Pyrene derivatives as donors and acceptors

Pyrene derivatives as donors and acceptorsrnrnAlmost 200 years have passed since pyrene was first discovered, and to this day it garners unbroken interest by chemists around the world. One of the most fascinating areas of pyrene chemistry is its selective functionalization, since it is still currently a challenge to specifically functionalize different positions on the molecule.[1]rnIn this work, two new patterns of pyrene substitution have been developed. Under suitable conditions, a fourfold bromination of 4,5,9,10 tetramethoxypyrene is possible to yield eightfold functionalized pyrenes. Based on these molecules a novel series of 1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10-substituted pyrene derivatives was achieved. Synthetic approaches to a non-quinoidal, strong pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone based acceptor have been discussed. It emerged that the chosen synthetic approach is suitable for intermediate acceptors, yet it failed very electron deficient pyrene derivatives. Donors based on 4,5,9,10-tetramethoxypyrene (2,7- and 1,3,6,8-substitued) have been prepared and studied as CT complexes. In the SFB/TR 49 these complexes were analyzed in the solid state. For the first time charge transfer in a non-TTF CT-complex was studied by HAXPES and NEXAFS.rnBased on the works of ZÖPHEL et al.[2] it was possible to obtain an asymmetric 4,9,10 substituted pyrene derivative. This was used as a building block to prepare a non-planar acceptor molecule as well as electron-rich rylene-type molecules. rnFinally, two separate series of molecules intended as emitters for OLEDs were presented. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in OLEDs attracted significant academic interest as it is considered a promising approach to improve the efficiency of fluorescent OLEDs.[3] Our molecules were designed to have a deep blue emission spectrum and a minimal singlet triplet energy gap (∆ES1->T1) while retaining a high fluorescence quantum yield ϕPL. The initial OD series has a small ∆ES1->T1, yet had an insufficient ϕPL for the use in OLEDs. The Py series emitters, in contrast, combine both desired properties and were successfully implemented in efficient OLED devices.rn[1]. T. M. Figueira-Duarte and K. Müllen, Chem. Rev., 2011, 111, 7260-7314.rn[2]. L. Zöphel, V. Enkelmann and K. Müllen, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 804-807.rn[3]. H. Uoyama, K. Goushi, K. Shizu, H. Nomura and C. Adachi, Nature, 2012, 492, 234-238.

5a-Butyl-1,3,8,10-tetra-chloro-7,13-bis-(4-nitro-benzo-yl)-5a,6a,12a,12b-tetra-hydro-7H,13H-thieno[2,3-b:4,5-b']bis-(1,4-benzoxazine)

The title compound, C(34)H(24)Cl(4)N(4)O(8)S, is a linear penta-cyclic system formed of two substituted benzoxazinyl groups fused to 2-n-butyl-tetra-hydro-thio-phene. The oxazine ring, which is fused to the n-butyl-substituted side of the thio-phene ring, is in a boat conformation. The other fused oxazine ring and the tetra-hydro-thiene ring are each in an envelope conformation. The bridgehead C atom alpha to both the S and N atoms forms the flap of each envelope. This results in a twist of the penta-cyclic system such that the dihedral angle between the terminal dichloro-benzene rings is 82.92 (8)°. In the crystal, inversion-related mol-ecules form a weakly hydrogen-bonded dimer, with two C-H⋯O inter-actions between an H atom on the oxazine ring and an amide O atom. Additionally, C-H⋯O inter-actions occur between an H atom on a screw-related nitro-benzene ring and an O atom on the nitro-benzene ring of one mol-ecule. One of the Cl atoms and the butyl group are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancy ratios of 0.94 (2):0.06 (2) and 0.624 (4):0.376 (4), respectively.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a review

The aims of this review are to summarize the definitions, causes, and clinical course as well as the current understanding of the genetic background, mechanism of disease, and therapy of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Synthesis, structures, redox and photophysical properties of benzodifuran-functionalised pyrene and anthracene fluorophores

Benzodifuran-functionalised pyrene and anthracene fluorophores 1 and 2 were obtained in reasonable yields. Their single crystal structures, electrochemical, optical absorption, and fluorescence characteristics have been described. They show strong luminescence with high quantum yields of 0.53 for 1 and 0.48 for 2.

