Nanostructured systems containing an essential oil: protection against volatilization

The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of preparing nanocapsules and nanoemulsions using tea tree oil as oily phase aiming to protect its volatilization. The nanostructures presented nanometric mean size (160-220 nm) with a polydispersity index below 0.25 and negative zeta potential. The pH values were 6.43 ± 0.37 and 5.98 ± 0.00 for nanoemulsions and nanocapsules, respectively. The oil content after preparation was 96%. The inclusion of tea tree oil in nanocapsules showed higher protection against volatilization. The analysis of mean size and polydispersity index of formulations presented no significant alteration during the storage time.

Desenvolvimento de nanocápsulas de poli-ε-caprolactona contendo o herbicida atrazina

In this study, polymeric nanocapsules of PCL containing the herbicide atrazine were prepared. In order to optimize the preparation conditions, a 2³ factorial design was performed using different formulations of nanocapsules, which investigated the influence of three variables at two levels. The factors varied were the quantities of PCL, Span 60 and Myritol. The results were evaluated considering the size, polydispersity, zeta potential and association rate and the measures of these parameters were taken immediately after preparation and after 30 days of preparation. The formulations with minimum level of polymer in the preparation showed better stability results.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas lipídicas destinadas à aplicação tópica de dapsona

In this work, theospheres (innovative lipid nanoparticles) were prepared by the high pressure homogenization technique using different surfactants for dapsone encapsulation. Mean particle size ranged from 105 to 153 nm and negative zeta potentials were obtained for all theosphere formulations. Atomic force microscopy images confirmed the spherical shape of theospheres. The HPLC method used to determine dapsone-loaded theospheres was selective, linear, exact and precise. The entrapment efficiency of dapsone was 91.4%. Theospheres provided controlled release of idebenone (52.7 ± 1.6%) in comparison to the free drug (103.1 ± 1.9%).

Karjalan kunnaille

Emeritusprofessori Jaakko Paavolainen pääsi pitkän sairauden jälkeen 30.10.2007 kotiin muistojen Karjalaan.

Physicochemical properties of lecithin-based nanoemulsions obtained by spontaneous emulsification or high-pressure homogenization

Nanoemulsions composed of a medium-chain triglyceride oil core stabilized by rapeseed or sunflower lecithins were prepared by spontaneous emulsification and high-pressure homogenization. These nanoemulsions are compared with formulations stabilized by egg lecithin. Nanoemulsions obtained by high-pressure homogenization display larger droplet size (230 to 440 nm) compared with those obtained by spontaneous emulsification (190 to 310 nm). The zeta potentials of the emulsions were negative and below -25 mV. Zeta potential inversion occurred between pH 3.0 and 4.0. The results demonstrate the feasibility of preparing lipid emulsions comprising rapeseed or sunflower lecithins by spontaneous emulsification and high-pressure homogenization.

EFEITO DA ESTRUTURA MOLECULAR DE LIGANTES DE SUPERFÍCIE EM PONTOS QUÂNTICOS DE CdTe DISPERSOS EM ÁGUA

Water-soluble CdTe quantum dots are synthesized to investigate how short-chain surface ligands bearing -SH, -COOH, and -NH2 groups interact with CdTe during nucleation/growth processes. Their optical properties and colloidal stability after the ligand exchange are also investigated. We then characterize the resulting CdTe by fluorescence, UV–Vis absorption, and infrared spectroscopies. The stability of the colloidal dispersions was determined by their Zeta potentials. The results show that in the synthesis of water-soluble CdTe, surface ligands with at least two functional groups are required and the hard/soft character of them is an important factor in the stability of CdTe.

NANOPARTÍCULAS DE PROTEÍNA ISOLADA DE SOJA EM ÁGUA: EFEITO DA FORÇA IÔNICA E DAS CONCENTRAÇÕES DE PROTEÍNA E SURFACTANTE

Soft nanoparticles of size 200-400 nm were obtained from soybean protein isolate (SPI). The particles were formed and suspended in water by the coacervation of aqueous suspensions of SPI in hostile buffered aqueous solutions in the presence of surfactants. We investigate the effect of storage, ionic strength, and concentrations of SPI and surfactant on nanoparticle size and zeta potential. Transmission electron microscopy images and scattering techniques (SLS/ DLS) revealed that the particles are spherical, with hydrophilic chains at the surface.

