Propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and scale interaction with the diurnal cycle in a high-resolution GCM

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the chief source of tropical intra-seasonal variability, but is simulated poorly by most state-of-the-art GCMs. Common errors include a lack of eastward propagation at the correct frequency and zonal extent, and too small a ratio of eastward- to westward-propagating variability. Here it is shown that HiGEM, a high-resolution GCM, simulates a very realistic MJO with approximately the correct spatial and temporal scale. Many MJO studies in GCMs are limited to diagnostics which average over a latitude band around the equator, allowing an analysis of the MJO’s structure in time and longitude only. In this study a wider range of diagnostics is applied. It is argued that such an approach is necessary for a comprehensive analysis of a model’s MJO. The standard analysis of Wheeler and Hendon (Mon Wea Rev 132(8):1917–1932, 2004; WH04) is applied to produce composites, which show a realistic spatial structure in the MJO envelopes but for the timing of the peak precipitation in the inter-tropical convergence zone, which bifurcates the MJO signal. Further diagnostics are developed to analyse the MJO’s episodic nature and the “MJO inertia” (the tendency to remain in the same WH04 phase from one day to the next). HiGEM favours phases 2, 3, 6 and 7; has too much MJO inertia; and dies out too frequently in phase 3. Recent research has shown that a key feature of the MJO is its interaction with the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent. This interaction is present in HiGEM but is unrealistically weak.

Attempted re-establishment of a sooty tern Onychoprion fuscatus breeding colony on Denis Island, Seychelles

Seychelles supports around three million nesting pairs of sooty terns. However, there have been recent declines and the colonies continue to face ongoing threats from habitat change and excessive commercial harvesting of their eggs, as well as potential threats by commercial fishing and climate change. A possible method to counter these threats is to re-establish breeding colonies on islands from which they have disappeared. An attempt was made to attract birds to a previously occupied island through habitat management, decoy birds and playback of recorded sooty tern calls. Habitat preparation involved predator eradication and tree removal to provide open ground with bare sandy areas and low herb vegetation. Overflying birds were attracted by broadcast calls, with some circling over and landing among the decoys. Large three-dimensional plastic models were superior to other models presented. This study demonstrated that large numbers of birds can be attracted by these means and that the birds then undertook behaviour associated with breeding, including egg laying by a few birds. However, after five seasons a breeding colony has not yet been established; one possible cause is the emergence of unexpected egg predators, common moorhen Gallinula chloropus and common myna Acridotheres tristis.

JULES-crop: a parametrisation of crops in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator

Studies of climate change impacts on the terrestrial biosphere have been completed without recognition of the integrated nature of the biosphere. Improved assessment of the impacts of climate change on food and water security requires the development and use of models not only representing each component but also their interactions. To meet this requirement the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model has been modified to include a generic parametrisation of annual crops. The new model, JULES-crop, is described and evaluation at global and site levels for the four globally important crops; wheat, soybean, maize and rice. JULES-crop demonstrates skill in simulating the inter-annual variations of yield for maize and soybean at the global and country levels, and for wheat for major spring wheat producing countries. The impact of the new parametrisation, compared to the standard configuration, on the simulation of surface heat fluxes is largely an alteration of the partitioning between latent and sensible heat fluxes during the later part of the growing season. Further evaluation at the site level shows the model captures the seasonality of leaf area index, gross primary production and canopy height better than in the standard JULES. However, this does not lead to an improvement in the simulation of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The performance of JULES-crop from both an Earth system and crop yield model perspective is encouraging. However, more effort is needed to develop the parametrisation of the model for specific applications. Key future model developments identified include the introduction of processes such as irrigation and nitrogen limitation which will enable better representation of the spatial variability in yield.

Advances in the stochastic modelling of satellite-derived rainfall estimates using a sparse calibration dataset

As satellite technology develops, satellite rainfall estimates are likely to become ever more important in the world of food security. It is therefore vital to be able to identify the uncertainty of such estimates and for end users to be able to use this information in a meaningful way. This paper presents new developments in the methodology of simulating satellite rainfall ensembles from thermal infrared satellite data. Although the basic sequential simulation methodology has been developed in previous studies, it was not suitable for use in regions with more complex terrain and limited calibration data. Developments in this work include the creation of a multithreshold, multizone calibration procedure, plus investigations into the causes of an overestimation of low rainfall amounts and the best way to take into account clustered calibration data. A case study of the Ethiopian highlands has been used as an illustration.