Creation of Computer Simulation Model for Ecological Consequences Prognosis of Toxic Chemicals Discharge from Sunken on Baltic Sea Bottom Weapons"

This study summarises all the accessible data on old German chemical weapons dumped in the Baltic Sea. Mr. Goncharov formulated a concept of ecological impact evaluation of chemical warfare agents (CWA) on the marine environment and structured a simulation model adapted to the specific character of the hydrological condition and hydrobiological subjects of the Bornholm Deep. The mathematical model he has created describes the spreading of contaminants by currents and turbulence in the near bottom boundary layer. Parameters of CWA discharge through corrosion of canisters were given for various kinds of bottom sediments with allowance for current velocity. He created a method for integral estimations and a computer simulation model and completed a forecast for CWA "Mustard", which showed that in normal hydrometeorological conditions there are local toxic plumes drifting along the bottom for a distance of up to several kilometres. With storm winds the toxic plumes from separate canisters interflow and lengthen and can reach fishery areas near Bornholm Island. When salt water from the North Sea flows in, the length of toxic zones can increase up to and over 100 kilometres and toxic water masses can spread into the northern Baltic. On this basis, Mr. Goncharov drew up recommendations to reduce dangers for human ecology and proposed the creation of a special system for the forecasting and remote sensing of the environmental conditions of CWA burial places.

Toxic effects of lipid-mediated gene transfer in ventral mesencephalic explant cultures

Adverse effects of cDNA and oligonucleotide delivery methods have not yet been systematically analyzed. We introduce a protocol to monitor toxic effects of two non-viral lipid-based gene delivery protocols using CNS primary tissue. Cell membrane damage was monitored by quantifying cellular uptake of propidium iodide and release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase to the culture medium. Using a liposomal transfection reagent, cell membrane damage was already seen 24 hr after transfection. Nestin-positive target cells, which were used as morphological correlate, were severely diminished in some areas of the cultures after liposomal transfection. In contrast, the non-liposomal transfection reagent revealed no signs of toxicity. This approach provides easily accessible information of transfection-associated toxicity and appears suitable for prescreening of transfection reagents.

A NOVEL AND SIMPLE RULE OF THUMB FOR MULTIPLICITY CONTROL IN EQUIVALENCE TESTING USING TWO ONE-SIDED TESTS

Equivalence testing is growing in use in scientific research outside of its traditional role in the drug approval process. Largely due to its ease of use and recommendation from the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance, the most common statistical method for testing (bio)equivalence is the two one-sided tests procedure (TOST). Like classical point-null hypothesis testing, TOST is subject to multiplicity concerns as more comparisons are made. In this manuscript, a condition that bounds the family-wise error rate (FWER) using TOST is given. This condition then leads to a simple solution for controlling the FWER. Specifically, we demonstrate that if all pairwise comparisons of k independent groups are being evaluated for equivalence, then simply scaling the nominal Type I error rate down by (k - 1) is sufficient to maintain the family-wise error rate at the desired value or less. The resulting rule is much less conservative than the equally simple Bonferroni correction. An example of equivalence testing in a non drug-development setting is given.

Spectroscopic properties of pyrene-containing DNA mimics

DNA mimics containing non-nucleosidic pyrene building blocks are described. The modified oligomers form stable hybrids, although a slight reduction in hybrid stability is observed in comparison to the unmodified DNA duplex. The nature of the interaction between the pyrene residues in single and double stranded oligomers is analyzed spectroscopically. Intra- and inter-strand stacking interactions of pyrenes are monitored by UV-absorbance as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. Excimer formation is observed in both single and double strands. In general, intrastrand excimers show fluorescence emission at shorter wavelengths (approx. 5-10 nm) than excimers formed by interstrand interactions. The existence of two different forms of excimers (intra- vs. interstrand) is also revealed in temperature dependent UV-absorbance spectra. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.