Dynamic interplay between the intermediate filament protein nestin and Cyclin-dependent kinase 5

Cellen har ett s.k. cytoskelett som bl.a. ger stadga åt cellen och deltar i dess form- och rörelsefunktioner. Intermediärfilamenten är en viktig del av cytoskelettet och de har länge varit kända för sina väsentliga roller i att upprätthålla den cellulära organisationen och vävnadernas integritet. På senare år har man insett att intermediärfilamenten har en större funktionell mångsidighet än man tidigare tänkts sig, i och med att en rad olika studier har visat betydelsen av intermediärfilamenten vid olika signaleringprocesser. Dessa proteinnätverk samverkar nämligen med kinaser och andra viktiga signalfaktorer och deltar därmed i cellens signaleringmaskineri. Intermediärfilamentproteinet nestin används ofta som en markör för stamceller men dess fysiologiska funktioner är i stort sett okända. Interaktion mellan nestin och ett signalkomplex bestående av cyklin-beroende kinas 5 (eng. Cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5) och dess aktivatorprotein p35 upptäcktes i vårt laboratorium före denna avhandling påbörjades. Därför var syftet med min avhandling att undersöka den funktionella betydelsen av nestin i regleringen av Cdk5/p35 komplexet. Cdk5 är ett multifunktionellt kinas som reglerar både utvecklingen och stressreaktioner i nerver och muskler. Vi visade att nestin skyddar neuronala stamceller under oxidativ stress genom dess förmåga att hämma Cdk5s skadliga aktivitet. Genom att förankra Cdk5/p35 komplexet, reglerar nestin den subcellulära lokaliseringen av Cdk5/p35 och minskar klyvningen av p35 till den mer stabila aktivatorn p25. Vi demonstrerade också aktiveringsmekanismen för Cdk5 under differentiering av muskelceller. Proteinkinas C zeta (PKCzeta) avslöjades ha en förmåga att accelera klyvningen av p35 till p25, och därmed öka aktiviteten hos Cdk5. Nestin kunde genom sin förmåga att reglera Cdk5 signalkomplexet styra muskelcellernas differentiering. Denna doktorsavhandling har på ett avgörande vis ökat förståelsen av de reglerande mekanismer som styr Cdk5 aktivering. Avhandling presenterar nestin och PKCzeta som kritiska faktorer i denna reglering. Vidare innehåller avhandlingen ny information om de cellulära funktionerna hos nestin som vi har visat vara en viktig reglerare av cellernas överlevnad och differentiering.

