Emissões de carbono: caracterização do perfil de emissões de gases de efeito de estufa associadas à Monteiro, Ribas - Embalagens Flexíveis, S.A.

A presente dissertação tem como principal objectivo estimar as emissões de carbono resultantes das actividades da Monteiro, Ribas- Embalagens Flexíveis, S.A. A realização do inventário de gases de efeito estufa permite que a Monteiro, Ribas- Embalagens Flexíveis, S.A, identifique quais as suas fontes emissoras e quantifique as emissões de gases de efeito estufa, permitindo criar estratégias de redução das mesmas. A elaboração do inventário foi fundamentada nas directrizes do Greenhouse Gas Protocol, obedecendo aos princípios de relevância, integrabilidade, consistência, transparência e exactidão. A metodologia adoptada utiliza factores de emissão documentados para efectuar o cálculo das emissões de gases de efeito de estufa (GEE). Estes factores são rácios que relacionam as emissões de GEE com dados de actividade específicos para cada fonte de emissão. Como emissões directas (âmbito 1), foram quantificadas as emissões provenientes do uso de gás natural nas caldeiras, consumo de vapor e de água quente, e as emissões do veículo comercial da empresa. Como emissões indirectas de âmbito 2, incluem-se as resultantes da electricidade consumida. As emissões indirectas estimadas de âmbito 3 referem-se, no caso em estudo, ao transporte de resíduos, ao deslocamento de funcionários para a empresa e às viagens de negócio. Face ao tipo de emissões identificadas, criou-se uma ferramenta de cálculo que contém todos os valores de factores de emissão que podem ser utilizados em função das características específicas dos dados de actividade relativos às várias fontes emissoras da Empresa. Esta ferramenta permitirá, no futuro, aperfeiçoar o cálculo das emissões, a partir de uma melhor sistematização da informação disponível. Com este trabalho também foi possível identificar a necessidade de recolher e organizar alguma informação complementar à já existente. O ano base considerado foi 2011. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, neste ano, as actividades da Monteiro, Ribas- Embalagens Flexíveis, S.A serão responsáveis pela emissão de 2968,6 toneladas de CO2e (dióxido de carbono equivalente). De acordo com a Decisão 2007/589/CE da Comissão de 18 de Julho de 2007 conclui-se que a Monteiro, Ribas Embalagens e Flexíveis S.A. se enquadra na categoria de instalações com baixo níveis de emissões pois as suas emissões médias anuais são inferiores a 25000 toneladas de CO2e. Conclui-se que a percentagem maior das emissões estimadas (50,7 %) é proveniente do consumo de electricidade (emissões indirectas, âmbito 2), seguida pelo consumo de gás natural (emissões directas) que representa 39,4% das emissões. Relacionando os resultados obtidos com a produção total da Monteiro, Ribas- Embalagens Flexíveis, S.A, em 2011, obtém-se o valor de 0,65 kg de CO2e por cada quilograma de produto final. Algumas das fontes emissoras identificadas não foram incorporadas no inventário da empresa, nomeadamente o transporte das matérias-primas e dos produtos. Isto deve-se ao facto de não ter sido possível compilar a informação necessária, em tempo útil. Apesar de se tratar de emissões indirectas de âmbito 3, consideradas opcionais, recomenda-se que num próximo trabalho deste tipo, essas emissões possam vir a ser quantificadas. As principais incertezas associadas às estimativas de emissão dizem respeito aos dados de actividade uma vez que foi a primeira vez que a empresa realizou um inventário de gases de efeito de estufa. Há informações mais específicas sobre os dados de actividade que a empresa dispõe e que poderá, de futuro, sistematizar de uma forma mais adequada para a sua utilização com este fim.

