New data on the morphology and systematic status of Spinitectus petrowi and Spinitectus gigi (Nematoda : Cystidicolidae) parasitic in catfishes in central China

Two little-known nematode species of the genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883, S. petrowi Belous, 1965 (prevalence 25%, intensity 1-8) and S. gigi Fujita, 1927 (prevalence 10%, intensity 2-3), were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of the yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson), from Liangzihu Lake, Hubei Province, central China, in September of 2002. The light and scanning electron microscopical examination of this material, supplemented by a few museum specimens of S. gigi collected from the catfish Clarias fuscus (Lacepede) in southern China, made it possible to study in detail the morphology of these parasite species and to redescribe them. The first species, whose correct name is S. petrowi Belous, 1965, exhibits some morphological features (e.g., unusually short vestibule, shape of pseudolabia and of the left spicule) not found in most other congeners; a unique feature is the presence of peculiar pairs of transversely oriented peg-like cuticular spines with rounded ends on the ventral surface of the female tail. Spinitectus gigi was found to have 28-31 cuticular spines in the first ring, relatively long distances between the 2nd-7th rings of spines, and anterior rings divided into 2 sectors; the excretory pore is located at the level of the 4th ring of cuticular spines; males posses 4 pairs of preanal- and 6 pairs of postanal caudal papillae and a pair of small phasmids. Spinitectus bagri Wang, Wu et Yu, 1993 and S. wulingensis Yu et Wang, 1997 are considered junior synonyms of S. petrowi, whereas S. clariasi Ky, 1971, S. ophicephali Ky, 1971 and S. yuanjiangensis Wang, Wit et Yu, 1997 are regarded to be junior synonyms of S. gigi. Spinitectus petrowi was not previously reported from China.

New data on Myxobolus longisporus (Myxozoa : Myxobolidae), a gill infecting parasite of carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, from Chinese lakes

The original description of Myxobolus longisporus Nie et Li, 1992, the species infecting gills of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus L., is supplemented with new data on the spore morphology and pathogenicity. Spores are elongate pyriform with pointed anterior end, 15.7 (15.5-16.5) mum long, 6.7 (6-8) mum wide and 5.5 mum thick. Sutural ridge is straight and narrow. Mucus envelope is lacking. Two equal-sized elongate pyriform polar capsules are 8.5 mum long and 2.5 mum wide with convergent long axes. Polar filament coiled perpendicularly to the long axis of the capsule makes 9 (8-10) turns. Posterior end of polar capsules exceeds mid-spore by 15-20%. Cyst-like plasmodia are localised in the gill secondary lamellae. The infection is described in adult big host specimens. Gross lesions manifested as dark red colouration of gill tissues were restricted to the ventral part of the first gill arches. Remarkable site specificity (apical part of secondary lamellae) was observed in the course of development of microscopic lesions. M. longisporus is characterised also on the molecular level using sequences of SSU rRNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences has allowed clearer phylogenetic relationships to be established with other species of the genus Myxobolus sequenced to date.

Scanning electron microscopy of Aspidogaster ijimai Kawamura, 1913 and A-conchicola Baer, 1827 (Aspidogastrea, Aspidogastridae) with reference to their fish definitive-host specificity

Two species of aspidogastreans, namely Aspidogaster ijimai and A. conchicola, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In nine lakes and an old river course, the Tian'ezhou oxbow, investigated in the flood plain of the Yangtze River, A. ijimai was obtained from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in three lakes, and A. conchicola from the black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus in three lakes and the oxbow. In none of the localities, however, were the two species found together. It is suggested that A. ijimai may be considered as a specialist parasite for the common carp, at least in the flood-plain lakes of the Yangtze River. The two parasites were similar in many aspects of their morphology. Their bodies can both be separated into a dorsal part and a ventral disc, with the body surface of the dorsal part elevated by transverse folds, and the disc subdivided into alveoli by transverse and longitudinal septa, although the number of alveoli was different in the two species. The depression on the ventral surface of the neck region was prominent for both species, and their ventral disc was covered densely with non-ciliated bulbous papillae. The position of mouth, osmo-regulatory pore and marginal organ was also similar for A. ijimai and A. conchicola. However, microridges in the trough of the folds in the neck region and numerous small pits on the upper part of the septa were found exclusively in A. ijimai, but uniciliated sensory papillae in A. conchicola.