Sewage Sludge Electro-Dewatering

Original sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) usually has a poor dewaterability. Conventionally, mechanical dewatering methods are used to increase the dry solids (DS) content of the sludge. However, sludge dewatering is an important economic factor in the operation of WWTPs, high water content in the final sludge cake is commonly related to an increase in transport and disposal costs. Electro‐dewatering could be a potential technique to reduce the water content of the final sludge cake, but the parameters affecting the performance of electro‐dewatering and the quality of the resulting sludge cake, as well as removed water, are not sufficiently well known. In this research, non‐pressure and pressure‐driven experiments were set up to investigate the effect of various parameters and experimental strategies on electro‐dewatering. Migration behaviour of organic compounds and metals was also studied. Application of electrical field significantly improved the dewatering performance in comparison to experiments without electric field. Electro‐dewatering increased the DS content of the sludge from 15% to 40 % in non‐pressure applications and from 8% to 41% in pressure‐driven applications. DS contents were significantly higher than typically obtained with mechanical dewatering techniques in wastewater treatment plant. The better performance of the pressure‐driven dewatering was associated to a higher current density at the beginning and higher electric field strength later on in the experiments. The applied voltage was one of the major parameters affecting dewatering time, water removal rate and DS content of the sludge cake. By decreasing the sludge loading rate, higher electrical field strength was established between the electrodes, which has a positive effect on an increase in DS content of the final sludge cake. However interrupted voltage application had anegative impact on dewatering in this study, probably because the off‐times were too long. Other factors affecting dewatering performance were associated to the original sludge characteristics and sludge conditioning. Anaerobic digestion of the sludge with high pH buffering capacity, polymer addition and freeze/thaw conditioning had a positive impact on dewatering. The impact of pH on electro‐dewatering was related to the surface charge of the particles measured as zeta‐potential. One of the differences between electro‐dewatering and mechanical dewatering technologies is that electro‐dewatering actively removes ionic compounds from the sludge. In this study, dissolution and migration of organic compounds (such as shortchain fatty acids), macro metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe) and trace metals (Ni, Mn, Zn, Cr) was investigated. The migration of the metals depended on the fractionation and electrical field strength. These compounds may have both negative and positive impacts on the reuse and recycling of the sludge and removed water. Based on the experimental results of this study, electro‐dewatering process can be optimized in terms of dewatering time, desired DS content, power consumption and chemical usage.

Avaliação de sistema alternativo de automação da irrigação do feijoeiro em casa de vegetação

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar um controlador alternativo para o manejo automático de sistemas de irrigação com tensiômetros adaptados. Cultivou-se o feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) submetido a quatro níveis de déficit hídrico (psi) (15; 30; 45 e 60 kPa) e três métodos de manejo da irrigação (M), sendo dois automatizados, utilizando tensiômetros com vacuômetro de mercúrio (Hg) e tensiômetros com vacuômetro de Bourdon (Vc), ambos adaptados, e o terceiro manejo, convencional, utilizando tensímetro portátil de leitura digital (Ts). Foi avaliado o funcionamento do controlador, a partir do volume de água aplicado e número de acionamentos, a produtividade de grãos e a eficiência de uso da água. Observou-se que tanto o rendimento quanto a eficiência de uso da água não foram afetados pelos métodos de manejo de irrigação. A variável volume de água aplicado foi afetada tanto pelo método (M) quanto pelas tensões (psi) e pela interação (M x psi). Apesar das falhas de operação apresentadas pelo tensiômetro de Bourdon adaptado, o controlador aplicou água no momento e na quantidade certa.

Coeficiente de descarga em emissores de pivô central

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar, em condições laboratoriais, o coeficiente de descarga (Cd) dos emissores fixos tipo “spray” (Senninger, Nelson e Fabrimar) utilizados em equipamentos pivô central no Brasil. Foram avaliados 45 bocais Senninger, 42 bocais Nelson e 36 bocais Fabrimar, com três repetições, totalizando 369 bocais ensaiados. As pressões de funcionamento variaram entre 6 e 30 PSI (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), com intervalo de leitura a cada 2 PSI (13,79 kPa), totalizando 13 pressões analisadas por bocal. Foram ajustadas as curvas do coeficiente de descarga em função do diâmetro de bocal, para quatro pressões de operação: 10; 15; 20 e 30 PSI (68,95; 103,42; 137,90 e 206,84 kPa). Utilizou-se de dois manômetros de precisão (analógico e digital) previamente calibrados em um manômetro de peso morto. As vazões foram obtidas utilizando três medidores eletromagnético-indutivos, calibrados em recipiente volumétrico. O diâmetro dos bocais foi mensurado através de uma ampliação em projetor de perfil da marca Starrett, modelo HB 400. Os resultados evidenciaram que o coeficiente de descarga varia em função da pressão e do diâmetro do bocal. Nos ensaios conduzidos, obtiveram-se Cds compreendidos na faixa de 0,88 a 0,98 para a faixa de emissores analisados.

