clinicians to animate easily and realistically the ULMP of patients who at the same time are at their homes. Dynamic access of visualized motor tests may also be useful when observing and evaluating therapy-related complications such as under- and over-medications. In future, we foresee to utilize these manual ratings for developing and validating computer methods for automating the process of assessing ULMP of PD patients.

Self-reported symptoms and motor tests via telemetry in a 36-month levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion trial

Objective To investigate if a home environment test battery can be used to measure effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment intervention and disease progression. Background Seventy-seven patients diagnosed with advanced PD were recruited in an open longitudinal 36-month study at 10 clinics in Sweden and Norway; 40 of them were treated with levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) and 37 patients were candidates for switching from oral PD treatment to LCIG. They utilized a mobile device test battery, consisting of self-assessments of symptoms and objective measures of motor function through a set of fine motor tests (tapping and spiral drawings), in their homes. Both the LCIG-naïve and LCIG-non-naïve patients used the test battery four times per day during week-long test periods. Methods Assessments The LCIG-naïve patients used the test battery at baseline (before LCIG), month 0 (first visit; at least 3 months after intraduodenal LCIG), and thereafter quarterly for the first year and biannually for the second and third years. The LCIG-non-naïve patients used the test battery from the first visit, i.e. month 0. Out of the 77 patients, only 65 utilized the test battery; 35 were LCIG-non-naïve and 30 LCIG-naïve. In 20 of the LCIG-naïve patients, assessments with the test battery were available during oral treatment and at least one test period after having started infusion treatment. Three LCIG-naïve patients did not use the test battery at baseline but had at least one test period of assessments thereafter. Hence, n=23 in the LCIG-naïve group. In total, symptom assessments in the full sample (including both patient groups) were collected during 379 test periods and 10079 test occasions. For 369 of these test periods, clinical assessments including UPDRS and PDQ-39 were performed in afternoons at the start of the test periods. The repeated measurements of the test battery were processed and summarized into scores representing patients’ symptom severities over a test period, using statistical methods. Six conceptual dimensions were defined; four subjectively-reported: ‘walking’, ‘satisfied’, ‘dyskinesia’, and ‘off’ and two objectively-measured: ‘tapping’ and ‘spiral’. In addition, an ‘overall test score’ (OTS) was defined to represent the global health condition of the patient during a test period. Statistical methods Change in the test battery scores over time, that is at baseline and follow-up test periods, was assessed with linear mixed-effects models with patient ID as a random effect and test period as a fixed effect of interest. The within-patient variability of OTS was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), for the two patient groups. Correlations between clinical rating scores and test battery scores were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlations (rho). Results In LCIG-naïve patients, mean OTS compared to baseline was significantly improved from the first test period on LCIG treatment until month 24. However, there were no significant changes in mean OTS scores of LCIG-non-naïve patients, except for worse mean OTS at month 36 (p<0.01, n=16). The mean scores of all subjectively-reported dimensions improved significantly throughout the course of the study, except ‘walking’ at month 36 (p=0.41, n=4). However, there were no significant differences in mean scores of objectively-measured dimensions between baseline and other test periods, except improved ‘tapping’ at month 6 and month 36, and ‘spiral’ at month 3 (p<0.05). The LCIG-naïve patients had a higher within-subject variability in their OTS scores (ICC=0.67) compared to LCIG-non-naïve patients (ICC=0.71). The OTS correlated adequately with total UPDRS (rho=0.59) and total PDQ-39 (rho=0.59). Conclusions In this 3-year follow-up study of advanced PD patients treated with LCIG we found that it is possible to monitor PD progression over time using a home environment test battery. The significant improvements in the mean OTS scores indicate that the test battery is able to measure functional improvement with LCIG sustained over at least 24 months.