Four new terrestrial species of Marionina (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) from China and re-examination of M. hoVbaueri Moller

Enchytraeid surveys were made in China, mainly along the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin, during the period 1991-1999. Among the findings, four terrestrial species of Marionina are new to science and well illustrate the taxonomic complexity of the genus as currently defined. Marionina sinica sp. n. is characterized by a specific chaetal distribution, the marionine pattern of the dorsal blood vessel, and elongate, fusiform, spermathecal ectal ducts. Marionina sacculata sp. n. is distinguished by the possession of a pair of pouch-like oesophageal appendages in IV, the lack of lateral chaetae in VII-XI, a marionine pattern of the dorsal blood vessel, and short spermathecal ectal ducts gradually expanding into spherical ampullae. Both M. sinica and M. sacculata have minute bodies (2-3 mm long in vivo) and lack spermathecal accessory glands. The former species shows its closest aYnities with the European M. brendae Rota, 1995, whereas the latter is closest to the German M. hoVbaueri Moller, 1971, for which an amended diagnosis is provided. Marionina seminuda sp. n. has only ventral chaetal bundles, distributed from III onwards and bisetose. It is similar to the Holarctic M. subterranea (Knollner, 1935) in lacking entirely the lateral chaetae and in having the brain incised posteriorly, the dorsal vessel bifurcating behind the pharynx, and coelomocytes containing opaque granules, but diVers from it in having the longest chaetae in preclitellar segments and gland cells distributed all over the spermathecal ectal ducts. Marionina righiana sp. n. is diagnosed by the location of the head pore on the prostomium, the absence of lateral chaetae from VIII ( VII or IX) onwards, the possession of free spermathecae extending backwards through one to four segments, the brain deeply incised posteriorly, the lumbricilline pattern of the dorsal blood vessel, and the opacity of coelomocytes in vivo. Prior to this study, members of the genus so atypical as M. righiana with respect to the position of the head pore and the structure of the spermathecae were known only from South American soils. Until the taxonomy of Marionina has been more thoroughly assessed and revised, the assignment of the four species to this large assemblage should be regarded as tentative.

A zebrafish forebrain-specific zinc finger gene can induce ectopic dlx2 and dlx6 expression

Identifcation of the earliest forebrain-specific markers should facilitate the elucidation of molecular events underlying vertebrate forebrain determination and specification. Here we report the sequence and characterization of fez (forebrain embryonic zinc finger), a gene that is specifically expressed in the embryonic forebrain of zebrafish. Fez encodes a putative nuclear zinc finger protein that is highly conserved in Drosophila, zebrafish, Xenopus, mouse, and human. In zebrafish, the expression of fez becomes detectable at the anterior edge of the presumptive neuroectoderm by 70% epiboly. During the segmentation period, its expression is completely restricted to the rostral region of the prospective forebrain. At approximately 24 h postfertilization, fez expression is mostly confined to the telencephalon and the anterior-ventral region of the diencephalon. Although fez expression is present in one-eyed pinhead (oep) and cyclops (cyc) zebrfish mutants, the pattern is altered. Forced expression of fez induces ectopic expression of dlx2 and dlx6, two genes involved in brain development. Knockdown of fez function using a morpholino-based antisense oligo inhibited dlx2 expression in the ventral forebrain. Our studies indicate that fez is one of the earliest markers specific for the anterior neuroectoderm and it may play a role in forebrain development by regulating Dlx gene expression. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Notholca dongtingensis (Rotifera : Monogononta : Brachionidae), a new species from Dongting Lake, China

Notholca dongtingensis n.sp. was found in the second largest lake of China, Dongting Lake. It is related to Notholca labis Gosse, 1887 and N. kozhovi Vassilijewa & Kutikova, 1969. Its main distinguishing taxonomic features are a square-oval lorica, very short anterior spines, anterior lateral spines curving outwards and protrusile posterior margin of the ventral plate.

Two new species of Rotifera from China

Two new rotifera species, Brachionus huangi n. sp, and Lecane chinesensis n. sp. are described and illustrated from different localities in China. The main distinguishing taxonomic features of B. huangi are three pairs of apical spines, a pair of symmetrical caudal spines and a wide caudal projection. For L. chinesensis, the main characteristics are the two-sided small extentions of the foot pseudosegment, the long and innercurved apical spines and ventral lorica anteriorly narrower than the dorsal one.