Sotilaspoliisikoulun toiminnan käynnistäminen ja koulutuksen kehittäminen 1963-1979

Sotapoliisijoukkojen perustaminen aloitettiin talvisodan kynnyksellä ja hyvin pian huomattiin että koulutuksessa oltiin auttamatta myöhässä. Henkilöstövalinoissa pääsi tapahtumaan virheitä jotka jatkosodassa pyrittiin korjaamaan siten että sotapoliisiin sijoitettiin noin kolmannes siviilipoliisin ammattitaitoisesta henkilöstöstä. Sotien päätytyä sotapoliisitoimi lakkautettiin. Sodanjälkeisen käsityksen mukaan sotapoliisia ei tarvittaisi kun sodan aikana. Niinpä päätettiinkin että sotapoliisijoukot perustetaan vasta muiden joukkojen mukana liikekannallepanon alkaessa. Sodan päätyttyä kesti n. 20 - vuotta kunnes puolustusvoimissa aloitettiin varusmiesten rauhanajan sotilaspoliisikoulutus. Vuonna 1963 perustetiin Autopataljoonaan pääesikunnan oikeustoimiston johtovastuulla oleva sotapoliisikoulu. Koulun perustamiseen johtavia syitä olivat: vallitseva epävakaa maailmantilanne, oikeustoimiston päällikön henkilökohtainen vahva tahto, hyviksi havaitutu kokemukset ulkomailta, puolustusvoimien ylimmän johdon myötämielinen suhtautuminen koulutuksen uudistamiseen ja Suomalaisten YK joukkojen organisaatioon ilmestyneet sotapoliisijoukkueet sekä ajatus mahdollisesta poliisireservistä. Sotilaspoliisikoulun koulutuksen muodostumisessa siviilipolisiin rooli oli merkittävä. Kouluun otettiin vain tiukat vaatimukset täyttäviä vapaaehtoisia. Sotilaspoliisikoulussa koulutettiin myös kaikki kantahenkilökunnan sotilaspoliisihenkilöstö. Koulutus oli monipuolista ja laadukasta mikä takasi sen että halukkaita sotilaspoliisikursseille riitti. Koulussa opiskeli myös siviilipuolen lakiopinnot omaavia erikoisupseerikokelaita. Merkittäviä henkilöitä sotilaspoliisikoulun perustamisen kannalta olivat pääesikunnan oikeustoimiston asessori Olavi Korte ja koulun ensimmäinen johtaja yliluutnantti Tuomo Tuominen, joka kävi opissa niin Ruotsissa kuin poliisikoulussakin. Tämä tutkimus on toteutettu asiakirjatutkimuksena jota on täydennetty koulun perustamisen ja koulutuksen muodostumisen kannalta merkittävien henkilöiden haastatteluilla.

Specific surface charging of latex, clay and mineral oxide particles in aqueous, non-aqueous and mixed solvent systems

En djupare förståelse för växelverkan mellan partiklar i suspensioner är av betydelse för utvecklingen av en mängd olika industriella produkter och processer. Till exempel kan nämnas pigmentbaserade färger och bestrykning av papper. Genom att öka kontrollbarheten kan dessa lättare optimeras för att uppnå förbättrade produktegenskaper och/eller sänkta produktionskostnader. Av stor betydelse är även en förbättrad möjlighet att minska produktens miljöpåverkan. I avhandlingen studerades jonstyrkan och jonspecificiteten inverkan i olika akvatiska suspensioner innehållande olika elektrolyter. De partiklar som avhandlingen omfattade var metalloxider, leror samt latex. Jonstyrkan studerades från låga (c <10-3M) till och med höga (c> 10-1M) elektrolytkoncentrationer. Vid koncentrationer under 0.1 M var partikelladdningen styrd av pH och jonstyrkan. Vid högre elektrolytkoncentrationer påverkade även jonspecificiteten partikelladdningen. Jonspecificiteten arrangerades i fenomenologiska serier funna i litteraturen samt med Born modellen definierad i termodynamiken. Överraskande höga absoluta zeta-potential värden erhölls vid höga elektrolytkoncentrationer vilket visar att den elektrostatiska repulsionen har betydelse även vid dessa förhållanden. Vidare studerades titanoxidsuspensioners egenskaper i akvatiska, icke-akvatiska och blandade lösningssystem under varierande koncentration av oxal- och fosfatsyra. Vid lågt vatteninnehåll studerades även suspensioner med svavelsyra. Konduktiviteten i suspensioner med lågt vatteninnehåll ökade med tillsatt oxal- eller fosforsyra vilket är en omvänd effekt jämfört med svavelsyra eller akvatiska suspensioner. Den omvända effekten skiftade gradvis tillbaka med ökad vatteninnehåll. En analys av suspensionernas adsorption i höga etanolkoncentrationer gjordes med konduktiviteten, pH och zeta-potentialen. Viskositet studerades och applicerades framgångsrikt i viskositet/ytladdningsmodeller utvecklade för akvatiska suspensioner.