Yield and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in winter wheat under elevated CO2: A 3-year free-air CO2 enrichment experiment

Fossil fuel combustion and deforestation have resulted in a rapid increase in atmospheric [CO2] since the 1950’s, and it will reach about 550 μmol mol−1 in 2050. Field experiments were conducted at the Free-air CO2 Enrichment facility in Beijing, China. Winter wheat was grown to maturity under elevated [CO2] (550 ± 17 μmol mol−1) and ambient [CO2] (415 ± 16 μmol mol−1), with high nitrogen (N) supply (HN, 170 kg N ha−1) and low nitrogen supply (LN, 100 kg N ha−1) for three growing seasons from 2007 to 2010. Elevated [CO2] increased wheat grain yield by 11.4% across the three years. [CO2]-induced yield enhancements were 10.8% and 11.9% under low N and high N supply, respectively. Nitrogen accumulation under elevated [CO2] was increased by 12.9% and 9.2% at the half-way anthesis and ripening stage across three years, respectively. Winter wheat had higher nitrogen demand under elevated [CO2] than ambient [CO2], and grain yield had a stronger correlation with plant N uptake after anthesis than before anthesis at high [CO2]. Our results suggest that regulating on the N application rate and time, is likely important for sustainable grain production under future CO2 climate.

Climate change modelling and its roles to chinese crops yield

Climate has been changing in the last fifty years in China and will continue to change regardless any efforts for mitigation. Agriculture is a climate-dependent activity and highly sensitive to climate changes and climate variability. Understanding the interactions between climate change and agricultural production is essential for society stable development of China. The first mission is to fully understand how to predict future climate and link it with agriculture production system. In this paper, recent studies both domestic and international are reviewed in order to provide an overall image of the progress in climate change researches. The methods for climate change scenarios construction are introduced. The pivotal techniques linking crop model and climate models are systematically assessed and climate change impacts on Chinese crops yield among model results are summarized. The study found that simulated productions of grain crop inherit uncertainty from using different climate models, emission scenarios and the crops simulation models. Moreover, studies have different spatial resolutions, and methods for general circulation model (GCM) downscaling which increase the uncertainty for regional impacts assessment. However, the magnitude of change in crop production due to climate change (at 700 ppm CO2 eq correct) appears within ±10% for China in these assessments. In most literatures, the three cereal crop yields showed decline under climate change scenarios and only wheat in some region showed increase. Finally, the paper points out several gaps in current researches which need more studies to shorten the distance for objective recognizing the impacts of climate change on crops. The uncertainty for crop yield projection is associated with climate change scenarios, CO2 fertilization effects and adaptation options. Therefore, more studies on the fields such as free air CO2 enrichment experiment and practical adaptations implemented need to be carried out

Effect of high temperature and water stress on groundnuts under field conditions

Groundnuts cultivated in the semiarid tropics are often exposed to water stress (mid-season and end season) and high temperature (> 34 °C) during the critical stages of flowering and pod development. This study evaluated the effects of both water stress and high temperature under field conditions at ICRISAT, India. Treatments included two irrigations (full irrigation, 100 % of crop evapotranspiration; and water stress, 40 % of crop evapotranspiration), four temperature treatments from a combination of two sowing dates and heat tunnels with mean temperatures from sowing to maturity of 26.3° (T1), 27.3° (T2), 29.0° (T3) and 29.7 °C (T4) and two genotypes TMV2 and ICGS 11. The heat tunnels were capable of raising the day temperature by > 10 °C compared to ambient. During the 20-day high-temperature treatment at flowering, mean temperatures were 33.8° (T1), 41.6° (T2), 38.7° (T3) and 43.5°C (T4). The effects of water stress and high temperature were additive and temporary for both vegetative and pod yield, and disappeared as soon as high-temperature stress was removed. Water use efficiency was significantly affected by the main effects of temperature and cultivar and not by water stress treatments. Genotypic differences for tolerance to high temperature can be attributed to differences in flowering pattern, flower number, peg-set and harvest index. It can be inferred from this study that genotypes that are tolerant to water stress are also tolerant to high temperature under field conditions. In addition, genotypes with an ability to establish greater biomass and with a significantly greater partitioning of biomass to pod yield would be suitable for sustaining higher yields in semiarid tropics with high temperature and water stress.

Adaptive governance: livelihood innovation for climate resilience in Uganda

Adaptive governance is the use of novel approaches within policy to support experimentation and learning. Social learning reflects the engagement of interdependent stakeholders within this learning. Much attention has focused on these concepts as a solution for resilience in governing institutions in an uncertain climate; resilience representing the ability of a system to absorb shock and to retain its function and form through reorganisation. However, there are still many questions to how these concepts enable resilience, particularly in vulnerable, developing contexts. A case study from Uganda presents how these concepts promote resilient livelihood outcomes among rural subsistence farmers within a decentralised governing framework. This approach has the potential to highlight the dynamics and characteristics of a governance system which may manage change. The paper draws from the enabling characteristics of adaptive governance, including lower scale dynamics of bonding and bridging ties and strong leadership. Central to these processes were learning platforms promoting knowledge transfer leading to improved self-efficacy, innovation and livelihood skills. However even though aspects of adaptive governance were identified as contributing to resilience in livelihoods, some barriers were identified. Reflexivity and multi-stakeholder collaboration were evident in governing institutions; however, limited self-organisation and vertical communication demonstrated few opportunities for shifts in governance, which was severely challenged by inequity, politicisation and elite capture. The paper concludes by outlining implications for climate adaptation policy through promoting the importance of mainstreaming adaptation alongside existing policy trajectories; highlighting the significance of collaborative spaces for stakeholders and the tackling of inequality and corruption.