Presumed unconstrained dispersal of Aedes aegypti in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dispersal of Aedes aegypti females in an area with no container manipulation and no geographic barriers to constrain mosquito flight. METHODS: A mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted in December 2006, in the dengue endemic urban district of Olaria in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, where there is no evident obstacle to the dispersal of Ae. aegypti females. Mosquito traps were installed in 192 houses (96 Adultraps and 96 MosquiTRAPs). RESULTS: A total of 725 dust-marked gravid females were released and recapture rate was 6.3%. Ae. aegypti females traveled a mean distance of 288.12 m and their maximum displacement was 690 m; 50% and 90% of females flew up to 350 m and 500.2 m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dispersal of Ae. aegypti females in Olaria was higher than in areas with physical and geographical barriers. There was no evidence of a preferred direction during mosquito flight, which was considered random or uniform from the release point.

Dimensionamento de estacas baseado nos princípios da dinâmica de cravação do SPT

Este trabalho insere-se no domínio da calibração energética dos equipamentos SPT, dando seguimento ao disposto na norma EN ISO 22476-3, de aplicação obrigatória em Portugal. Para tal foi utilizada uma vara instrumentada, cuja instrumentação consiste em strain-gauges e acelerómetros piezoeléctricos. Esta instrumentação encontra-se fixa a um trecho de vara com comprimento de 60 cm e para a aquisição dos dados foi utilizado o sistema SPT Analyzer® comercializado pela firma PDI. O sistema permite registar os dados provenientes da instrumentação: sinais de um par de strain-gauges, transformados em registos de força (F1 e F2) e sinais de um par de acelerómetros, convertidos em registos de velocidade (V1 e V2) ao longo do tempo. O equipamento permite a avaliação, em tempo real, da qualidade dos registos e da energia máxima transmitida à vara em cada golpe e o conhecimento do deslocamento vertical do trem de varas ocorrido em cada golpe do martelo. Por outro lado, baseando-se no tema acima referido, pretende-se ainda desenvolver esforços no sentido de melhorar o novo método interpretativo dos resultados dos ensaios SPT e sua aplicação ao dimensionamento de estacas, dado que a previsão da capacidade de carga de estacas constitui um dos desafios da engenharia de fundações por requerer a estimativa de propriedades do solo, alterações pela execução da fundação e conhecimento do mecanismo de interacção solo-estaca. Este novo procedimento baseia-se nos princípios da dinâmica, rompendo com as metodologias até aqui consagradas, de natureza essencialmente empírica. A nova forma de interpretar os ensaios SPT, consubstanciada nos princípios de conservação de energia na cravação do amostrador SPT, irá permitir converter analiticamente o valor Nspt numa força dinâmica de reacção à penetração. A decomposição desta força dinâmica permite efectuar análises comparativas entre as resistências unitárias mobilizadas no amostrador SPT (modelo) e as mobilizadas na estaca (protótipo).

Does the intake of LC-PUFAS during pregnancy affect the body composition of term neonates? Preliminary results

Background: The effect of the intake of polynsaturated long chain fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy on fetal body composition has been assessed by studies using mostly neonatal anthropometry. Their results have been inconsistent, probably because neonatal anthropometry has several validity limitations. Air displacement plethismography (ADP) is a recently validated non-invasive method for assessing body composition in neonates. Objective: To determine the effect of the intake of LCPUFAs during pregnancy on the body composition of term neonates, measured by ADP. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of healthy full-term neonates and their mothers. The diet during pregnancy was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire; Food Processor Plus® was used to convert food intake into nutritional values. Body composition was estimated by anthropometry and measured by ADP using Pea Pod™ Life Measurements Inc (fat mass - FM, fat-free mass and %FM) within the first 72h after birth. Univariate and multivariate analysis (linear regression model) were performed. Results: 54 mother-neonate pairs were included. Multivariate analysis adjusted to the maternal body mass index shows positive association between LCPUFAs intake and neonatal mid-arm circumference (= 0,610, p = 0,019) and negative association between n-6:n-3 ratio intake and neonatal %FM (= -2,744, p=0,066). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on this subject using ADP and showing a negative association between LCPUFAs n-6:n-3 ratio intake in pregnancy and neonatal %FM. This preliminary finding requires confirmation increasing the study power with a greater sample and performing interventional studies.