CO2 sparging for improving the filtration properties of iron ore slurries

Iron ore treatment processes are usually continuous and high tonnage and filtration equipment has to meet these requirements. In magnetite (Fe3O4) treatment process continuous rotary disc filters are often used for filtration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) treatment is a fairly novel and un-known filtration enhancing process. The interest to use CO2 is quite high because CO2 is a greenhouse gas that is abundant, readily available and capture and use of CO2 would be environmentally beneficial. The focus of this thesis was to investigate if CO2 could be used to enhance the filtration of magnetite with ceramic disc filter. Previous studies have suggested that CO2 could be used to enhance the filtration properties of different iron ores thus increasing the filtration capacity. In the literature part, the basic theory of filtration and the particle properties affecting filtration were discussed. The basic steps of a typical ore treatment process were presented. The reasons why CO2 might enhance the filtration properties of different ores were investigated. A literature survey of earlier studies of CO2 addition as a filter aid was presented and the basic chemical properties and reactions of CO2 were also discussed. The experimental part was done at the LUT Laboratory of Separation Technology using different magnetite samples from the industry. The filtration experiments indicated that CO2 had a positive influence on the filtration properties of magnetite slurry. Zeta potential of untreated and CO2 treated magnetite was measured and CO2 treated magnetite had lower zeta potential values than the untreated magnetite. The filtration capacity was increased while the cake moisture levels were only slightly increased.

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia (Compositae) em equinos no Rio Grande do Sul

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em equinos PSI. A intoxicação ocorreu em julho de 2008, em três de quatro animais que haviam sido transportados do estado do Paraná para uma propriedade no município de Aceguá, Rio Grande do Sul. A intoxicação ocorreu três dias após a entrada dos animais em uma área onde havia Baccharis coridifolia em brotação. A égua que não foi afetada não havia sido colocada no potreiro invadido pela planta. Os equinos estavam recebendo um terço da ração que normalmente consumiam para adaptação e permaneciam durante a noite na cocheira. Os sinais clínicos se caracterizaram inicialmente por desconforto abdominal, aumento da freqüência cardíaca e movimentos respiratórios, anorexia, hipermotilidade do intestino delgado e cólon, presença de gás no ceco e diarréia. A evolução da enfermidade variou de 18-36 horas, sendo que um dos animais afetados sobreviveu após tratamento sintomático. As lesões macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por congestão acentuada e hemorragias da mucosa glandular do estômago e presença de úlceras e edema acentuado da parede. Havia também, congestão, edema e hemorragias nas mucosas do íleo, ceco e cólon maior. Histologicamente observou-se degeneração e necrose do epitélio da porção aglandular do estômago, gastrite e enterite com necrose do epitélio de revestimento do estômago glandular, íleo, ceco e cólon observando-se acentuado infiltrado de células mononucleares e polimorfonucleares, edema da submucosa e dilatação de vasos linfáticos. Um equino intoxicado experimentalmente com 1g/kg de peso corporal de planta verde apresentou sinais clínicos, lesões macroscópicas e histológicas similares aos casos espontâneos.