非洲爪蟾Nkx6.3在原肠运动和神经嵴诱导调控中的功能及爪蟾神经管腹侧图式形成的研究

神经嵴（neural crest）是一类脊椎动物特有的多潜能迁移细胞。这一类细胞历经“表皮—间充质”转换（EMT），与神经管背侧的其它细胞分离，经由不同路线迁移，定位于胚胎外周各处，后分化为不同的细胞类型包括外周神经系统、颅面骨骼系统及色素细胞等。神经嵴的发育是一个多途径多步骤的过程，受多种信号通路及转录因子调控。这些调控因子相互调节形成精密网络，可被划分为三个主要层次类群：分泌性信号分子（BMP、Wnt、FGF、Delta）、神经板边界特异基因（Msx、Pax3/7、 Zic1、Dlx3/5）、神经嵴特异基因（Snail/Slug、AP-2、FoxD3、Twist、Id、cMyc、Sox9/10）。本文第一章主要概述不同组织来源的各种分泌信号在神经嵴诱导中的作用以及他们之间的整合调控。 Nkx6家族蛋白是一类进化上保守的转录因子，在脊椎动物中枢神经系统（CNS)的图式形成和胰腺的发育中有重要作用。在第二章，我们描述了非洲爪蟾中Nkx6家族基因的克隆及其表达图式。与小鼠和鸡中的同源基因类似，爪蟾的Nkx6家族基因在胚胎发育过程中主要表达于中枢神经系统和前部内胚层组织。其中Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2在神经胚期神经板表达重合，晚期都表达于后脑和脊髓的腹侧。Nkx6.3从卵裂期到神经胚早期都表达于非神经外胚层，而尾芽期表达于后脑后部和腮弓。在内胚层中，Nkx6.2在尾芽期表达于底索。在蝌蚪期，Nkx6家族的三个基因分别表达于前部内胚层的衍生物，包括胰腺、胃、食道和肺。 Nkx6.3是最近发现的Nkx6家族新成员，它在爪蟾中的表达与Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2有了较大分歧。在第三章，我们通过功能获得及功能缺失实验来探讨Nkx6.3在爪蟾早期发育中的功能。我们发现原肠期前过量或抑制Nkx6.3表达都会影响胚胎原肠运动的正常进行。我们通过动物帽延伸实验证明Nkx6.3参与了细胞运动。半定量RT-PCR结果显示，Nkx6.3可以调控一些粘附分子的表达。以上结果说明Nkx6.3通过调控粘附分子的转录而参与细胞运动的调控。我们还发神经嵴（neural crest）是一类脊椎动物特有的多潜能迁移细胞。这一类细胞历经“表皮—间充质”转换（EMT），与神经管背侧的其它细胞分离，经由不同路线迁移，定位于胚胎外周各处，后分化为不同的细胞类型包括外周神经系统、颅面骨骼系统及色素细胞等。神经嵴的发育是一个多途径多步骤的过程，受多种信号通路及转录因子调控。这些调控因子相互调节形成精密网络，可被划分为三个主要层次类群：分泌性信号分子（BMP、Wnt、FGF、Delta）、神经板边界特异基因（Msx、Pax3/7、 Zic1、Dlx3/5）、神经嵴特异基因（Snail/Slug、AP-2、FoxD3、Twist、Id、cMyc、Sox9/10）。本文第一章主要概述不同组织来源的各种分泌信号在神经嵴诱导中的作用以及他们之间的整合调控。 Nkx6家族蛋白是一类进化上保守的转录因子，在脊椎动物中枢神经系统（CNS)的图式形成和胰腺的发育中有重要作用。在第二章，我们描述了非洲爪蟾中Nkx6家族基因的克隆及其表达图式。与小鼠和鸡中的同源基因类似，爪蟾的Nkx6家族基因在胚胎发育过程中主要表达于中枢神经系统和前部内胚层组织。