Actuador linear para teste de teclas na indústria automóvel

As indústrias de componentes e acessórios automóveis são um elo fundamental no processo produtivo da indústria automóvel. Neste leque industrial encontra-se a Preh Portugal, Lda, como empresa fornecedora de componentes electrónicos, mais concretamente, painéis de controlo de climatização. Os painéis fornecidos pela Preh aos seus clientes encontram-se sujeitos a rigorosos testes de qualidade e funcionalidade. Neste sentido o teste funcional das teclas surge, relacionando o curso da tecla em função de uma força actuante. Esta relação está comprometida com uma curva característica padrão para o tipo de tecla. Para além destes compromissos, também é necessário que a tecla feche e abra o seu contacto eléctrico. Esta tese foca-se no desenvolvimento do teste de teclas, apresentando uma alteração ao sistema actual com a introdução de um sistema embebido, no intuito de flexibilizar o sistema de teste e reduzindo custos. O sistema embebido pretende dar capacidade de processamento ao teste e, desta forma, substituir o actual computador como elemento de processamento. A solução implementada consistiu numa mudança estrutural, através da inclusão do sistema embebido entre o computador e o sistema de deslocamento. Passando o foco central do processo de teste a residir no sistema embebido, este tem de estabelecer comunicações com os restantes elementos intervenientes no teste. Estabelece comunicações série RS-232 com o sistema de deslocamento (leitura do curso e força na tecla), Ethernet com o computador (comandos, parâmetros e resultados) e CAN com o painel de controlo de climatização (fecho/abertura do contacto eléctrico). A concretização deste projecto resultou numa nova estrutura e aplicação, a qual é facilmente integrada na linha de produção com as vantagens de ser menos onerosa e mais flexível, conforme o pretendido.

Voices in search of a reader: the polyphonic writing of António Lobo Antunes

This paper aims at analysing the writing of the Portuguese author António Lobo Antunes, considered one of the major writers in European Literature with 26 books published, by focusing on the strategies deployed in his texts of creating micro-narratives within the main frame, and conveying the elements of individual and collective memory, past and present, the self and the others, using various voices and silences. Lobo Antunes incorporates in his writing his background as a psychiatrist at a Mental Hospital in Lisbon, until 1985 (when he decided to commit exclusively to writing), his experience as a doctor in the Portuguese Colonial War battlefield, but also the daily routines of the pre and post 25th of April 1974 (Portuguese Revolution) with subtle and ironic details of the life of the middle and upper class of Lisbon‘s society: from the traumas of the war to the simple story of the janitor, or the couple who struggles to keep their marriage functional, everything serves as material to develop and interweave a complex plot, that a lot of readers find too enwrapped and difficult to follow through. Some excerpts taken from his first three novels and books of Chronicles and his later novel – Ontem não te Vi em Babilónia (2006) – will be put forward to exemplify the complexity of the writing and the main difficulties of the reader, lost in a multitude of narrators‘ voices. Recently, Lobo Antunes has commented on his work stating: What I write can be read in the darkness. This paper aims at throwing some light by unfolding some of the strategies employed to defy new borders in the process of reading.

The effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids intake during pregnancy on adiposity of healthy full-term offspring at birth

Objective - The adjusted effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake during pregnancy on adiposity at birth of healthy full-term appropriate-for-gestational age neonates was evaluated. Study Design - In a cross-sectional convenience sample of 100 mother and infant dyads, LCPUFA intake during pregnancy was assessed by food frequency questionnaire with nutrient intake calculated using Food Processor Plus. Linear regression models for neonatal body composition measurements, assessed by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry, were adjusted for maternal LCPUFA intakes, energy and macronutrient intakes, prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain. Result - Positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and ponderal index in male offspring (β=0.165; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.031–0.299; P=0.017), and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and fat mass (β=0.021; 95% CI: 0.002–0.041; P=0.034) and percentage of fat mass (β=0.636; 95% CI: 0.125–1.147; P=0.016) in female offspring were found. Conclusion - Using a reliable validated method to assess body composition, adjusted positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and birth size in male offspring and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and adiposity in female offspring were found, suggesting that maternal LCPUFA intake strongly influences fetal body composition.