Automatic spiral analysis for objective assessment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Objective: To develop a method for objective quantification of PD motor symptoms related to Off episodes and peak dose dyskinesias, using spiral data gathered by using a touch screen telemetry device. The aim was to objectively characterize predominant motor phenotypes (bradykinesia and dyskinesia), to help in automating the process of visual interpretation of movement anomalies in spirals as rated by movement disorder specialists. Background: A retrospective analysis was conducted on recordings from 65 patients with advanced idiopathic PD from nine different clinics in Sweden, recruited from January 2006 until August 2010. In addition to the patient group, 10 healthy elderly subjects were recruited. Upper limb movement data were collected using a touch screen telemetry device from home environments of the subjects. Measurements with the device were performed four times per day during week-long test periods. On each test occasion, the subjects were asked to trace pre-drawn Archimedean spirals, using the dominant hand. The pre-drawn spiral was shown on the screen of the device. The spiral test was repeated three times per test occasion and they were instructed to complete it within 10 seconds. The device had a sampling rate of 10Hz and measured both position and time-stamps (in milliseconds) of the pen tip. Methods: Four independent raters (FB, DH, AJ and DN) used a web interface that animated the spiral drawings and allowed them to observe different kinematic features during the drawing process and to rate task performance. Initially, a number of kinematic features were assessed including ‘impairment’, ‘speed’, ‘irregularity’ and ‘hesitation’ followed by marking the predominant motor phenotype on a 3-category scale: tremor, bradykinesia and/or choreatic dyskinesia. There were only 2 test occasions for which all the four raters either classified them as tremor or could not identify the motor phenotype. Therefore, the two main motor phenotype categories were bradykinesia and dyskinesia. ‘Impairment’ was rated on a scale from 0 (no impairment) to 10 (extremely severe) whereas ‘speed’, ‘irregularity’ and ‘hesitation’ were rated on a scale from 0 (normal) to 4 (extremely severe). The proposed data-driven method consisted of the following steps. Initially, 28 spatiotemporal features were extracted from the time series signals before being presented to a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classifier. The features were based on different kinematic quantities of spirals including radius, angle, speed and velocity with the aim of measuring the severity of involuntary symptoms and discriminate between PD-specific (bradykinesia) and/or treatment-induced symptoms (dyskinesia). A Principal Component Analysis was applied on the features to reduce their dimensions where 4 relevant principal components (PCs) were retained and used as inputs to the MLP classifier. Finally, the MLP classifier mapped these components to the corresponding visually assessed motor phenotype scores for automating the process of scoring the bradykinesia and dyskinesia in PD patients whilst they draw spirals using the touch screen device. For motor phenotype (bradykinesia vs. dyskinesia) classification, the stratified 10-fold cross validation technique was employed. Results: There were good agreements between the four raters when rating the individual kinematic features with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.88 for ‘impairment’, 0.74 for ‘speed’, 0.70 for ‘irregularity’, and moderate agreements when rating ‘hesitation’ with an ICC of 0.49. When assessing the two main motor phenotype categories (bradykinesia or dyskinesia) in animated spirals the agreements between the four raters ranged from fair to moderate. There were good correlations between mean ratings of the four raters on individual kinematic features and computed scores. The MLP classifier classified the motor phenotype that is bradykinesia or dyskinesia with an accuracy of 85% in relation to visual classifications of the four movement disorder specialists. The test-retest reliability of the four PCs across the three spiral test trials was good with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of 0.80, 0.82, 0.54 and 0.49, respectively. These results indicate that the computed scores are stable and consistent over time. Significant differences were found between the two groups (patients and healthy elderly subjects) in all the PCs, except for the PC3. Conclusions: The proposed method automatically assessed the severity of unwanted symptoms and could reasonably well discriminate between PD-specific and/or treatment-induced motor symptoms, in relation to visual assessments of movement disorder specialists. The objective assessments could provide a time-effect summary score that could be useful for improving decision-making during symptom evaluation of individualized treatment when the goal is to maximize functional On time for patients while minimizing their Off episodes and troublesome dyskinesias.

Validity and responsiveness of at-home touch-screen assessments in advanced Parkinson's disease

The aim of this study was to investigate if a telemetry test battery can be used to measure effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment intervention and disease progression in patients with fluctuations. Sixty-five patients diagnosed with advanced PD were recruited in an open longitudinal 36-month study; 35 treated with levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) and 30 were candidates for switching from oral PD treatment to LCIG. They utilized a test battery, consisting of self-assessments of symptoms and fine motor tests (tapping and spiral drawings), four times per day in their homes during week-long test periods. The repeated measurements were summarized into an overall test score (OTS) to represent the global condition of the patient during a test period. Clinical assessments included ratings on Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) and 39-item PD Questionnaire (PDQ-39) scales. In LCIG-naïve patients, mean OTS compared to baseline was significantly improved from the first test period on LCIG treatment until month 24. In LCIG-non-naïve patients, there were no significant changes in mean OTS until month 36. The OTS correlated adequately with total UPDRS (rho = 0.59) and total PDQ-39 (0.59). Responsiveness measured as effect size was 0.696 and 0.536 for OTS and UPDRS respectively. The trends of the test scores were similar to the trends of clinical rating scores but dropout rate was high. Correlations between OTS and clinical rating scales were adequate indicating that the test battery contains important elements of the information of well-established scales. The responsiveness and reproducibility were better for OTS than for total UPDRS.

