Degradation of Acid Blue 40 dye solution and dye house wastewater from textile industry by photo-assisted electrochemical process

In this paper, electrochemical and photo-assisted electrochemical processes are used for color, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation of one of the most abundant and strongly colored industrial wastewaters, which results from the dyeing of fibers and fabrics in the textile industry. The experiments were carried out in an 18L pilot-scale tubular low reactor with 70% TiO2/30% RuO2 DSA. A synthetic acid blue 40 solution and real dye house wastewater, containing the same dye, were used for the experiments. By using current density of 80 mA cm(-2) electrochemical process has the capability to remove 80% of color, 46% of TOC and 69% of COD. When used the photochemical process with 4.6 mW cm(-2) of 254nm UV-C radiation to assist the electrolysis, has been obtained 90% of color, 64% of TOC and 60% of COD removal in 90 minutes of processing; furthermore, 70% of initial color was degraded within the first 15 minutes. Experimental runs using dye house wastewater resulted in 78% of color, 26% of TOC and 49% of COD in electrolysis at 80 mA cm(-2) and 90 min; additionally, when photo-assisted, electrolysis resulted in removals of 85% of color, 42% of TOC and 58% of COD. For the operational conditions used in this study, color, TOC and COD showed pseudo-first-order decaying profiles. Apparent rate constants for degradation of TOC and COD were improved by one order of magnitude when the photo-electrochemical process was used.

Flow injection amperometric detection of ascorbic acid using a Prussian Blue film-modified electrode

The PB film-modified electrode was used as an amperometric detector for flow injection analysis of ascorbic acid. The modified electrode detector showed good sensitivity, stability and reproducibility. The calibration curve for ascorbic acid was linear over the concentration range from 5.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) with a slope of 19.9 mA mol(-1) per litre and a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The detection limit of this method was 2.49 x 10(-6) mol l(-1). The relative standard deviation of six replicate injections of 2.5 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) ascorbic acid was 2.5%. The results obtained for ascorbic acid determination in pharmaceutical products are in good agreement with those obtained by using the procedure involving the reaction between triiodide and ascorbic acid. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Plutonism in three orogenic pulses, Eastern Blue Ridge Province, southern Appalachians

The Eastern Blue Ridge Province of the southern Appalachians contains, in part, remnants of an Ordovician accretionary wedge complex formed during subduction of an oceanic tract before mid-Ordovician accretion with Laurentia. The Eastern Blue Ridge Province consists of metapelite and amphibolite intruded by low-K plutons, high-temperature (T > 750 degrees C) Ordovician eclogite, and other high-pressure metamafic and meta-ultramatic rocks. Felsic plutons in the Eastern Blue Ridge Province are important time markers for regional-scale tectonics, deformation, and metamorphism. Plutons were thought to be related to either Taconian (Ordovician) or Acadian (Devonian-Silurian) tectonothermal events.We dated five plutonic or metaplutonic rocks to constrain pluton crystallization ages better and thus the timing of tectonism. The Persimmon Creek gneiss yielded a protolith crystallization age of 455.7 +/- 2.1 Ma, Chalk Mountain 377.7 +/- 2.5 Ma, Mt. Airy 334 +/- 3 Ma, Stone Mountain 335.6 +/- 1.0 Ma, and Rabun 335.1 +/- 2.8 Ma. The latter four plutons were thought to be part of the Acadian Spruce Pine Suite, but instead our new ages indicate that Alleghanian (Carboniferous-Permian) plutonism is widespread and voluminous in the Eastern Blue Ridge Province. The Chattahoochee fault, which was considered an Acadian structure, cuts the Rabun pluton and thus must have been active during the Alleghanian orogeny. The new ages indicate that Persimmon Creek crystallized less than 3 m.y. after zircon crystallization in Eastern Blue Ridge eclogite and is nearly synchronous with nearby high-grade metamorphism and migmatization. The three phases of plutonism in the Eastern Blue Ridge Province correspond with established metamorphic ages for each of the three major orogenic pulses along the western flank of the southern Appalachians.

Blue cooperative luminescence properties in Yb3+ doped GeO2-PbO-Bi2O3 vitreous system for the production of thin films

Germanate glasses are of interest for optoelectronic applications because they combine high mechanical strength, high chemical durability and temperature stability with a large transmission window (400 to 4500 nm) and high refractive index (2.0). GeO2-PbO-Bi2O3 glasses doped with Y-b(3+) were fabricated by melting powders in a crucible and then pouring them in a brass mold. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy showed that the glass composition has a high spatial uniformity and that the Yb concentration in the solid sample is proportional to the Yb concentration in the melt, what was confirmed by absorption measurements. Intense blue emission at 507 nm was observed, corresponding to half of the wavelength of the near infrared region (NIR) emission; besides, a decay lifetime of 0.25 ms was measured and this corresponds to half of the decay lifetime in the infrared region; these are very strong indications of the presence of blue cooperative luminescence. Larger targets have been produced to be sputtered, resulting in thin films for three dimensional (3D) display and waveguide applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Changeover during in situ compositional modulation of hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) material

This paper describes the importance of (H2O)(6) clusters in controlling the properties of hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) materials. A careful in situ study of compositional changes by using electrogravimetric techniques (in ac and dc modes) in hexacyanoferrates containing K+ alkali metals reveals the existence of a changeover in the properties of these films in a narrow potential range. Control of the compositional variation of the changeover is dependent on the K+ stoichiometric number in the compound structure. However, a specific K+ occupation in the compound structure activates the occupation of the (H2O)(6) cluster by H3O+ and/or H+, causing the changeover in the properties of hexacyanoferrate film. Thus, the information thus obtained is very useful for understanding the mechanisms involved in the electrochemical reversible switch between ferrimagnetism/paramagnetism, semiconductor/metal and electroluminescence/nonelectroluminescence properties of molecular cyanide materials.