Influence of wearing an unstable shoe construction on compensatory control of posture

This study investigated the influence of wearing unstable shoe construction (WUS) on compensatory postural adjustments (CPA) associated with external perturbations. Thirty-two subjects stood on a force platform resisting an anterior-posterior horizontal force applied to a pelvic belt via a cable, which was suddenly released. They stood under two conditions: barefoot and WUS. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae muscles and the center of pressure (CoP) displacement were acquired to study CPA. The EMG signal was used to assess individual muscle activity and latency, antagonist co-activation and reciprocal activation at joint and muscle group levels. Compared to barefoot, WUS led to: (1) increased gastrocnemius medialis activity, (2) increased total agonist activity, (3) decreased antagonist co-activation at the ankle joint and muscle group levels, (4) increased reciprocal activation at the ankle joint and muscle group levels, and (5) decrease in all muscle latencies. No differences were observed in CoP displacement between conditions. These findings demonstrate that WUS led to a reorganization of the postural control system associated to improved performance of some components of postural control responses.

Influence of long-term wearing of unstable shoes on compensatory control of posture: An electromyography-based analysis

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of long-term wearing of unstable shoes (WUS) on compensatory postural adjustments (CPA) to an external perturbation. Methods: Participants were divided into two groups: one wore unstable shoes while the other wore conventional shoes for 8 weeks. The ground reaction force signal was used to calculate the anterior– posterior (AP) displacement of the centre of pressure (CoP) and the electromyographic signal of gastrocnemius medialis (GM), tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles was used to assess individual muscle activity, antagonist co-activation and reciprocal activation at the joint (TA/GM and RF/(BF + GM) pairs) and muscle group levels (ventral (TA + RF)/dorsal (GM + BF) pair) within time intervals typical for CPA. The electromyographic signal was also used to assess muscle latency. The variables described were evaluated before and after the 8-week period while wearing the unstable shoes and barefoot. Results: Long-term WUS led to: an increase of BF activity in both conditions (barefoot and wearing the unstable shoes); a decrease of GM activity; an increase of antagonist co-activation and a decrease of reciprocal activation level at the TA/GM and ventral/dorsal pairs in the unstable shoe condition. Additionally, WUS led to a decrease in CoP displacement. However, no differences were observed in muscle onset and offset. Conclusion: Results suggest that the prolonged use of unstable shoes leads to increased ankle and muscle groups’ antagonist co-activation levels and higher performance by the postural control system.

Avaliação da função ventricular esquerda por ecocardiografia bidimensional com VVI em indivíduos hipertensos voluntários

Mestrado em Tecnologia de Diagnóstico e Intervenção Cardiovascular - Ramo de especialização: Ultrassonografia Cardiovascular

Anticipatory postural adjustments during sitting reach movement in post-stroke subjects

The study assessed the effect of velocity of arm movement on the generation of APAs in the contralateral and ipsilateral muscles of individuals with stroke in the sitting position. In the sitting position, 10 healthy and 8 post-stroke subjects reached for an object placed at the scapular plane and mid-sternum height at self-selected and fast velocities. Electromyography was recorded from the anterior deltoid (AD), upper (UT) and lower trapezius (LT), and latissimus dorsi (LD). Kinematic analysis was used to assess peak velocity and trunk displacement. Post-stroke subjects presented a delay of APAs on both sides of the body compared to healthy subjects. Differences were found between the timing of APAs on the ipsilateral and contralateral LD and LT in both movement speeds and in the ipsilateral UT during movement of the non-affected arm at a self-selected velocity. A delay in the contralateral LD in the reaching movement with the non-affected arm at fast velocity was also observed. Trunk displacement was greater in post-stroke subjects. In the sitting position, APAs were delayed in both fast and self-selected movements on both sides in post-stroke subjects, which also presented a higher trunk displacement.