Sculptural abstraction of landscape

The purpose of my Senior Scholar project was to create a series of sculptures that are based on the interaction of natural forms within a selected landscape setting. I hope to convey a sense of how I view and interpret the landscape and to create works that stimulate a sense of wonder in the mind of the viewer. This fascination, perhaps even obsession, with the power of the landscape has kept me going throughout the year. As a source of ideas and imagery, the landscape can never be depleted. There will always be new combinations of landscape elements, different light conditions, and changing seasons to provide me with fresh ideas. Research for the project took me to many different places, be it my trip to Monhegan Island or driving to New York City to study the cityscape. I began the year working in steel and plaster, combining the two in works that explore the interaction between living tree roots and inanimate rocks. This led to a series entitled Landscape Recollections, comprised of welded steel forms housed in protective wooden boxes and lit from inside. After visiting New York City, architecture began to playa role in my work, as seen in the two Roadcut pieces and the Cathedral Woods series. Roadcut #1 and Roadcut #2 explore the relationship between a man-made road and the landscape that lies beneath and around it. The Cathedral Woods pieces incorporate architecture in a more abstract manner, using imagery derived from Gothic cathedrals to convey a sense of quiet peacefulness. The soaring verticality of Gothic architecture integrates with the tall tree forms in each piece, enabling me to intertwine these two elements into one another and create a harmonious relationship between architecture and nature. Throughout the year I have kept a sketchbook in which I draw from life, jot down ideas, and take notes on how the project is progressing. I have also completed several large charcoal drawings of my sculptures in which I explore different ways of viewing the steel forms. I am grateful to have had the opportunity to undertake this project, as it has been a very difficult but rewarding process of observing, interpreting, and manifesting the landscape according to my personal vision and experiences.

Diferenças sexuais na alocação de recursos : sujeitos, experimentadores, personagens e tarefas

O intuito deste trabalho 1ho foi investigar" as possíveis influências de tarefas socialmente convencionadas como vinculadas ao sexo sobre a utilização de princípios de Justiça Distributiva em alocações de recursos numa situação hipotética. Foram entrevistadas 686 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 12,2 anos, cursando as quintas e sextas séries do I grau de escolas da rede pública estadual e de níveis sócioeconômicos médio e médio-baixo. A amostra foi dividida entre dois entrevistadores de sexos diferentes. Foi usado uma história ilustrada por uma série de 21 desenhos.Cada desenho representou uma situação experimental aonde foram manipuladas as variáveis sexo dos personagens, tarefas vinculadas ao sexo e quantidade de trabalho produzido. Foram encontrados efeitos significativos do Sexo do Experimentador sobre o comportamento de alocação do sujeitos. Além disso, apareceram indicativos sugestivos de maior valorização da tarefa masculina e de tendência de sujeitos do sexo masculino para distribuir recompensas de maneira eqüitativa e sujeitos do sexo feminino, de maneira igualitária.

Prazer no trabalho: um estudo comparativo entre músicos profissionais e policiais militares

Working, for some people, may mean being stressed, tired or hurt. For others, though, it may mean life. The fact is that, positively or negatively, since its beginning, work has played an important role in everyone¿s life. The history of men is the story of the evolution of their work. It was through their work, that men constituted themselves. Therefore, it seems relevant to look further into this subject. The aim of this study is to find out what causes pleasure at work. In order to achieve this answer, two kinds of workers were chosen: musicians and policemen. Using bibliographic and field research, the method of content analysis and the making of drawings, it was proved both of them have pleasure while working, which is felt by realizing the nature of the work. We found five ways that make it possible to have pleasure working. The first is looking at work as providing a feeling of accomplishment; the second, as survival; the third, as a contribution to society; the fourth, as a hobby or leisure; and the last, as a personal challenging.