其中Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2在神经胚期神经板表达重合，晚期都表达于后脑和脊髓的腹侧。Nkx6.3从卵裂期到神经胚早期都表达于非神经外胚层，而尾芽期表达于后脑后部和腮弓。在内胚层中，Nkx6.2在尾芽期表达于底索。在蝌蚪期，Nkx6家族的三个基因分别表达于前部内胚层的衍生物，包括胰腺、胃、食道和肺。 Nkx6.3是最近发现的Nkx6家族新成员，它在爪蟾中的表达与Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2有了较大分歧。在第三章，我们通过功能获得及功能缺失实验来探讨Nkx6.3在爪蟾早期发育中的功能。我们发现原肠期前过量或抑制Nkx6.3表达都会影响胚胎原肠运动的正常进行。我们通过动物帽延伸实验证明Nkx6.3参与了细胞运动。半定量RT-PCR结果显示，Nkx6.3可以调控一些粘附分子的表达。以上结果说明Nkx6.3通过调控粘附分子的转录而参与细胞运动的调控。我们还发现，在爪蟾胚胎中Nkx6.3的过表达或抑制表达都导致神经嵴标记基因表达降低。进一步研究发现，32细胞期在不同部位注射Nkx6.3 mRNA可以异位诱导或抑制Slug的表达。动物帽实验显示，Nkx6.3单独过表达可以诱导神经嵴发生，而迄今为止转录因子中只有Snail1具有这一单独诱导能力。在爪蟾胚胎及动物帽中，过表达Nkx6.3都可以诱导Fgf8、Wnt8而抑制BMP4的转录，而且Nkx6.3对这些分泌因子的调控方式是不同的。4细胞期过表达Nkx6.3的胚胎，在促进Fgf8和Wnt8而抑制BMP4的同时，却抑制神经板边界特异基因Msx1、Pax3和神经嵴特异基因Slug的表达，说明Nkx6.3对神经嵴的诱导调控在神经板边界基因层次还存在抑制作用。32细胞过表达Nkx6.3会细胞自主性抑制以及细胞非自主诱导Msx1、Pax3、Slug的表达。Nkx6.3异位诱导Dlx5却抑制Dlx3的表达，说明Dlx5可能是Nkx6.3负调控的直接靶基因。由此，我们提出Nkx6.3的神经嵴诱导调控分为两个层次：分泌信号分子水平的正调控和神经板边界决定水平的负调控。在脊椎动物的神经发生过程中，神经管背腹不同层次形成不同的神经元。这些神经元细胞的命运由背腹起源的多种形态发生素决定。形态发生素通过浓度梯度确定了一组转录因子在神经管背腹不同层次的特异表达，这些基因的组合调控决定了神经前体细胞的命运。然而，这些转录因子是如何解读形态发生素梯度信号的还不是很清楚。第四章，我们通过对神经管腹侧特异表达的转录因子的调控区进行预测，确定了可能调控这些基因表达的保守区段。此外，我们改进了爪蟾转基因操作，并用这一技术确证了Nkx6.2的调控区域。Dbx1、Nkx2.2及Pax6的转录调控区已在小鼠或爪蟾中报道过。由此我们得到了两对在神经管背腹图式中相互作用的转录因子的调控区域：Nkx6.2和Dbx1、Nkx2.2和Pax6。通过对Nkx6.2和Dbx1的调控保守区的转录因子结合位点的预测，我们发现这四个基因以及Wnt信号之间存在大量的相互调控。然而在这两个基因的调控区，我们没有发现Gli的调控位点，暗示这两个基因可能不受Shh的直接调控。我们还克隆了Dbx家族的两个基因，并检测了它们的时空特异性表达，发现Dbx2是母源性表达的，而Dbx1是合子型基因。这两个基因的表达图式相似，都在神经板中线两侧成线状表达，尾芽期在神经管中部表达。过表达Dbx2抑制神经元的初级分化，说明它可能与Dbx1一样具有维持神经板细胞未分化状态的功能。Dbx2的过表达还抑制Nkx6.2及Dbx1的表达，说明它们可能一起参与了神经管腹侧图式的调控。