Square-wave voltammetry applied to the analysis of the dye marker, solvent blue 14, in kerosene and fuel alcohol

The purpose of this paper is to develop an electroanalytical method based on square-wave voltammetry (SWV) for the determination of the solvent blue 14 (SB-14) in fuel samples. The electrochemical reduction of SB-14 at glassy carbon electrode in a mixture of Britton-Robinson buffer with N,N-dimethyiformamide (1:1, v/v) presented a well-defined peak at-0.40 V vs. Ag/AgCl. All parameters of the SWV technique were optimized and the electroanalytical method presented a linear response from 1.0 x 10(-6) to 6.0 x 10(-6) mol L-1 (r = 0.998) with a detection limit of 2.90 x 10(-7) mol L-1. The developed method was successfully utilized in the quantification of the dye SB-14 in kerosene and alcohol samples with average recovery from 93.00 to 98.10%.

Blue-green and red photoluminescence in CaTiO3 : Sm

Blue-green and red photoluminescence (PL) emission in structurally disordered CaTiO3:Sm (CT:Sm) powders was observed at room temperature with laser excitation at 350.7 nm. The perovskite-like titanate CT:Sm powders prepared by a soft chemical processing at different temperatures of annealing were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). The results indicate that the generation of the broad PL band is related to order-disorder degree in the perovskitelike structure. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Red and blue emissions of europium doped gadolinium silicate from porous silica matrix and hydroxide carbonate with spherical shaped particles

In this work, Eu(III) and Eu(II) doped gadolinium silicates has been obtained as compact tubes starting from spherical gadolinium hydroxide carbonate using the pores of silica matrix as support and its surface as reagent. Eu(III) doped gadolinium silicate with hexagonal phase shows an interesting visible shifted charge transfer band when compared to disilicate with orthorhombic phase that was also obtained. Eu(II) gadolinium silicate has been prepared using CO atmosphere presenting an intense blue emission. The divalent europium system shows a potential application as an UV-blue converter. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphological abnormalities in a blue shark Prionace glauca (Chondrichthyes : Carcharhinidae) foetus from southern Brazil

This study records the occurrence of a blue shark Prionace glauca foetus, with morphological abnormalities in the trunk and cephalic region, from a female caught by a pelagic longline in October 2003, in southern Brazil. (c) 2006 the Authors.

Thermodynamic aspects of ion intercalation in KhFek[Fe(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O compounds: Application to the Everit's salt/Prussian Blue transition

The K+ reversible processes for ion exchange in KhFek[Fe(CN)(6)](l)center dot mH(2)O host compounds (Prussian Blue) were thermodynamically analyzed. A thermodynamic approach was established and developed based on the consideration of a lattice-gas model where the electronic contribution to the chemical potential is neglected and the ion-host interaction is not considered. The occupation fraction of the intercalation process was calculated from the kinetic parameters obtained through ac-electrogravimetry in a previous paper. In this way, the mass potential transfer function introduces a new way to evaluate the thermodynamic aspect of intercalation. Finally, based on the thermodynamic approach, the energy used to put each K+ ion into the host material was calculated. The values were shown to be in good agreement with the values obtained through transient techniques, for example, cyclic voltammetry. As a result, this agreement between theory and experimental data validates the thermodynamic approach considered here, and for the first time, the thermodynamic aspects of insertion were considered for mixed valence materials.

Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of remazol turquoise blue and toxicological assessment of its oxidation products

The ability of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation to degrade the commercially important copper-plitalocyanine dye, remazol turquoise blue 15 (RTB) was investigated. The best experimental condition was optimized, evaluating the performance of Ti/TiO2 thin-film electrodes prepared by sol-gel method in the decolourization of 32 mg L-1 RTB dye in 0.5 mol L-1 Na2SO4 pH 8 and applied potential of +1.5 V versus SCE under UV irradiation. Spectrophotometric measurements, high performance liquid chromatography, dissolved organic carbon (TOC) evaluation and stripping analysis of yielding solution obtained after 3 h of photoelectrolysis leads to 100% of absorbance removal from wavelength of 250-800 nm, 79.6% of TOC reduction and the releasing of up to 54.6% dye-bound copper (0.85 mg L-1) into the solution. Both, original and oxidized dye solution did not presented mutagenic activity with the strains TA98 and WOO of Salmonella in the presence and absence of S9 mix at the tested doses. Nevertheless, the yielding photoelectrocatalytic oxidized solution showed an increase in the acute toxicity for Vibrio fischeri bacteria, explained by copper liberation during treatment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation of CuO/SiO2 and photocatalytic activity by degradation of methylene blue

A photocatalyst based on CuO/SiO2 was prepared, and evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue in aqueous medium. The photocatalyst was obtained by calcination method of copper salt, in the presence of silica. The characterization by XRD, FTIR, and TPR techniques confirmed the formation of CuO as active phase. SEM studies showed CuO deposited on the surface of SiO2. By ESI-MS, it was demonstrated that the degradation of methylene blue occurs through successive hydroxylations. Photodegradation assays showed that CuO/SiO2 was efficient for degradation, and that the material worked better in the presence of UV light.

Electrocatalytic study of an electrode modified with Reactive Blue 4 dye covalently immobilized on amine-functionalized silica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)