A democratização do acesso ao ensino superior: um estudo sobre o Programa Universidade Para Todos (PROUNI) e sobre o sistema de reservas de cotas de vagas étnico-raciais

Brazil is an extremely unequal country and this inequality has been a permanent characteristic of its economic and social structure. Some scholars generally consider that the economic growth has generated extreme conditions of space and social inequalities, which reveal themselves within Brazil¿s regions, states, rural and urban areas, central and peripheral areas and among its ethnic groups. Such conditions negatively affect the quality of life of the population and will be reflected in the reduction of life expectancy, in the increase of the indexes of infant mortality and illiteracy, amongst other aspects. Education is considered one of the ways to promote the development of a country, however, access to education, specially higher education in Brazil, since it was first implemented, had been limited to a small group of privileged people, the elite of society. Thus, it becomes necessary to extend the access of students to higher education and consequently to generate individuals capable of changing the reality of the place where they live in and as a result, to develop the country. The purpose of this research is to analyze two programs destined to the amplify the access to higher education in Brazil, namely, the University for All Program (ProUni) and the System of Quotas, with the objective to verify at which level their drawings and strategies will allow the democratization of the access to higher education and the reduction of regional inequalities. In order to achieve its objective, the study is initiated with the issue of development and inequalities in Brazil, then it goes through the history of higher education in Brazil and it is finished with the analysis of ProUni and the System of Quotas.

O desenho da família como técnica de investigação psicológica: influências da idade, sexo, e ordem de nascimento

Este estudo consiste na investigação do Desenho da Família como uma técnica de investigação psicológica, cujo objetivo é verificar a sua sensibilidade através da influência da idade, sexo e ordem de nascimento. A amostra foi constituída por 300 crianças de 7 a 9 anos, de ambos os sexos, pertencentes a famílias com duas crianças e de mesmo nível sócio-econômico. A aplicação da técnica do Desenho da Família foi realizada individualmente, através da instrução proposta por Porot (1952): "Desenhe sua Família". Esta foi analisada de acordo com um método desenvolvido para este estudo com base nas proposições de diferentes autores, contendo 52 características, obedecendo a três níveis: (a) características gerais do desenho, (b) nível das estruturas formais e (c) nível de conteúdo. Os resultados, analisados através do teste do X², permitiram verificar a sensibilidade da referida técnica, pois, a maioria de suas características relacionaram-se significativamente com as variáveis analisadas. Verificou-se também que enquanto a influência da idade foi mais acentuada em relação, as características gerais do desenho e às do nível das estruturas formais (as quais foram explicadas predominantemente em termos evolutivos e cognitivos), as influências do sexo e da ordem de nascimento o foram em relação às características do nível de conteúdo (as quais foram interpretadas predominantemente em termos projetivos e afetivos). Verificou-se ainda que a análise das características relacionadas significativamente com o sexo permitiu a formulação e a comprovação de uma hipótese sobre a identificação sexual dos sujeitos em relação às figuras parentais (pai e mãe). Por sua vez, a análise das características que sofreram a influência da ordem de nascimento possibilitou a formulação e a comprovação de uma hipótese sobre a rivalidade fraterna, tanto por parte dos primogênitos, quanto por parte dos caçulas. Ao concluir, questionou-se o fato da maioria dos autores considerar o Desenho da Família apenas uma técnica projetiva, recomendou-se prudência na sua interpretação e sugeriu-se a inclusão de alguns aspectos a serem investigados em relação à ordem de nascimento.