海马在情绪记忆中的作用

海马是中脑边缘系统的一个重要区域，不仅在学习和记忆中起着重要作用， 还在应激调控中起着关键作用。越来越多的报道表明，海马可能参与毒品成瘾。 本文围绕海马与成瘾、海马与应激的相互关系，应用行为学及电生理技术手段探 讨了海马在成瘾中的作用，并对应激的作用机制进行了研究。 第一部分试验首先研究了长期成瘾药物暴露对两种不同类型学习记忆的影 响，从而揭示成瘾对不同脑区的影响；我们还研究了长期毒品戒断对学习和记忆 的影响。用条件化位置偏爱/厌恶模型对海马在成瘾相关记忆中的作用进行了探 讨。实验结果提示，在成瘾过程中不同脑区发生了不同程度的适应性改变，从而 影响了该脑区相关的正常学习和记忆，其中慢性吗啡暴露损伤了海马依赖的空间 记忆提取，但长期戒断（戒断5 个星期）可以缓解成瘾导致的这些影响。另外， 海马在成瘾相关记忆中同样发挥了重要作用。吗啡偏爱形成后的环境线索再暴露 损伤海马突触长时程增强，提示了海马在环境线索诱导的药物渴求和复吸中可能 起着关键性作用。 第二部分试验主要探索了应激效应的作用机制及海马VR1 受体对抗应激效 应。发现含NR2B 的NMDA 受体参与了应激导致的海马突触可塑性改变，其阻 断剂Ro25-6981 阻断了应激易化的海马长时程抑制，避免了应激损伤的长时程增 强。另一方面，应激损伤海马依赖性的空间记忆提取，但是辣椒素(VR1 受体的 激动剂)直接注射入海马能逆转这种应激的损伤效应。相反，VR1 受体拮抗剂 capsazepin 处理产生了类似应激的损伤效应。提示了海马内VR1 受体可能是海马 记忆功能的一种重要受体系统。

Effects of Naotan Pill on repair of neural cells and cognitive disorders in juvenile rats following hypoxia and ischemia

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia and ischemia induce neuronal damage, decreased neuronal numbers and synaptophysin levels, and deficits in learning and memory functions. Previous studies have shown that lycium barbarum polysaccharide, the most effective component of barbary wolfberry fruit, has protective effects on neural cells in hypoxia-ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Naotan Pill on glutamate-treated neural cells and on cognitive function in juvenile rats following hypoxia-ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The randomized, controlled, in vivo study was performed at the Cell Laboratory of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Provincial Rehabilitation Center Hospital, China from December 2005 to August 2006. The cellular neurobiology, in vitro experiment was conducted at the Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Provincial Rehabilitation Center Hospital, China from March 2007 to January 2008. MATERIALS: Naotan Pill, composed of barbary wolfberry fruit, danshen root, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and glossy privet fruit, was prepared by Gansu Provincial Rehabilitation Center, China. Rabbit anti-synaptophysin, choline acetyl transferase polyclonal antibody, streptavidin-biotin complex kit and diaminobenzidine kit (Boster, Wuhan, China), as well as glutamate (Hualian, Shanghai, China) were used in this study. METHODS: Cortical neural cells were isolated from neonatal Wistar rats. Neural cell damage models were induced using glutamate, and administered Naotan Pill prior to and following damage. A total of 54 juvenile Wistar rats were equally and randomly assigned into model, Naotan Pill, and sham operation groups. The left common carotid artery was ligated, and then rat models of hypoxic-ischemic injury were assigned to the model and Naotan Pill groups. At 2 days following model induction, rats in the Naotan Pill group were administered Naotan Pill suspension for 21 days. In the model and sham operation groups, rats received an equal volume of saline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neural cell morphology was observed using an inverted phase contrast microscope. Survival rate of neural cells was measured by MTT assay. Synaptophysin and choline acetyl transferase expression was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region of juvenile rats using immunohistochemistry. Cognitive function was tested by the Morris water maze. RESULTS: Pathological changes were detected in glutamate-treated neural cells. Neural cell morphology remained normal after Naotan Pill intervention. Absorbance and survival rate of neural cells were significantly greater following Naotan Pill intervention, compared to glutamate-treated neural cells (P < 0.05). Synaptophysin and choline acetyl transferase expression was lowest in the hippocampal CA1 region in the model group and highest in the sham operation group. Significant differences among groups were observed (P < 0.05). Escape latency and swimming distance were significantly longer in the model group compared to the Naotan Pill group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Naotan Pill exhibited protective and repair effects on glutamate-treated neural cells. Naotan Pill upregulated synaptophysin and choline acetyl transferase expression in the hippocampus and improved cognitive function in rats following hypoxia-ischemia.