Modelação do viaduto do Corgo durante o ensaio de carga estático

Trabalho Final de Mestrado elaborado no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil pelo Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa no âmbito do protocolo de cooperação entre o ISEL e o LNEC

Uncertainty analysis based on sensitivity applied to angle-ply composite structures

This article describes a finite element-based formulation for the statistical analysis of the response of stochastic structural composite systems whose material properties are described by random fields. A first-order technique is used to obtain the second-order statistics for the structural response considering means and variances of the displacement and stress fields of plate or shell composite structures. Propagation of uncertainties depends on sensitivities taken as measurement of variation effects. The adjoint variable method is used to obtain the sensitivity matrix. This method is appropriated for composite structures due to the large number of random input parameters. Dominant effects on the stochastic characteristics are studied analyzing the influence of different random parameters. In particular, a study of the anisotropy influence on uncertainties propagation of angle-ply composites is carried out based on the proposed approach.

Miocene catfishes (Ariidae,Bagridae) from Lisbon: a Nilotic (or Sudanian) type fauna

Miocene catfishes from Lisbon are dealt with. Two distinct sets of pectoral and dorsal pterygiophores are described. That from the Langhian V-b is referred to Arius sp. probably close to A. heudeloti. Another ser from the uppermost Burdigalian V-a may be ascribed to a bagrid, cf. Chrysichthys sp., identified for the first time in this region. The catfish and Lates association is sctrikingly similar to African, nilotic or sudanian ones as far as freshwaters are concerned. In marine, coastal environments, stenotherm warm-water forms (Polynemids, large barracudas and several sharks) indicate, as a model, faunas like chose from Cape Verde to northern Angola. There is some gradation for brackish waters (fig. 1). Catfishes and Lates probably migrated into the Iberian Peninsule in the lower Miocene. They are unknown after Langhian V-b except for a reappearance of Arius in the middle Tortonian VII-b. Decreasing temperatures and aridity account for local extinction at least in freshwaters. Expansion of these fishes have been made easier owing to the displacement of land masses chat narrowed or closed the marine waterway between Europe and Africa. Salinity tolerance is not necessarily the sole explanation for migration. Catfishes plus Lates associations colonized inland waters from both sides of the Paleomediterranean. Local extinction may have weighed more in the development of modern distribution patterns than migration.

Assessing the behaviour of RC beams subject to significant gravity loads under cyclic loads

Gravity loads can affect a reinforced concrete structure's response to seismic actions, however, traditional procedures for testing the beam behaviour do not take this effect into consideration. An experimental campaign was carried out in order to assess the influence of the gravity load on RC beam connection to the column subjected to cyclic loading. The experiments included the imposition of a conventional quasi-static test protocol based on the imposition of a reverse cyclic displacement history and of an alternative cyclic test procedure starting from the gravity load effects. The test results are presented, compared and analysed in this paper. The imposition of a cyclic test procedure that included the gravity loads effects on the RC beam ends reproduces the demands on the beams' critical zones more realistically than the traditional procedure. The consideration of the vertical load effects in the test procedure led to an accumulation of negative (hogging) deformation. This phenomenon is sustained with the behaviour of a portal frame system under cyclic loads subject to a significant level of the vertical load, leading to the formation of unidirectional plastic hinges. In addition, the hysteretic behaviour of the RC beam ends tested was simulated numerically using the nonlinear structural analysis software - OpenSees. The beam-column model simulates the global element behaviour very well, as there is a reasonable approximation to the hysteretic loops obtained experimentally. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.