Comportamento de um solo colapsível artificialmente cimentado

Esta tese apresenta duas técnicas diferentes de preparação de amostras para produzir corpos-de-prova “ideais”, i.e. amostras artificialmente moldadas nas condições desejadas. O desafio fundamental da moldagem de amostras altamente colapsíveis cimentadas artificialmente é conservar a estrutura porosa com elevado índice de vazios enquanto ocorre a cura do cimento. Na primeira técnica isto é alcançado acrescentandose partículas de poliestireno expandido à mistura de solo. A segunda técnica utiliza duas etapas de preparo de forma que a cura parcial do cimento da primeira etapa de mistura já aconteceu quando a segunda etapa for realizada. Ambas as técnicas são utilizadas para produzir amostras colapsíveis que imitam o comportamento de solos altamente colapsíveis naturais. Ao mesmo tempo, as técnicas permitem a variação controlada dos parâmetros fundamentais que podem influenciar comportamento de colapso do solo. O trabalho apresentado nesta tese analisou os parâmetros que caracterizam e controlam o comportamento mecânico de solos colapsíveis. O programa experimental foi executado em amostras colapsíveis cimentadas artificialmente que possuem as características físicas mais relevantes de solos colapsíveis naturais: elevado índice de vazios, baixo nível de cimentação e condições não saturadas antes da inundação. O programa de laboratório foi fundamentado em ensaios de compressão não confinada, ensaios de condutividade hidráulica, testes para obtenção da curva característica do solo, análises de microscopia ótica, ensaios de cisalhamento direto, ensaios triaxiais, ensaios edométricos convencionais e com sucção controlada e ensaio de compressão isotrópica com controle de sucção Com base nos resultados experimentais, foi possível observar a importante influência do índice de vazios inicial e do teor de adição de cimento no processo de degradação da cimentação (desestruturação do solo) e no fenômeno de colapso por inundação. Isto é importante para se compreender o comportamento mecânico fundamental de solos colapsíveis cimentados e permitir o desenvolvimento de modelos constitutivos apropriados. É apresentado um modelo constitutivo (Wheeler, 2004) baseado em solos não saturados incluindo o efeito de cimentação (bonding) e o processo de desestruturação do solo. O modelo sugerido foi analisado qualitativamente com base nos resultados obtidos do programa experimental.

Ecologia de assembléias de Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) de manguezais da Ilha de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil

Apesar de assembléias de drosofilídeos já terem sido estudadas em diversos ambientes, os manguezais ainda surgem como um ambiente inexplorado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as assembléias de drosofilídeos encontradas nos manguezais da ilha de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Para isso, foram realizadas 28 coletas nos três principais manguezais da ilha – Itacorubi (13 coletas), Tavares (8 coletas) e Ratones (7 coletas) - entre o período de julho de 2002 e julho de 2005. Um total de 82.942 espécimes foi analisado, distribuídos em 69 espécies de seis gêneros. Foi encontrada uma grande dominância de Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, seguida por D. malerkotliana Parshad & Paika, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, D. mediostriata Duda, D. willistoni Sturtevant, D. paulistorum Dobzhansky & Pavan, D. repleta Wollaston, D. polymorpha Dobzhansky & Pavan e D. mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler. As demais espécies não atingiram 1% de abundância relativa. Não foram encontradas diferenças importantes entre os locais, mas as diferenças sazonais foram relevantes. A dinâmica populacional de várias espécies pareceu estar relacionada, experimentando picos de abundância no outono, embora haja algumas exceções importantes O número de indivíduos e a riqueza de espécies observada também foram mais elevados nesta estação, mas a eqüitabilidade e a riqueza de espécies estimada por rarefação se mostraram mais elevadas no inverno. No entanto, algumas importantes variações temporais pareceram não ser relacionadas a fatores que operam sazonalmente. A composição das assembléias pareceu sofrer uma pequena modificação quando são comparadas as amostras de verão e outono com as de inverno e primavera. As assembléias de outono apresentaram uma estrutura típica, caracterizada pela abundância aumentada de D. malerkotliana, enquanto as demais estações se assemelharam mais aos períodos adjacentes do que aos mesmos períodos de anos diferentes.