抑制前额叶和海马的星形胶质细胞功能对大鼠工作记忆的影响，长期服用芬克罗酮改善老年大鼠学习记忆障碍的突触可塑性机制

长期以来，星形胶质细胞（astrocyte，AS）被认为具有细胞隔离、支持、保护和营养神经元的作用。近来，人们逐渐发现，AS还有许多其他重要的功能。例如，谷氨酸是中枢神经系统中重要的兴奋性神经递质，AS摄取和合成谷氨酸的作用可能影响学习、神经发育及发情周期等多种脑功能，并影响突触形成和突触传递效能。有研究发现，成年海马齿状回颗粒下层具有神经干细胞潜能的AS，可以分化成新生神经元。此外，海马成熟的AS还参与调节神经发生，决定神经干细胞的分化方向。大鼠海马新生神经元与海马依赖性记忆（happocampal- dependent memory）密切相关。提示，AS与学习记忆密切相关。但迄今为止，尚未见AS参与工作记忆的报道。本研究以特异性抑制AS细胞的化合物fluorocitrate（FC）作为工具药来探讨AS在大鼠工作记忆中的作用及作用机制。FC可抑制AS三羧酸循环中乌头酸酶（aconitase）的活性，从而抑制AS摄取谷氨酸的功能，其作用是可逆的，目前已经被广泛用于研究AS的功能。我们通过慢性导管在大鼠双侧前额叶（prefrontal cortex，PFC），双侧海马（hippocampus，HIP）和单侧侧脑室（lateral ventricle，LV）分别注射FC，记录注射后15-75min内自由活动大鼠的脑电图（EEG）功率变化，以判断FC对大鼠PFC和HIP神经元兴奋性的影响，并在注射后15-75min内完成T-迷宫空间交互延缓(spatial delayed alternation task)反应测试，分析动物的空间工作记忆功能。结果发现在双侧PFC和双侧HIP分别注射1，2，5nM FC （0.5μl），仅2，5nM显著增加HIP EEG的功率（ p < 0.05 vs. SAL），但对交互延缓反应成绩无明显影响，所有剂量对PFC的EEG功率没有显著影响，且不影响动物操作交互延缓反应作业的成绩（ALL p > 0.1 vs. SAL）。在单侧LV注射0.05，0.5nM FC （10μl）后，PFC的EEG功率没有明显变化，而HIP的EEG功率有增加。该剂量的FC对大鼠操作空间交互延缓作业的成绩无明显影响。在单侧LV注射2nM FC（10μl）同时显著增加PFC和HIP的EEG功率，并显著提高大鼠操作空间交互延缓反应作业中的正确率，改善大鼠的工作记忆（ p < 0.05 vs. SAL）。单侧LV注射5nM FC（10μl）同时显著降低PFC和HIP的EEG功率（ALL p < 0.05 vs. SAL）和大鼠操作作业的正确率，损伤大鼠的工作记忆（ p < 0.05 vs. SAL）。表明只有在PFC和HIP的EEG功率同时受到影响的时候，大鼠操作作业的正确率才会发生显著改变。已有研究指出，前额叶和海马均参与工作记忆调控。在LV给FC将同时作用于双侧PFC和双侧HIP。因此，我们认为，FC对大鼠空间交互延缓作业成绩的影响可能是通过抑制PFC和HIP的AS功能产生的。在单侧LV注射低浓度（0.05，0.5nM）的FC对大鼠空间交互延缓作业成绩和EEG功率水平均无明显影响，可能与脑内AS的功能尚可，谷氨酸水平升高不明显有关，而高浓度（5nM）FC可能较强地抑制AS摄取胞外谷氨酸的功能，胞外谷氨酸水平过度升高，损伤神经元的活性，使EEG功率降低，结果导致工作记忆受损。高浓度FC也可能直接损伤神经元的活性。本研究结果表明，FC短期抑制PFC和HIP的AS功能，将使PFC和HIP胞外谷氨酸水平升高，从而改变PFC和HIP神经元的兴奋性，使大鼠的空间工作记忆功能发生改变。揭示了工作记忆不仅依赖于PFC-HIP回路中神经元的正常功能，也与PFC-HIP回路中AS的功能正常与否密切相关。