Preconceito e estereótipos relativos a cor, sexo e status

Esta pesquisa investiga os estereótipos positivos e/ou negativos, quando considerados como variáveis de cor, sexo status. O instrumento utilizado consistiu de oito desenhos estímulos, sendo quatro homens e quatro mulheres: homem branco de status alto (HBR), homem negro de status alto (HNR), homem branco de status baixo (HBP), homem negro de status baixo (HNP), mulher branca de status alto (MBR), mulher negra de status alto (MNR), mulher branca de status baixo (MBP) e mulher negra de status baixo (MNP), distribuídos equitativamente pela amostra, em um questionário com nove itens objetivos para pedir sobre o desenho estímulo, a distância social, a escolaridade, a posição hierárquica no trabalho, a ocupação desempenhada pelo estímulo e por seus pais para averiguar a mobilidade social, a classe sócio econômica e um item em aberto para apreender como a amostra percebe os estímulos. A amostra foi composta de 930 sujeitos: 482 de cor epidérmica e atributos físicos (boca, cabelos e sujeitos nariz) brancos e 448 sujeitos negros de cor epidérmica e atributos físicos negros, ou cor epidérmica branca e atributos físicos negros, ou cor epidérmica negra e atributos físicos brancos, atribuídos pelo experimentador. Estes mesmos sujeitos se auto classificaram como sendo 602 sujeitos "brancos" e 328 sujeitos negros. A hipótese básica testada foi: "Há estereótipos positivos e negativos relativos à cor, sexo e status." O único item que rejeitou a hip6tese nula básica, foi aquele sobre a ocupação desempenhada pelas figuras-estímulos onde as amostras brancas, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclasificada, e negra autoclassificada corno branca, rejeitaram-na quanto às variáveis de sexo e status, sugerindo que os estereótipos aparecem de acordo com as ocupações atribuídas, quanto ao sexo e status das figuras-estímulos. As amostras negras, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclassificada, rejeitaram-nas três variáveis, mostrando a influência da cor, sexo e status, separadamente, sobre o estereótipo medido através da ocupação atribuída aos estímulos, além da interação cor X status, sugerindo também a presença do estereótipo ocupacional, quando a cor se associa ao status dos desenhos. A amostra negra, atribuída pelo experimentador, rejeita-a, ainda, na interação cor X sexo X status parecendo existir discriminação quanto as ocupações dadas aos estímulas, quando estas três variáveis se associam. As amostras brancas, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclassificada, apresentaram respostas ambíguas na maioria dos itens. As amostras negras, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclassificada, não mostraram diferenças significativas entre as respostas, em parte dos itens. O critério ABIPEME expressou que ambas as amostras branca e negra, atribuídas pelo experimentador, apresentaram alta escolaridade e bom nível sócio-econômico. O número de mulheres era superior ao número de homens, embora homens e mulheres se equivalessem em ambas as amostras, o que sugere que mulheres brancas e negras e homens negros se com portaram de acordo com os valores culturais e dominantes, demonstrando auto-desvalorização e baixa auto-estima.

Um estudo sobre estereótipos positivos e negativos relativos as variáveis sexo, status e cor

Este trabalho pretende investigar os estereótipos positivos e ou negativos quando consideradas como variáveis sexo, status e cor. Foi usado um instrumento composto de oito desenhos, estímulo e quatro desenhos - resposta. A amostra foi composta de 48 sujeitos universitários e 34 sujeitos semi-alfabetizados. A hipótese básica testada foi que: Ha estereótipos positivos e negativos relativos a sexo, status e cor em situações de conotação positiva (trabalho e escola) e de conotação negativa (botquim e vadiagem). A hipótese nula básica foi rejeitada, nos dois grupos, no que diz respeito as variáveis sexo e status, mas não o foi em relação a variável cor. Foram feitas sugestões para pesquisas futuras.

Trabalhar para que?: percepções sobre trabalho entre jovens de diferentes estratos sociais

O atual mundo do trabalho vem sofrendo transformações importantes nas últimas décadas. O cenário econômico em constante mudança, as inovações tecnológicas em alta velocidade e a forte competição global são fatores importantes que têm influenciado de forma decisiva os mercados, as empresas e o conceito de trabalho de forma geral. Neste contexto, é inegável a relevância que o trabalho exerce em nossas vidas, e a busca pelo entendimento de seus sentidos, significados e concepções vêm despertando o interesse dos estudiosos do campo dos estudos organizacionais há alguns anos. A produção científica brasileira também vem buscando conhecer, por meio de pesquisas empíricas e/ou teóricas, como o trabalho se organiza e se estabelece em nossas vidas. Nesta pesquisa, tem-se como objetivo conhecer como os jovens, que já nasceram neste contexto de mudança, percebem o trabalho em suas vidas. A partir de um estudo qualitativo, esta pesquisa, que incluiu entrevistas e desenhos com 92 jovens de diferentes estratos sociais, mostrou que existe uma homogeneidade de percepções sobre o trabalho. Em outras palavras, independente do estrato social ao qual pertencem, para a grande maioria destes jovens o trabalho é percebido exclusivamente como meio para se ganhar dinheiro e consumir, e não como um fim em si mesmo. Os discursos destes jovens reforçam a importância que o dinheiro exerce em suas vidas, sendo inclusive o grande protagonista na conquista da felicidade. Com base em uma perspectiva crítica de análise, argumenta-se que o trabalho não tem centralidade na vida destes jovens, e a centralidade que se estabelece no discurso dos participantes é sim o papel que o dinheiro exerce em nossa sociedade do consumo