Time-dependent DNA condensation induced by amyloid beta-peptide

The major protein component of the amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease is a 39-43 residue peptide, amyloid beta (A beta). A beta is toxic to neurons, although the mechanism of neurodegeneration is uncertain. Evidence exists for non-B DNA conformation in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease brains, and A beta was reportedly able to transform DNA conformation in vitro. In this study, we found that DNA conformation was altered in the presence of A beta, and A beta induced DNA condensation in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, A beta sheets, serving as condensation nuclei, were crucial for DNA condensation, and Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions inhibited A beta sheet-induced DNA condensation. Our results suggest DNA condensation as a mechanism of A beta toxicity.

Report of Prionospio complex (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from China's waters, with description of a new species

Nine species of Prionospio complex are recorded front China's waters, including one new species and six newly recorded species. Prionospio (Prionospio) pacifica sp. nov., is characterized by having first and forth pairs of branchiae pinnate, second and third pairs of apinnate, ventral crest on Setiger 9 and dorsal crests on Setigers 10-25. Apoprionospio kirrae (Wilson, 1990), Prionospio (Aquilaspio) convexa Imajima, 1990, Prionospio (Minuspio) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927, Prionospio (Prionospio) bocki Soderstrom, 1920, Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Maciolek, 1985 and Prionospio (Prionospio) paradisea Imajima, 1990 are recorded for the first time from China's waters.

First record of the family Spengeliidae (Hemichordata : Enteropneusta) from Chinese waters, with description of a new species

Six species belonging to two families of Hemichordata have previously been recorded in Chinese waters. This paper records the discovery and description of a new species of the genus Glandiceps found in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, Shandong Province, named Glandiceps qingdaoensis. The new species has a long proboscis with dorsal and ventral grooves, a stomochord with a long vermiform process, a proboscis cavity with a dorsal median, right and left glomeruli, right and left glomeruli very large and encircling the stomochord, a proboscis skeleton in the cavity extends into the median posterior of the collar, a well-developed dorsal ventral muscular septum in the proboscis cavity dividing the cavity completely into two separate parts. The collar cord is without giant nerve roots. The trunk with four distinct regions that can be recognized externally: branchial-genital region, genital region, hepatic region, and intestinal region. The dorsal pharynx is large and the gill pores are small. The tongue bars are encircled by vesicles, and the first gonad commences at the level of the second or third gill slit.

Morphology and infraciliature of three species of Metaurostylopsis (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia): M. songi n. sp., M. salina n. sp., and M. marina (Kahl 1932) from sediments, saline ponds, and coastal waters.

Two new urostylid ciliates, Metaurostylopsis songi n. sp. and Metaurostylopsis salina n. sp. and Metaurostylopsis marina (Kahl 1932) are investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. These species were isolated in Korea from intertidal sediments, saline ponds, and coastal waters. Metaurostylopsis songi is in vivo about 120 pm x 25 mu m, has a slenderly ellipsoidal body, colorless cortical granules in rows on ventral and dorsal body sides, about 54 macronuclear nodules, 28-47 adoral membranelles, five frontal, two or three frontoterminal and six or seven transverse cirri, and 9-12 midventral cirral pairs followed posteriorly by 1-3 single cirri. In vivo M. salina is about 60 pin x 25 mu m, has a pyriform body, colorless cortical granules irregularly arranged, about 45 macronuclear nodules, 18-23 adoral membranelles, three frontal, three to five frontoterminal and two to five transverse cirri, and four or five midventral cirral pairs followed posteriorly by five to seven single cirri. Both species have three marginal cirral rows on each body side and 3 long dorsal kineties. The Korean specimens of M. marina match the Chinese population in all main features. Metaurostylopsis songi differs from M. marina by the more slender body, the number of frontal cirri (invariably five vs. four), and the arrangement of cortical granules (in rows on dorsal and ventral cortex vs. only along dorsal kinetics and anterior body margin). Metaurostylopsis salina differs from its congeners by the distinctly smaller size, the pyriform body shape, the scattered cortical granules (vs. in rows), and number of frontal cirri. It differs from M. marina also by the number of midventral cirral pairs (four or five vs. seven to 11).